Report on the Biodiversity of Tacher wood
On 15th September 2013
Report written on 18th November 2013 by Karen Bell
Contents
Introduction.......................................................................page 1
Background.......................................................................page 1
Aims...................................................................................page 1
Fieldwork...........................................................................page 1
Results...............................................................................page 2
Conclusions......................................................................page 4
Appendices.......................................................................page 4
Appendix 1........................................................................page 4
Appendix 2........................................................................page 6
Appendix 3........................................................................page 7
Appendix 4........................................................................page 8
Appendix 5........................................................................page 16
Appendix 6........................................................................page 18
Introduction
Caithness Biodiversity Group organised a short walk in Tacher mixed broadleaf
native woodland on 15th September 2013. Members of the group were invited, along
with members of the Caithness Field Club. The aim of the walk was to introduce the
native woodland to those who had not been before and also to carry out some
monitoring of the fauna and flora found there, as part of the 2009 woodland
management plan.
The wood is on the west and east bank of the Little River, by Tacher Farm in
Caithness at the OS location ND170464 (see map appendix 6). There is no access
path or track.
Background
The site at Tacher is important due to the scarcity of native woodland within the
Caithness area.
In 2009 the North Highland Forest Trust submitted an application to the Scottish
Rural Development Programme (Rural Priorities) to erect deer fencing around the
woodland and to carry out some tree planting. The 3.12 hectare site lies within the
Leavad SSSI, designated for its geological interest of national importance. Part of
the mitigating measures required to carry out this work was the installation of
watergates on the river to allow free movement of otters through the site. The deer
fencing and tree planting was then carried out in 2010.
As part of the woodland management plan drawn up in 2009 by Steve Robertson,
the Caithness Biodiversity Group was tasked with the monitoring of species change
within the fenced area and to establish bird and bat boxes at the site, with input from
the Highland Council Ranger Service and acquiring permission from the landowner.
Aims
To introduce CBG members and Caithness Field Club members to the woodland
and to carry out monitoring of species found there.
Fieldwork
Members of the Caithness Biodiversity Group present to carry out the monitoring
were:






