2013 IB HL Biology year 1 Review Packet
–2–
3. What is the structure labelled Y?
N12/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX
A. Nucleus
Multiple choice:
1. A student completed a study on the height of
B. Starch grain
mpleted trees
a study
on the height
of trees
of are
different
are shown in the
of different
ages. The
results
shownages.
in the The results
C. Lysosome
ph.
following graph.
D. Mitochondrion
4. What is proportional to a cell’s surface area?
A. Rate of exchange of materials
B. Rate of heat production
C. Rate of waste production
D. Rate of oxygen consumption
25
20
Height / m
15
10
5. Which process requires channel proteins?
A. Simple diffusion
–5–
N12/4/BIOLO/SPM/E
B. Facilitated diffusion
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 C. Binding of hormones
8.
Which structure represents a fatty acid?
D. Exocytosis
Age / yr
What could the vertical bars represent?
A.
B.
H
O feature of cell membranes
6. What
H allows
O
A. The median height for each age of tree
CH3 (CH2)n endocytosis
he vertical
barsvalue
represent?
C
to occur?
N C C
B. The
of t compared to other species of trees
OH of phospholipid bilayer
A. Fluidity
C. Plus one to minus one standard deviation
H
OH
H
B.
Presence
of protein pumps
dian height
for
each
age
of
tree
D. The correlation between the height and diameter
C. Presence of carrier proteins
of the trees
D. Glycoprotein binding sites
–5–
N12/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG
ue of t compared to other species of trees C.
N12/4/BIOLO/SPM/E
H O H H
D. – 5 – H
O
H
Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following electron
8.
Which structure represents a fatty acid?
Which
structure
a fatty acid?
aH
fattyCacid?OH
N C 8.C 7.
NWhich
C structure
C represents represents
micrograph
whichdeviation
shows part of two adjacent liver
e to minus
one standard
A.
B.
H
O
H
cells.
H
OH O
A.
B.
HO
CH3 (CHH
HC C
C
H
2)n
N
C
O O
CH3 (CH2OH
C
)n
N C OH
C
H
relation between the height and diameter of the trees
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
H
C H
H O H H
C.
D.
H C
OH
O
H
5
C.
N
H
CH C
H
H
N
H
N OC HC H
C
CH N
H
O
OH
C C
H
OH
D.
HOH
C
H
C
OH
CH
C
H
HH
C
HO
C
H
OH
C
C
H
OH O
H C
OH C OH
The
diagram
shows part of a DNA molecule.
The diagram shows part8.of
a DNA
molecule.
H
What type of bond does X represent?
9.
H
H C
OH C OH
HHO C
9.
C OH
OH
O
H
OH
The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.
9.
The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.
XX
X
What typeA.
ofCovalent
bond does Xbond
represent?
B. Hydrogen bond
A. does
Covalent
bond
What type of bond
represent?
C.XPeptide
bond
What type of bond does X represent?
A.
B.
Hydrogen
bond
D. Semi-conservative
Covalent bond
C.
A.
bond
Covalent bond
Peptide bond
9.
is the
name given to a heritable factor
B. What
Hydrogen
bond
2. What is happening at the structure labelled
X?
B. Hydrogen
D.bond
Semi-conservative
bond a specific characteristic?
which controls
A. Synthesis of proteins
C. Allele
Peptide bond
A.
B. Transport of proteins to the nucleusC. Peptide bond
B.
D. Chromosome
Semi-conservative bond
C. Modification of proteins prior to export
C. Gene
D. Secretion of proteins through the plasma
D. Semi-conservative
D.bond
Mutation
membrane
8812-6004
T
10. Pasteur’s experiments into the generation of
life from non-life showed that:
A. inorganic molecules continually assemble into
living cells
B. On early Earth, conditions let organic molecules
to assemble from inorganic building blocks
C. all current organisms come only from other living
things
D. abiogenesis is impossible
11. In gel electrophoresis:
A. larger fragments move more quickly
B. only DNA can be analyzed
C. DNA moves toward the positive pole
D. families share identical banding patterns
12. What would be the expected result if a woman
carrier for colour blindness and a colour blind man
had many children?
