BIG IDEA 4: GENETICS (CHAPTERS 10-12/13.2)
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FOREVER UNDERSTANDING:
- Living systems have a variety of ways of communicating information among systems and from one part of a system to another.
- A special kind of information —DNA— is transmitted from one generation of an organism to another during reproduction.
- DNA stores information that determines the structure of molecules responsible for physical (phenotypic) and behavioral features of organisms.
Topic 1: Changing Model of Inheritance
4.1.1
Essential Knowledge: Gregor Mendel showed that the inheritance of physical (phenotypic) traits in pea plants follows simple laws of probability
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Predict the outcome of a genetic cross
using the laws of probability
Predict the possible offspring (genotypes /
phenotypes) from a cross using a Punnett
square (monohybrid / dihybrid).
4.1.2
Essential Knowledge: The behavior of chromosomes during the division process of sexual reproduction (meiosis) explains Mendel’s laws of heredity.
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Learning Objective
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(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Describe the events of each stage of meiosis.
Summarize the “law of independent
assortment” & “law of segregation”
4.1.3
Essential Knowledge: There are more complex ways that traits are passed on to offspring that follow patterns Mendel did not know about.
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Learning Objective
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(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Distinguish between various complex
inheritance patterns
*incomplete dominance / co-dominance /
multiple alleles / sex-linked
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
1
Topic 2: Transfer of Genetic Information
4.2.1
Essential Knowledge: Genetic information is contained within the sequence of nucleotide bases (A, C, T and G are the symbols used to represent these
bases) that make up a DNA molecule, which are packaged and organized as chromosomes within cells.
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Learning Objective
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(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Predict the matching DNA strand
when given the opposite strand.
Diagram and label the basic
structure of DNA
*Includes the parts of a nucleotide:
nitrogen base / phosphate /
deoxyribose
4.2.2
Essential Knowledge: Before division (mitosis or meiosis), each individual DNA molecule makes a copy of itself to ensure it is copied into each new cell.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Construct a diagram of DNA
replication, showing how the
helical DNA molecule unzips and
how nucleotide bases pair with the
DNA template to form a duplicate
of the DNA molecule.
*Includes the role of the enzymes
DNA helicase and DNA polymerase
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
2
4.2.3
Essential Knowledge: Sex cells are formed by a process of division (meiosis) in which the number of chromosomes (DNA molecules) per cell is halved.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Construct a model that includes a
label for each chromosome and
that shows some of the possible
combinations of chromosomes that
will be present in the sex cells that
are produced from an organism
with a low number of chromosomes
(ex– fruit fly).
Explain, knowing how sex cells
form in sexually reproducing
organisms, why there is variation
among offspring, even within the
same family.
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
3
4.2.4
Essential Knowledge: Chromosomes in the body cells of a multicellular organism have a pair of similar, but NOT identical, chromosomes (homologous
pair). These pairs of similar chromosomes carry the same genes, but they may have different versions of the genes (alleles). During the formation of sex cells
(meiosis), one chromosome from each pair is randomly passed on (independent assortment) to form sex cells, leading to many genetic combinations.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Diagram sex cell formation,
demonstrating that the DNA of the
daughter cells is different from the
DNA of the parent cell.
*Includes the process of
replication, separation of
homologous chromosomes
(1st stage of meiosis), and the
separation of the replicated
chromosomes to create cells with
just a single version of each
chromosome (2nd stage of meiosis).
4.2.5
Essential Knowledge: The cell produced during fertilization has one set of DNA molecules from each parent. The cell (zygote) then divides asexually
(through cell division known as mitosis) as the organism grows and develops so that the body cells of the organism have two sets of DNA molecules.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Construct a model of a particular
gene on a pair of DNA molecules
(which are homologous
chromosomes) in a cell nucleus.
Explain and justify why the DNA of
the daughter cells of asexually
reproducing organisms are
identical to the DNA of the parent
cells BUT why the DNA of the
offspring of sexually reproducing
organisms are not identical to the
DNA of either parent organism.
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
4
Topic 3: DNA to Trait
4.3.1
Essential Knowledge: Genes are segments of DNA that are in specific areas on a DNA molecule that code protein sequences and an organism’s traits.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Analyze the primary structure
(amino acid sequence) of specific
proteins (ex– insulin and
hemoglobin) and be able to identify
which amino acids AND how many
of each amino acid make up these
proteins.
4.3.2
Essential Knowledge: Not all DNA segments code proteins. Some segments of DNA turn genes on/off and some segments have no known function.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Identify functions performed by
DNA segments that do not code for
proteins
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
5
4.3.3
Essential Knowledge: The protein information contained in the sequence of nucleotide bases that makes up a strand of DNA is transmitted to a
messenger RNA molecule (transcription). The messenger RNA molecule, with the help of other RNA molecules (ribosomal and transfer), then codes the
making of a specific amino acid sequence of a protein (translation). These RNA molecules break back down into nucleotide bases, which are then recycled.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Compare and contrast the structure
and function of RNA and DNA
Illustrate the processes of
transcription and translation and
show how the sequence of
nucleotide bases produces a
complementary strand of bases in
RNA (ribonucleic acid), and how
each sequence of three bases in
RNA codes for specific amino acids
that are linked together to make
proteins.
4.3.4
Essential Knowledge: Protein molecules are responsible for the observable traits (phenotype) of an organism and for most of the life functions that take
place within an organism. The enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in organisms are also proteins.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Give examples, using information
gathered from print and/or
electronic resources, of traits that
result from specific proteins.
*Include examples of the following
types of proteins: structural,
regulatory and enzymatic. The
traits can be structural, behavioral,
and physiological.
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
6
Topic 4: Imperfect Transfer of Genetic Information
4.4.1
Essential Knowledge: Mutations involve changes to an organism’s DNA and may be caused by internal factors (ex- errors that occur during DNA
replication or the division process) or by external factors (ex- radiation or chemicals). All mutations involve changes to DNA.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Describe the three ways (insertion,
deletion or substitution) that cause
changes in DNA (mutations) during
DNA replication.
4.4.2
Essential Knowledge: Mutations may cause (1) no change in an organism’s traits (phenotype), cause a (2) harmful change, or cause a (3) beneficial change.
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Explain, using information on a
particular error in copying DNA
during replication for a specific
trait why there could be a change
in that trait.
Determine how mutations occur
and how they are inherited
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
7
4.4.3
Essential Knowledge: Mutations that alter the sequence of DNA may lead to a change in the protein produced. Changes to any of the proteins
responsible for traits may result in an alternative trait (phenotype).
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Learning Objective
Ref.
(capture your understanding)
(4-1)
Identify for genetic diseases (cystic
fibrosis, sickle- cell anemia, TaySachs disease or phenylketonuria)
the specific type of mutation that
causes the change in amino acid
sequence and ultimately the change
in the protein that is produced.
Give examples, using research, of
instances when viruses are linked
to cancer AND the potential of
using viruses for curing genetic
diseases.
*based on knowledge of viral DNA
and viral insertions
Biology Big Idea 4: Genetics
C. Burton Revised 6/7/14
Adapted from C. Gay (SSHS), ONW Biology Objectives, and College Board Standards for College Success
8