Mary Legg
Ken Butler
David Glass
Tony Bradford
David King
Karen Bell
1
All members were asked to read the risk assessment (appendix 5). It took a couple
of hours to walkover the eastside of the woodland and to record the species found.
The weather had been very wet but dry by the time the site visit occurred.
Results
Insects –
 Carder (Bombus pascuorum) and most likely Bombus lucorum workers and
males.
 Black Darters (Sympetrum danae)
 Puss moth (Cerura vinula) caterpillar in area of old hazel. The puss moth
caterpillar particularly likes low re-growth of aspen / suckers as well as
poplars and willow (Waring and Townsend) so it should like the aspen regrowth. (Mary Legg)
 The pupal casts found on the rush are a micro moth coleophora alticolella and
glaucicolella (figure 1)
Figure 1 – pupal cast on rush – image by M. Legg
Mammals –
 Water vole (Arvicola terrestris) - droppings and clippings found by the small
tributary at ND17081 46158
 Water vole latrine (figure 2), clippings and burrows in rushes at ND17082
46195
Figure 2 – water vole latrine – image by M. Legg
2
-
 Probable water vole burrows in vertical face of river bank in several places
(figure 3), but these did not appear to be in use. (David Glass)
Figure 3 – burrows probably old ones –image by M.Legg
 Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) - positive signs seen and they are likely to be
entering at the south watergate.
 Otter (Lutra lutra) – runs, spraints and tracks by the river.
Birds –
 One grey heron (Ardea cinerea).
Plants –
 The fungi was a Paneolus (Coprinus group) possibly Paneolus subbalteatus .
This is hallucinogenic as well as poisonous and grows on dung hills, as do
many of the Coprinus. Deceiver (Laccaria laccata) was also seen. (Mary Legg)
 The alder is grey alder though the woolly hair on the back of the leaf is not
very grey so it probably has been crossed with something else during its
family history.
 The black berry is the ordinary buckthorn or purging buckthorn Rhamnus
catharticus (it has toothed margins on the leaf whereas the alder buckthorn
has smooth margins).
 Also have a leaf of Hard Fern Blechnum spicant. (Ken Butler)
 Aspens - probably the most striking feature of the wood is the stand of aspens
which are all old and appear to be of similar age. Grazing has probably
prevented recruitment of younger trees for many years. We observed that
shoots from runners (ramets) are now abundant in some places, which is
what we hoped for, although the impression is that only a few of the mature
trees are putting them out. Survival of these ramets should be one of the
things we monitor in the future. We also should visit in the spring when the
aspens are coming into leaf. We should be able to detect if there is more than
one clone present by observing any differences in timing of bud burst and leaf
colour. (David Glass)
3
 There were some small seedling birch observed that didn't seem to be
planted.
 Marsh valerian Valeriana dioica was found on the west side of the Little River
on 11/08/13 at ND1703446344.
 A comprehensive plant list is seen in appendix 2.
Habitat  It was noted during the site visit that the fencing appears to be in good
condition apart for the north and south watergates which were badly
damaged. This was mentioned to the land owner Mr J Falconer who thought
he would be able to repair them. The area of new tree planting on the west
side of the Little River appears to be doing well with the majority of the
saplings surviving. (the west side of the Little River was surveyed on 11th
August 2013 by David Glass, Ken Butler and Karen Bell)
Conclusions
A wide variety of species were observed during the 2013 visit to Tacher woodland. It
was good to see clear signs that the water voles and the otters had been still using
the site.
A comprehensive plant list was drawn up (appendix 2) and some signs of
regeneration of the aspens was very encouraging to see after the installation of the
deer fencing. It had been noted that roe deer were obviously still accessing the site
and this was probably through the damaged watergates. It is hoped that these will be
repaired soon by the landowner. It would also be good if we could get some bird and
bat boxes installed in the near future as per the management plan (appendix 4). It is
suggested that the next site visit should be arranged for the spring 2014, particularly
to determine if there is more than one clone of aspen at the site.
Appendices
Appendix 1
4
CAITHNESS BIODIVERSITY GROUP
SURVEY OF TACHER WOOD AND DALEMORE WOOD, 30
OCTOBER 2010
The survey covered all of the area that will be enclosed by the proposed fence on both sides of the
Little River.
Survey team:
- Ken Butler
- Pat Rae
- Mary Legg
- David Glass
1. MAMMALS
Water Vole
Occupancy was confirmed by field signs at ND1710 4620 and ND1710 4628 on the east side of the
river. Both locations are in typical suitable habitat in areas of Soft Rush on very small tributary
streams. Other, less wet, areas of rushes on both sides of the river are marginally suitable habitat for
Water Vole but no field signs were found in these.
Otter
Two probable lying-up couches and a network of runs were found in a small area of dense vegetation
(approximately 6m x 6m) on the west bank of the river at ND17057 46146. No spraints were found
during the survey, possibly due to recent spates.
Badger
No field signs were found.
Other Mammals
Signs were found of Red Deer, Roe Deer, Fox, Mole and Field Vole. Deer damage to the existing
trees was obvious.
Recommended mitigation measures for Water Vole and Otter
 Avoid planting wet areas of rushes i.e. areas where there is standing or running water under
the vegetation
 Avoid planting the otter lying-up area identified – this should be resurveyed and marked prior