A. All offspring will be colour blind.
B. All male offspring will be colour blind and all
females normal.
C. All males will be normal and all females will be
colour blind.
D. All females will be carriers of colour blindness or
colour blind.
13. In peas, tall is dominant to dwarf. In a cross
between a dwarf plant and a heterozygous tall plant
what percentage of the offspring will be dwarf?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100 %
14. What commonly causes Down syndrome in
humans?
A. Non-disjunction
B. Base substitution
C. Amniocentesis
D. Gene mutation
15. When genes are transferred between species,
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide
translated from them is unchanged. Why is this so?
A. All organisms use ribosomes for protein
synthesis.
B. DNA replication is semi-conservative.
C. The enzymes used are substrate specific.
D. The genetic code is universal.
16. During aerobic respiration, the largest yield of
ATP occurs during:
A. glycolysis
B. the link reaction
C. the Krebs cycle
D. chemiosmosis
17. The diagram shows a pyramid of energy for a
wetland environment. Which is true?
A. Energy transfer to primary consumers is more
efficient than energy transfer from primary
consumers
B. The apex of the pyramid of energy represents
quaternary (4th level) consumers
C. Energy found in the lowest level of the pyramid
was acquired from nutrients stored in the soil
D. The energy transfer at each level is 10%
18. The villi have all of these adaptations to their
function EXCEPT:
A. microvilli for surface area
B. many lysosomes for digestion
C. mucous-secreting goblet cells
D. internal capillary bed to absorb nutrients
19. Which statement describes the movements of
the rib cage during inspiration of air?
A. External intercostal muscles contract moving the
ribs up and outwards.
B. Internal intercostal muscles contract moving the
ribs down and inwards.
C. External intercostal muscles relax moving ribs
down and inwards.
D. Internal intercostal muscles relax moving ribs up
and outwards.
20. Which is a difference between prokaryote and
eukaryote cells?
21. Which is not a property of chlorophyll?
A. ability to absorb red light
B. ability to absorb green light
C. ability to absorb blue light
D. ability to convert photons to chemical energy
22. In cellular respiration, which is true of both
aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A. they take place in the mitochondria
B. glycolysis is required
C. organics are oxidized to CO2 and water
D. oxygen is required
23. The following events occur in mitosis.
X: Attachment of spindle microtubules to
centromeres
Y: Movement of sister chromatids to
opposite poles
Z: Supercoiling of chromosomes
What is the correct sequence of events?
A. X → Z →Y
B. X →Y→ Z
C. Z → X →Y
D. Z →Y→ X
24. The following graph shows energy changes with
and without enzymes during a chemical reaction.
Which letter represents the activation energy
required to carry out this reaction without an
enzyme catalyst?
26. In humans, wavy hair is dominant to straight
hair and free ear lobes are dominant to fixed ear
lobes. A man and a woman are heterozygous for
both characteristics. What is the probability that
their first child will have straight hair and fixed ear
lobes?
A. 0
B. 1/16
C. 3/16
D. 9/16
27. Flower colour and pollen grain shape are linked
genes in sweet peas. Purple (F) is dominant to red
(f) flower colour and long pollen grains (L) are
dominant to round pollen grains (l). If the parental genotype is, F L what would be the
f l
recombinant chromosomes in the gametes?
A. F L and f l
B. F f and L l
C. F l and f L
D. F F and l l
28. The heart rate is initiated:
A. by a nerve
B. by a hormone
C. in the left ventricle
D. in the right atrium
25. In non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor
binds to the _____ at a rate _________ the relative
concentration of the substrate and inhibitor.
A. active site – dependent on
B. active site – independent of
C. allosteric site – dependent on
D. allosteric site – independent of
29. Capillaries are different from veins in that they:
A. are porous
B. have thicker walls
C. have valves
D. carry oxygenated blood
For question 30 refer to the following diagram, which is part of a food web for a freshwater habitat.
