Prep Guide
Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligences
Define thinking in your own words:
What is a mental image?
What is a concept?
What is a prototype?
Differentiate between algorithms and heuristics.
Differentiate between the representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic.
Provide your own example of when you have used a representative and availability
heuristic.
What are the steps to solving problems?
What is meant by “means-ends analysis”?
How does framing impact how people make decisions?
Briefly summarize the obstacles to good problem solving (e.g., functional fixedness,
mental set, inaccurate evaluation of the solution, and confirmation bias).
Define creativity in your own words.
Differentiate between divergent and convergent thinking.
Discuss how you can become a better thinker.
What is meant by the term “grammar”?
What are phonemes? Please provide your own example of a phoneme.
What are some of the cultural differences in the use of phonemes?
Define syntax in your own words.
What is a morpheme?
What are semantics?
When do children start to babble?
What evidence is there to suggest that a critical period for language exists?
What is telegraphic speech?
Provide an example of how children overgeneralize the rules of language.
Briefly summarize the learning-theory, nativist, and interactionist approaches to language
acquisition.
Define intelligence in your own words.
Briefly summarize the g-Factor theory of intelligence.
Differentiate between fluid and crystalized intelligence.
Briefly summarize Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of intelligence.
What is the information-processing approach to intelligence?
Briefly summarize Gardner’s multiple intelligence approach to intelligence.
What is emotional intelligence?
Why is intelligence testing considered controversial?
Describe how Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test.
Differentiate between chronological and mental age in the intelligence quotient (IQ).
What is the formula for IQ?
What is average intelligence?
How are IQ scores calculated on more current tests of intelligence?
How many people fall within 15 points of average intelligence (above and below)?
Briefly summarize the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
Briefly summarize the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale –III (WAIS-III)
Briefly summarize the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV)
Differentiate between an achievement test and an aptitude test.
Define reliability and provide your own example to help you understand this concept.
Define validity and provide your own example to help you understand this concept.
What are “norms” and how do they play a role in standardized tests?
Define mental retardation (intellectual disabilities).
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
What is familial retardation?
In what ways are individuals with mental retardation/intellectual disabilities receiving
better educational opportunities?
Who are the intellectually gifted?
Why do members of certain racial and cultural origins consistently score lower on
traditional tests of intelligence?
What is a culture-fair IQ test?
What is heritability?
What factors other than genetics might account for the cultural differences in
intelligence?
Now it’s time to apply your knowledge! Go to McGraw-Hill ConnectTM at
www.mcgrawhillconnect.com.
Check to see if your instructor has assigned any homework or posted any quizzes or tests,
and then click on the LearnSmartTM study modules and complete the study module for
Chapter 7.
Open the eBook and view the three videos associated with this chapter (Baby Sign
Language, Genes and Intelligence, and Savant Syndrome).
Remember, you can highlight or add notes to your eBook (see the links at the top of your
eBook) and they will automatically be saved to your “my notebook” for further study.
Want more practice with the content of this chapter? Go to http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0071056742/student_view0/chapter7/ and test your knowledge using the
flash cards, complete the crossword puzzle, and then see how you do on the pop quiz!