to planting
 Minimise machine tracking on tributary streams
 Watergate design must permit passage of otters along the Little River
Note that fencing is likely to improve the habitat for both species through prevention of deer grazing
and trampling.
2. BIRDS
Woodcock
Four Woodcock were flushed during the survey, indicating that the wood might already be a
significant wintering site.
5
3. HABITAT
The site was walked over to establish the approximate extent of the various habitats. Nothing was
seen which might be harmed by the intended placing of the new fences. Some GPS readings were
taken which will allow an initial rough zone map to be made to guide the planting plan. Important
features noted are the two groups of Aspen (ND17054642 and ND17034645) and a few very old
Hazel (ND17074638) which need to be treated with care in any planting scheme.
The gully in the south west of the site (ND16964613) channels water into the river from the peatland
to the west. The immediately adjacent slopes are dominated by dense stands of rushes but there
may be important plants on the gully banks that we are not seeing at this time of year. Therefore
care should be taken when fencing this gully.
By David Glass
Appendix 2
Plant list 15/09/2013 by Ken Butler
Taxon
Hypericum pulchrum
Juncus acutiflorus
Juncus articulatus
Juncus effusus
Angelica sylvestris
Lathyrus pratensis
Luzula sylvatica
Plantago lanceolata
Populus tremula
Potentilla erecta
Primula vulgaris
Prunella vulgaris
Ranunculus acris
Rhamnus cathartica
Rhinanthus minor
Rumex acetosa
Salix aurita
Sorbus aucuparia
Succisa pratensis
Urtica dioica
Vaccinium myrtillus
Veronica chamaedrys
Viola palustris
Viola riviniana
Betula pubescens
Calluna vulgaris
Carex aquatilis
Agrostis vinealis
Agrostis capillaris
Vernacular
Slender St John's-wort
Sharp-flowered Rush
Jointed Rush
Soft-rush
Wild Angelica
Meadow Vetchling
Great Wood-rush
Ribwort Plantain
Aspen
Tormentil
Primrose
Selfheal
Meadow Buttercup
Buckthorn
Yellow-rattle
Common Sorrel
Eared Willow
Rowan
Devil's-bit Scabious
Common Nettle
Bilberry
Germander Speedwell
Marsh Violet
Common Dog-violet
Downy Birch
Heather
Water Sedge
Brown Bent
Common Bent
6
Site
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Vice County Date
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Cirsium arvense
Cirsium vulgare
Corylus avellana
Deschampsia cespitosa
Alnus incana
Filipendula ulmaria
Galium boreale
Galium verum
Achillea ptarmica
Holcus lanatus
Creeping Thistle
Spear Thistle
Hazel
Tufted Hair-grass
Grey Alder
Meadowsweet
Northern Bedstraw
Lady's Bedstraw
Sneezewort
Yorkshire-fog
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
Tacher Wood
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Appendix 3
A Description of Tacher Wood 2008
The wood is on the east bank of the Little River, by Tacher Farm in Caithness at the OS location
ND170464. There is no access path or track.
It is approximately 50 metres wide and 600 metres long. There is a mix of long-established trees and
recent saplings, the latter mainly of Downy Birch and Eared Willow. The established trees are Downy
Birch, Aspen, Bird Cherry, Hazel and Rowan.
The site is the sloping bank of the Little River. The soil is a stony mineral soil derived from the glacial
till of mildly calcareous clay. It is overtopped by peat only in small patches. There is groundwater
supplied by the underlying rocks on the slope and at the river bank the groundwater level is kept
high by the adjacent burn and it supports a fen dominated by Flag Iris. Some damp ground has
tussocks of Tufted Hair-grass.
The wood is a classic example of Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Oxalis acetosella woodland as it
normally develops in Caithness, and is described in the National Vegetation Classification as habitat
W11. It is normal in Caithness for the Oak to be totally absent and the range of associated species to
be reduced. In this case the soil is moderately leached, so lacks the Oxalis acetosella which is a
classic marker species. Instead it has a mixture of Stellaria holostea, Holcus lanatus, Ajuga reptans
and Veronica chamaedrys, which is the recognised variant habitat W11d. One can find large areas of
this ground flora between Berriedale and Helmsdale on the east coast as a relict of a former
woodland of this type there. Indeed it is probably the type of woodland that occupied the sweeter
soils in east Caithness, for example in the whole of the Little River and Thurso River valleys. This
patch of woodland is unique in being the only patch of intact woodland of this type that I know of in
Caithness.
7
The condition of the wood is fairly good. There is a good range of tree species, few introductions. It
has been enclosed for the past 18 years, excluding farm animals but not excluding deer which graze
it during winter. The mature trees are old and the aspen and bird cherry have no surviving offspring.
The birch and hazel are reproducing and have a healthy population of saplings.
It seems sensible to make a new deer-proof enclosure around the wood and a margin of ground for
further expansion. It may be necessary to introduce young bird cherry grown from local seed. The
aspen will produce viable suckers if the red deer are excluded. Eventually some light grazing will be
needed, but that is not urgent.
It is recommended that after enclosure a baseline survey is carried out and some trees identified for
progressive examination in future years.
JK Butler
19 May 2008
Appendix 4
WIG
Woodland Management Plan
SECTION ONE: Introduction
Name of Wood
Tacher Wood
Ref: Case No 3899239
Date of Plan Production:
01sep09
Steve Robertson
8
Contact Name and Address:
Agent
Steve Robertson, NHFT
Alba,
Main St
Golspie
KW10 6TG
Summary