30. What is the mode of nutrition of midge larva?
A. Autotroph
B. Detritivore
C. Heterotroph
D. Saprotroph
ESSAYS:
1. (a)Describe the relationship between genes, polypeptides and enzymes. [4]
(b) Outline control of metabolic pathways. [6]
(c) Discuss the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk. [8]
2. (a)Outline, with examples, the types of carbohydrate found in living organisms. [4]
(b) Describe the importance of hydrolysis in digestion. [6]
(c) Explain the effect of inhibitors on the activity of enzymes. [8]
3. (a)Describe the characteristics of stem cells that make them potentially useful in medicine. [5]
(b) Outline a technique of gene transfer resulting in genetically modified organisms. [5]
(c) Explain the use of karyotyping in human genetics. [8]
4. (a) Define habitat, population, community and ecosystem. [4]
(b) Outline how energy flows through an ecosystem. [6]
(c) Discuss the benefits and possible harmful effects of altering species by one example of genetic
modification.[8]
SHORT ANSWER:
1
C
2
A
3
D
4
A
5
B
6
A
7
A
8
A
9
C
10
C
11
C
12
D
13
C
14
A
15
D
16
D
17
A
18
B
19
A
20
D
21
B
22
B
23
C
24
B
25
D
26
B
27
C
28
D
29
A
30
C
– 11 –
6.
(a)
(b)
a.
b.
c.
d.
gene is a sequence of DNA bases;
DNA/gene codes for a specific sequence of amino acids/polypeptide;
enzymes are proteins/composed of polypetides;
sequence of amino acids determines tertiary structure/folding/shape of active
site;
e. change in the gene/mutation will affect the active site/function of an enzyme;
f. enzymes are involved in replication/transcription of genes;
g. enzymes are involved in synthesis of polypeptides;
a.
b.
c.
d.
[4 max]
metabolic pathways can be a sequence/chain of reactions;
they can be cycles of reactions;
different enzymes control each reaction in the sequence/cycle;
accumulation of an end-product can inhibit the first enzyme of the sequence/
pathway;
(an end-product inhibitor) joins an allosteric site/a site separate from active site;
attachment at the allosteric site changes the shape of the active site;
preventing the binding of substrate;
until the level of the end-product is reduced (and the inhibition removed);
this is an example of negative feedback;
[6 max]
lactose is a disaccharide/sugar (found in milk);
lactase digests lactose into galactose and glucose;
lactase produced naturally by yeast;
biotechnology companies isolate lactase for use in food processing;
lactase can be added to milk to reduce the level of lactose in the milk;
(or) lactase can be put on a surface / immobilized enzyme;
lactose-intolerant people cannot drink milk (unless it is lactose-reduced);
galactose and glucose are sweeter than lactose;
so less sugar is needed in food production from milk;
bacteria ferment glucose and galactose more quickly than lactose, so
production of yoghurt/cottage cheese is faster (providing an economic benefit);
k. galactose and glucose are more soluble so improve the texture of ice cream;
l. other legitimate advantage/disadvantage of use of lactose-reduced milk;
[8 max]
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
(c)
M12/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX/M
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
(Plus up to [2] for quality)
Remember, up to TWO “quality of construction” marks per essay.
5.
(a)
(b)
a.
b.
c.
d.
