Mrs. Earland
Biology 11
Unit 2 – Part A
UNIT 2 – INSIDE THE NUCLEUS

Basic structure of DNA and RNA p. 141-144, 145-148
 Monomers
 Nucleotides
 Polymers
 Base Pairs
 Hydrogen Bonds
 Purines & Pyrimidines
 Phosphodiester Bonds
 Functions of DNA

DNA replication p. 146-148
 Steps in the process
 Explanation of experiment that determined that it is semiconservative

Protein Synthesis p. 148-153
 Transcription & Translation
 Know all the steps and all the “players” involved
 Be able to translate and transcribe a given sequence of DNA using a Codon
chart.
ASSIGNMENTS:







DNA Structure Wks & Practice Quiz
Replication Lab Recreation & Wks
Protein Synthesis worksheets x2
Protein Synthesis Practice Quiz
Protein Synthesis Concept Map
Mutations Webquest
Mitosis-Meiosis Popsicle Demo
QUIZES:

DNA structure on

Protein Synthesis on
LABS:

Recreating DNA Replication investigation
TESTS:

Unit Test (see objectives above) on

UNIT 2 – CUMULATIVE EXAM – on
Remember to check the website for all the vocabulary and for the long-answer
questions
Mrs. Earland
Biology 11
Unit 2 – Part A
DNA STRUCTURE:
A chromosome is essentially a
DNA stands for "
.
”, a term which
describes the type of sugar (deoxyribose) and the location in
the cell (nucleus).
The building blocks of DNA are "
" which are
attached together like a twisted
ladder to form a “
”.
DNA is a
. The
Monomer Units of DNA are
_______________.
Each nucleotide is composed of
three parts:
______________________
______________________
______________________
There are four different kinds of
bases so there are four different kinds of nucleotides:
Purines: A = Adenine
and G = Guanine
Pyrimidines: T = Thymine and C = Cytosine
Base Pairing, is Specific, and always occurs between a
.
Specifically
and
, This is because of
the hydrogen bonding that occurs between these pairs of
nucleotides.
The sugars and phosphate groups are on the outside of
the molecule forming the "___________________".
Each sugar is attached to the phosphate below by a
“covalent” bond. Also called a
bond.
_______________________________= important for preserving the integrity of the DNA sequence
Mrs. Earland
So, what’s the point?

Biology 11
Unit 2 – Part A
All living things have the DNA with the same 4 nucleotides, and the same structure as well as the
same “code” for the amino acids that are the monomers for the polymer proteins they make.
Huh? In human this time:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
DNA Structure Worksheet – in package
DNA has two major purposes:
DNA Structure Practice Quiz Online
Quiz Next Class
DNA REPLICATION
The Purpose of DNA Replication is: that in order for a
cell to replicate or split, it must first a duplicate of its
DNA to ensure that the resulting cell has a complete
set of DNA molecules = DNA Replication
How Does this work: Enzymes separate or unzip the
double helix, insert the appropriate bases, and
produce covalent sugar-phosphate links while
proofreading the whole process.
Unzipping occurs when Hydrogen bonds between
base pairs are broken caused by the enzyme DNA
polymerase. Each separated strand serves as a
template for the attachment of complimentary
basses.
Daughter DNA double helices is composed of one
original (conserved) & one newly synthesized strand =
semiconservative replication
YOUR MISSION:
Part 1: Complete the Notes & Worksheet
Part 2: Discover “How we Know” that DNA
Replication is semiconservative. Hint: It is from an
experiment done in 1957
Write it up like its your lab ie. Intro, Purpose,
Hypothesis, Procedure, Results & Conclusion
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
The Purpose of Protein Synthesis is: Protein synthesis
is one of the most fundamental biological processes
by which individual cells build their specific proteins.
Within the process are involved both DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and different in their function
ribonucleic acids (RNA). The process is initiated in the
cell’s nucleus, where specific enzymes unwind the
needed section of DNA, which makes the DNA in this
region accessible and a RNA copy can be made. This
RNA molecule then moves from the nucleus to the
cell cytoplasm, where the actual the process of
protein synthesis take place.
There are two parts to Protein Synthesis:
1. Transcription
2. Translation
There are several other molecules, and organelles
involved in the process: Nucleus, Nuclear Membrane,
mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, proteins, ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, codons, and
anticodons.
YOUR MISSION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Complete the Notes from the P.P.
Two worksheets for practice
Practice Quiz & Key online
Quiz is on
Mrs. Earland
MUTATIONS:
Biology 11
Unit 2 – Part A
REPRODUCTION:
DIPLOID
HAPLOID
Example: Human’s N = 23 – Most of your cells are diploid and therefor have 2N or 64 chromosomes
however your sex cells (eggs & sperms) are haploid or 1N and only contain 23 chromosomes
Jack Jumper Ant N =2
Koala N =8
Cannabis N = 10
Starfish N = 19
Mouse N = 20
Wheat N = 21
Pair of Homologous Chromosomes:
Homologous Pair of Chromosomes in a Diploid Cell Before DNA Replication
Homologous Pair of Chromosomes in a Diploid Cell After DNA Replication
Gene:
Allele:
ex
ex
Mrs. Earland
Biology 11
New diploid Cell with 3 sets of homologous pairs of Chromosomes
At the start of Interphase
INTERPHASE
Diploid Cell with 3 sets of homologous pairs of Chromosomes After Interphase
This is your functioning cell until it is time for the cell to divide.
By Either Mitosis or Mieosis
Unit 2 – Part A
Mrs. Earland
Biology 11
Unit 2 – Part A
Two Types of Cell Division
Nucleus Disappears
Spindle Fibers Form
We are Now Preparing for Cytokinesis
1.
Be able to walk me through both processes
using your popsicle sticks
2.
Complete the Study Guide Assignment in
Preparation for the test on