Plan draws from site visits with owner and with Caithness Biodiversity Group (CBG)
members and SNH area officer and from general background survey information
provided by CBG. This scheme was initiated through contacts with the SNH local
office and close contact with SNH staff has been maintained throughout this
application process.

No existing plans exist for the wood

5 year plan related to SRDP RP application. And looks at 10yr overview.
SECTION TWO: Description
Area:
2 ha of woodland (within a total enclosed area under Rural Priorities WIG and NWP of
4.23ha, in collaboration with neighbouring land owner at Dalemore Wood)
Woodland type:
Site encompasses rare example of woodland type NVC W11d (100%) (Upland Oak/birch
with bluebell: Hypericum pulchrum sub-community). Wooded area comprises hazel, birch,
willows, etc as well as a significant stand of mature aspen.
9
Altitudinal limits: 90m asl
Status:
Main wooded area itself is within Leavad SSSI. This is a non-woodland designation, with a
geological feature located outside the woodland being the reason for designation.
A very small area at north end of wood, on west bank of river, is on Blar nam Faoileag SSSI .
Adjacent area to woodland (to be enclosed within wider scheme) to west of river is within
Blar nam Faoileag SSSI, and Caithness and Sutherland Peatlands SAC, SPA and Ramsar
sites. These designations are for peatland and again are not related directly to the
management of the woodland.
Legal Details:
Woodland is on croft land owned by:
J Falconer
Tacher
General Description:
(largely based on description written by Ken Butler of CBG)
The wood is on the east bank of the Little River, by Tacher Farm in Caithness at the OS location
ND170464. There is no access path or track.
It is approximately 50 metres wide and 600 metres long. There is a mix of long-established trees and
recent regeneration. Wooded area comprises hazel, birch, eared willow, rowan, bird cherry as well as
a significant stand of mature aspen. The structure is dominated by the aspen stand. Birch is dominant
elsewhere, with vigorous established regeneration of 15-20years age. Some alder, hazel and birch
have possibly been planted (of unknown provenance). These are well established and from 7 to 15yrs
age. Some veteran hazel and birch on site. The mature trees are old and the aspen and bird cherry
have produced no successful sucker growth. The birch and hazel are reproducing and have a healthy
population of saplings.
Physical Aspects:
The site is the sloping bank of the Little River. The soil is a stony mineral soil derived from the glacial
till of mildly calcareous clay. It is overtopped by peat only in small patches. There is groundwater
10
supplied by the underlying rocks on the slope and at the river bank the groundwater level is kept high
by the adjacent burn and it supports a fen dominated by Flag Iris. Some damp ground has tussocks of
Tufted Hair-grass.
Key Features:
The wood is a classic example of Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Oxalis acetosella woodland as
it normally develops in Caithness, and is described in the National Vegetation Classification as habitat
W11. It is normal in Caithness for the Oak to be totally absent and the range of associated species to
be reduced. In this case the soil is moderately leached, so lacks the Oxalis acetosella which is a
classic marker species. Instead it has a mixture of Stellaria holostea, Holcus lanatus, Ajuga reptans
and Veronica chamaedrys, which is the recognised variant habitat W11d. One can find large areas of
this ground flora between Berriedale and Helmsdale on the east coast as a relict of a former woodland
of this type there. Indeed it is probably the type of woodland that occupied the sweeter soils in east
Caithness, for example in the whole of the Little River and Thurso River valleys. This patch of
woodland is unique in being the only patch of intact woodland of this type know to authors in
Caithness.
Land Use:
Designations noted above are or relevance in that operations must be approved with SNH
first if beyond those approved in Outcome Plan. As noted above, the woodland is not the
noted feature of these designations and any management activity is likely to be benign or to
enhance relevant peatland edge habitat.
The riparian nature of this site and enclosing both sides of the burn from grazing add
significantly to the habitat value of this site. Neighbouring land use involves extensive stock
grazing (cattle and sheep) and peatland grazed by deer.
Evaluation
importance of the wood in national and local terms