(mono-, di- and polysaccharides) consist of one, two and many units;
example of monosaccharide (e.g. glucose/ribose/galactose/fructose);
example of disaccharide (e.g. maltose/lactose/sucrose);
example of polysaccharide (e.g. starch/glycogen/cellulose);
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
digestion is the breakdown of large molecules into small molecules;
to allow diffusion / to make food soluble;
so foods can be absorbed into the bloodstream/body;
so foods can move from bloodstream into cells;
small molecules can be joined to form the organism’s (unique)
macromolecules;
hydrolysis is aided by enzymes;
hydrolysis requires water;
polysaccharides (hydrolysed) to disaccharides/monosaccharides/specific
example;
proteins/polypeptides (hydrolysed) to amino acids;
fats/lipids/triglycerides (hydrolysed) to fatty acids and glycerol;
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
(c)
[4]
[6 max]
a. inhibitors reduce enzyme activity/reduce the rate of reaction;
Competitive inhibitors:
b. have a similar shape to the substrate;
c. bind to/attach to/enter the active site;
d. block/compete for occupation of the active site / prevent substrate binding;
e. example (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase by malonate);
f. increase in substrate concentration reduces inhibition / graph showing this;
Non-competitive inhibitors:
g. not chemically similar / different shape to substrate;
h. attach to a different part of the enzyme/allosteric site;
i. shape of the active site changes preventing/reducing substrate binding;
j. example of non-competitive inhibition (e.g. respiratory enzymes by cyanide);
k. increases in substrate concentration do not reduce inhibition / graph showing
this;
l. end-product inhibitors are non-competitive;
[8 max]
(Plus up to [2] for quality)
– 11 –
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
M12/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M
(stem cells) have/retain the capacity to divide;
can be used to produce cell cultures/large number of identical cells;
can be used to repair/replace damaged/lost cells/tissue;
(stem cells) are undifferentiated / have not yet differentiated/specialized;
can differentiate/specialize in different ways / are pluripotent/totipotent;
can be used to form a variety of different tissues / form organs;
used in medical research;
used in treatment of (named) disease;
a. gene transfer takes a gene from one species/organism and inserts it into
another;
b. using plasmid/viral vector/ballistic impregnation/electroporation;
c. use of reverse transcriptase to obtain gene from mRNA;
d. restriction enzyme/endonuclease used to cut out/excise gene;
e. (same) restriction enzyme used to cut open plasmid;
f. sticky ends used to link DNA/link gene to plasmid;
g. DNA ligase used to seal nicks/splice;
h. bacterium takes in plasmid / plasmid transferred to bacterium/plant/host cell;
i. valid documented example (e.g. human insulin from bacterium/yeast /
salt-tolerant
tomato
plant
/
carotene/vitamin
A
in
rice
/
herbicide/Roundup/glyphosate resistance in crop plants / factor IX/clotting
factor in sheep milk / low phosphate feces in pigs;
[5 max]
[5 max]
Definition and construction of karyotypes:
a. karyotype is the number and type / image of chromosomes in a cell;
b. cells collected from chorionic villus / by amniocentesis;
c. requires cells in metaphase / stimulate cells to divide and reach metaphase;
d. burst cells and spread chromosomes / photo taken of chromosomes;
e. chromosomes are arranged in pairs;
f. according to size/structure/position of centromere/banding pattern;
Uses for karyotypes:
g. karyotypes used to identify sex/gender;
h. male is XY and female XX;
i. used to identify chromosome mutations/abnormal numbers/non-disjunction;
j. Down syndrome due to extra chromosome 21 / other trisomy/aneuploidy
example;
k. used for pre-natal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities;
l. may lead to a decision to abort the fetus;
m. prepare for consequences of abnormality in offspring;
[8 max]
(Plus up to [2] for quality)
3.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
phase A:
phase B:
anaphase (occurs at an) intermediate (stage); (both needed)
prophase (occurs at an) early (stage); (both needed)
centromeres split/break;
(sister) chromatids/chromosomes separate;
dragged/pulled/movement to separate poles;
by shortening of spindle microtubules;
Do not allow events other than those in anaphase.
(b)
tumours / cancer
(c)
conservation of the base sequence of DNA;
adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine;
[2]
[2 max]
[1]
! (do not accept
²
# initials only)
both (daughter) cells/DNA strands produced have identical genetic inf ormation;
[2 max]
–9–
3.
(a)
M12/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M
myogenic contraction / muscles contract without stimulus from a nerve;
pacemaker/SA node initiates each heart beat/stimulates atria to contract;
nerves carry impulses from the brain to speed up and slow down the heart;
medulla (of the brain) monitors blood pressure;
epinephrine/adrenaline increases rate/strength
[3 max]
– 5 – of contractions;
M11/4/BIOLO/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX/M
(b)
D2. (a)
valves open/close due to blood pressure differences;
a groupprevent
of related
organisms allow
sharing
a common ancestor
valves
backflow/only
unidirectional
flow; / a group of organisms
containing
an
ancestor
and
all
of
its
descendants
/
OWTTE
[1]
atrioventricular valves between ventricles and atria;
semilunar valves between arteries and ventricles;
[2 max]
–4–
M11/4/BIOLO/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX/M
(b) Accept
homologous
structures
evolved
from
a
common
ancestor
while
analogous
mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid in place of atrioventricular.
structures
did and
not;pulmonary in place of semilunar valves.
Accept
aortic
example
of homologous and example of analogous; (both needed)
[2]
Option D —
Evolution
D1. (a)
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
e.g.
an example
of homologous
pentadactyl
in mammals and birds / mouth
Highest
probability:
0.58 (Allowisanswers
fromlimb
0.57–0.59)
parts
in
house
fly
and
mosquito/other
valid
example
example of analogous
Lowest
probability:
0.25
(Allow
answers
from
0.24–0.26)
mother receives hormone treatment/FSH to stimulate and
egg an
development;
is
eyeand
in sperm
vertebrates
squid/octopus
/ wings
of insect
and bat / jointed legs of
Both
required
for
theand
mark.
eggs
collected/harvested
/ eggs
taken from
ovary;
vertebrates
and
insects/other
valid
example
egg fertilized outside the body/in a dish/in a lab;
different into
varieties
from same lake / I
develops
embryo;
Two
correct
labels
[1].
embryo(s) implantedfor(artificially)
in mother’s body/uterus;
individuals
areegg/fertilized
more likely egg/zygote
to breed if implanted.
they are the same variety / individuals of
Do
not accept
salamander
koala
mouse
jellyfish have salmon
different varieties
a low probability
of breeding;
the probability
(i)
Sertoli cellof/ breeding
nurse cellbetween individuals of the same variety shows a large
range of values / narrow range if of different variety;
the probability
of breeding
between any
two individuals
always less than
(ii)
nourishes maturing
sperm(atozoa)
/ protects
sperm from is
lymphocytes
0.6/correct numerical value;
crossing over in prophase 1/between chromatids;
data provides
(strong)
evidence for reproductive
between
random
orientation
of bivalents/homologous
pairsisolation
in metaphase
1; the varieties in
each
lake;
random orientation of chromatids/chromosomes in metaphase 2;
different sizes/feeding habits/habitat (shore versus open water) seem to contribute
(strongly) to low breeding probability;
opposable
thumbs
(enable grabbing); of separate species in each lake;
this could lead
to speciation/formation
flat
fingernails
(instead
of claws/for
same varieties from different
lakesscratching);
do not show strong reproductive isolation /
forward-facing
eyes
for
stereoscopic
vision;
geographical isolation is a weak factor in speciation / no evidence of allopatric
rotatable
shoulder joints (for tree-climbing adaptation);
speciation;
skull
modified
for upright
sympatric
speciation
seemsposture;
to be taking place because different varieties from the
large
brain
to
body/skull
ratio enables
higher levels of thinking;
same lake have a low probability
of breeding;
[1]
[1]
[3 max]
[2 max]
[1]
[1]
[2 max]
[2]
max]
[3[2max]
D3. eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes;
mitochondria/chloroplasts evolved from (independent) prokaryotic cells;
taken in by larger (heterotrophic) cell by endocytosis;
theory supported by characteristics of chloroplasts/mitochondria;
[2 max] for mitochondria/chloroplast characteristics:
mitochondria/chloroplasts have naked DNA;
mitochondria/chloroplasts divide/carry out fission;
mitochondria/chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes / synthezise own proteins;
mitochondria/chloroplasts have double membranes;
cristae similar to mesosomes / thylakoid have similar structures in prokaryotes;
but theory cannot be falsified as it predicts something occurring in the past;
theory does not explain the origins of cilia/flagella/linear chromosomes/meiosis;
weaker evidence that cilia/flagella evolved from attached bacteria/spirochetes;
[6 max]