Locally it is of high significance for its rarity of woodland type this far north in
Caithness (see key features above)
Nationally it is one of the most northerly woodland remnants of this type
rare or unusual species

The mature aspen stand is of particular significance. Excluding grazing will be of
great benefit to re-envigorating this aspen clone. Mature hazel on this site rarely
11
produces seed. Allowing hazel stools to flourish will improve the healthy and
longevity of these plants and may encourage them to produce seed, and if so, increase
the chance of natural regeneration.
landscape significance

The woodland is well hidden with the wider landscape being tucked out of the wind in
the river gorge. It’s immediate impact in the gorge is of significant impact.
historical or archaeological features

None known within the woodland boundary.
other features of particular interest

n/a
potential value after management.

Woodland will be in a healthier more sustainable state with vigorous aspen and bird
cherry suckering more likely; enrichment species established and contributing to the
woodland biodiversity; deadwood content and continuity and associated biodiversity
enhanced; ground flora similarly will have benefited from removal of grazing.
Compartments:
This management plan refers to the WIG area which is a single block at the north and east of
‘Tacher Wood’ enclosure with its western boundary being the banks of the little river. The
woodland creation area immediately to the south and across the river are separate from the
purposes of this plan.
SECTION THREE: Management Aim
To perpetuate this woodland remnant and associated biodiversity and allow to flourish as an
example of a woodland type now rare or absent from Caithness
SECTION FOUR: Management Objectives
Primary in order of priority
1. To fulfil legal and contractual obligations committed to within the plan period.
2. To achieve better woodland structure through a) establishing 0.25 ha of enrichment
planting by 2014; b) encouraging natural regeneration particularly from aspen and bird
cherry before the end of 2014
12
3. To increase the contribution of the wood to the biodiversity of the croft
Secondary, in order of priority
1. Establish monitoring of species change within the wood working with Caithness
Biodiversity Group (CBG)
2. Establish bird and bat boxes within the woodland, working with CBG and local ranger
service
3. To provide firewood, in the long term.
SECTION FIVE: Constraints



There are no wayleaves across the woodland or scheduled archaeological features.
Various designations cover the woodland as noted elsewhere requiring reference to
SNH for notable operations.
Public access to the site is informal.
Obligations:
Maintenance of deer/stock proof enclosure depends on cooperation with neighbouring tenant
at Dalemore Wood, Liam Gunn, Gerston Farm.
Maintenance of all other fences bounding the wood is covered by the WIG/WCS contract.
Resources: WIG grant is the principal mechanism for carrying out agreed works.
SECTION SIX: Prescriptions (to be carried out by the owner working with NHFT, unless
otherwise stated)
Primary Activities:
1. Legal commitments relate to the WIG which will be covered by the remaining
prescriptions
 Check boundary fences regularly, at least once every four months and undertake:
maintenance as required to ensure they are deer and stock proof.
2. Woodland planting
 Tree planting will take place as part of a wider woodland creation scheme
associated with the woodland with weeding and ground preparation carried out as
required
 monitoring of the success of the plantings with associated beating up if necessary
will be carried out as required. At minimum, a yearly inspection will take place in
the summer/autumn to plan for the winter’s planting programme
13

regeneration will be monitored. If required groundwork, protection work or
deadwood management will be considered to stimulate and promote suckering
3. Biodiversity
As for 2
Secondary Activities
1. Monitoring of species change within the wood
 Caithness Biodiversity Group have expressed a willingness to carry out this work
on some level
 Failing this, nhft will carry out a basic baseline survey of the woodland with a
follow up planned for 2014
2. bird and bat boxes
 CBG and local ranger service would provide advice and support for this project
3. Firewood
 This would take place beyond the time period of this plan (e.g. from year 10 to 20)
SECTION SEVEN: Plan Review
The plan will be reviewed during the last year of each WIG contract, with revision to
prescriptions made in agreement between FCS and the owner
14
SECTION EIGHT: Work Plan
2010/2011
2011/2012
2012/2013
2013/2014
2013/2014
Spr
Sum
Aut
Win
Spr
Sum
Aut
Win
Spr
Sum
Aut
Win
Spr
Sum
Aut
Win
Spr
Sum
Aut
Win
Check boundary fences
required maintenance
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tree planting
x
Prescription
Monitoring establishment
and regeneration
Beating up and remedial
regeneration work if reqd
x
x
x
x
x
15
x
x
x
x
Appendix 5
Caithness Biodiversity Group: Risk Assessment Form
Task: Group Walk
Ref: Tacher1
Assessed by: Karen
Date: 11/09/2013
Bell
Location of activity:
Description of activity being assessed: Short group walk and small
ND169465 Tacher Caithness
amount of surveying of flora and fauna for a couple of hours at the native woodland
of Tacher. Led by David Glass.
STEP 1
What are the hazards?
STEP 2
STEP 3
Who might be
harmed?
What measures
are being taken?
STEP 4
What is the level of risk?
Severity x Likelihood = Risk Rating
(1 – 3)
(1 – 3)
Scale for severity of hazard:
1=Slight 2=Serious 3=Major
Scale for likelihood:
1=Low 2=Medium 3=High
1. Drive to and from the site
– Risk of RTI
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
2. Walk from car park to
field site – danger from
moving vehicles and farm
machinery.
3. Danger from domestic
animals – dogs and
particularly cattle with
calves.
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
4. In the field – danger of
microbial contamination
from soil, animal faeces
and water born microbes.
5. Working near water – Fall
or trip/slip hazard
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
6. Group of people
unfamiliar with site –
people going missing or
people becoming unwell.
7. Walking on rough ground,
fall or ankle injury.
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
16
Private vehicles will
be used, car
insurance should be
up to date.
Observe for and
avoid, moving
vehicles.
3
x
1=3
3
x
1=3
Observe animal
behaviour and
position at all times.
Give animals plenty
space.
Clean hands on
leaving the field site
and before consuming
food or water.
Take care not to fall
when near or crossing
stream.
Have mobile phone
charged and available
at all times. Karen Bell
will do head count at
start and finish of
walk. If anyone needs
to leave midway just
let Karen Bell know.
Karen Bell will have
small first aid kit
available.
Strong boots will be
worn at all times.
Avoid deep holes
created from planting
new trees.
2
x
1= 2
1
x
2=2
1
x
1=1
1
x
1=1
1
x
2=2
8. Walking in bad weather,
risk of hypothermia.
9. Field work – risk of eye
injury from vegetation
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
Caithness
Biodiversity Group
members and guests.
Warm waterproof
clothing will be
available at all times
Take care to avoid
tree branches.
2
x
1=2
2
x
1=2
A Risk Rating Score of 3 or less is acceptable. A Risk Rating Score of 12 or above the activity should not be carried out.
1st Review by:
KBell
2nd Review:
Signature:
Signature:
Date:11/09/13
Date:
09/07/2013
17
Appendix 6 – Map of Tacher Wood Caithness
18