Medical Terminology Final Review
- Module #1
o Word Root: the root word is the foundation of the word and it can stand alone, be
used with a prefix or suffix or combines with other root words
o Suffix: The suffix is the word ending. It modifies the root word and makes it more
specific. It can stand alone or be used with a root word.
o Prefix: The prefix is the word beginning. It modifies the root word and makes it
more specific. It cannot stand alone.
o Combining Vowel: A vowel which is usually “o” linking the root to the suffix or
to another root. Sometimes “I” and “u” are used.
o Combining Form: The combination of a root word with the combining vowel.
o Common Root Words with Suffixes:
 Arthr means joint as in arthritis, inflammation of the joints
 Carcin mean cancer as in carcinoma, a cancerous tumor
 Hepat means liver as in hepatitis, inflammation of the liver
 Path means disease as in pathology, the study of disease
 Oste means bone as in osteoma, a bone tumor
 Hemat means blood as in hematology, the study of blood
 Ped means child as in pediatrics, pertaining to children
 Neur means nerve as in neurology, the study of nerves
 Rhin means nose as in rhinitis, inflammation of the nose
 Radi means x-rays as in radiology, the study of x-rays
- Module #2
o Epithelial means skin
o Lymphocyte means white blood cell
o Tissue- group of similar cells working together to do a specific job
 Epithelial, connective, skeletal, muscular, glandular, an nervous
o Histologist- scientist who specializes in the study of tissue
o Abdominal Viscera- organs located in the abdomen; liver, stomach, intestines,
pancreas, spleen, gallbladder
o Systems- groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
 Digestive- (mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.) comprised of all the organs
and glands associated with ingestion and digestion of food as it travels
from the mouth to the anus.
 Urinary or Excretory- (two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and the urethra)
contains the structures or organs that are concerned with the secretion and
excretion of urinary products.
 Respiratory- (nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe),
bronchi, and lungs) organs that are involved in the interchange gases
between an organism and the atmosphere.

Reproductive- (Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and
mammary glands. Male- testes, urethra, penis, and prostate gland.) organs
concerned with reproduction or creating offspring.
 Endocrine- (thyroid gland: in the neck, pituitary gland: at the base of the
brain, sex glands: overies and testes, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid
glands, pineal gland, and thymus gland) glands that produce secretions
that are discharged into the blood or lymph and circulated to all parts of
the body.
 Nervous- (Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord, Peripheral
Nervous System: all the other neural elements) regulates and coordinates
body activities and brings about responses b which the body adjusts to
changes in the environment.
 Circulatory (Cardiovascular)- (heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system)
responsible for moving blood through the body which contains oxygen
and nutrients.
 Muscular Skeletalo Cavities
 Cranial- consists of the head or skull and contains the brain and pituitary
gland.
 Thoracic- which is the chest region contains the lungs, heart, esophagus,
trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland and the aorta which is the largest
artery in the body.
 Abdominal- located in the belly area and includes the stomach, small and
large intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
 Peritoneum- double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
The kidneys are situated in the back of the abdominal cavity behind the
peritoneum (retroperitoneal).
 Pelvic- lower abdominal area and includes the urinary bladder, urethra,
ureters, and vagina.
 Spinal- located behind the spine and contains the nerves of the spinal cord.
- Module #3
o
Suffixes are added to root words to modify or clarify the meaning of a medical
term. There are noun suffixes that will denote a person, place, or thing and there
are adjective suffixes that will describe the root word and limit its meaning.
o Combining Forms
 abdomin/o- abdomen
 acr/o- extremities
 aden/o- gland
 angi/o- vessels
 ateri/o- artery
 arthr/o- joint
 carcin/o- cancer
 col/o- colon or large intestine
 cyst/o- urinary bladder
 hydr/o- water or fluid
 lapar/o- abdomen or abdominal wall
 mamm/o and mast/o- breast
 myel/o- spinal cord or bone marrow
 my/o- muscle
 nephr/o- kidney
 opthalm/o- eye
 oste/o- bone
 path/o- disease
 pulmon/o and pneumon/o- lungs
 thorac/o- chest
 ven/o- vein
 viscer/o- internal organs
o Noun Suffixes
 Algia- pain
 Cele- hernia
 Centesis- surgical puncture to remove fluid for analysis
 Dynia- pain
 Ectomy- excision, removal or resection
 Genesis- condition of producing or forming
 Gram- record
 Graphy- process of recording
 itis- inflammation
 logy- the study of
 malacia- softening
 megaly- enlargement
 oma- tumor mass or collection
 opsy- to view
 osis- condition with is usually abnormal
 pathy- disease
 penia- deficiency
 sclerosis- hardening
 scopy- process of visual examination
 stomy- opening to form a mouth or stoma
o Short Noun Suffixes
 Er- one who
 Ia- condition
 Ist- specialist
 Y- condition or process
o Adjective Suffixes
 Ac, iac- as in cardiac, pertaining to the heart
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Al- as is renal which is pertaining to the kidney or renal pelvis
Ar- as in tonsillar
Ary- as in pulmonary
Eal- as in laryngeal
Ic, ical- as in chronic
Ous- as in mucous
Ose- as in adipose
Tic- as in necrotic
- Module #4:
o Prefixes are added to root words to clarify all alter the meaning of the word.
 cost/o- rib
 dactyl/o- fingers or toes
 gloss/o- tongue
 glyc/o- sugar
 immun/o- protection
 seps/o- infection
 the/o- put, place
 trache/o- windpipe, trachea
 urethr/o- urethra
 ox/o- oxygen
 norm/o- rule, order
 a, an- not, without
 ab- away from
 ad- toward
 ante- before, forward
 anti- against
 auto- self, own
 bi- two
 brady- slow
 con- with, together
 contra- against. Opposite
 dia- through, complete
 dys- bad, difficult, painful
 ec, ecto- out, outside
 en, endo- in, within
 epi- upon, on or above
 ex- out, away from
 hemi- half
 hyper- excessive, above
 hypo- deficient
 infra- beneath
 inter- between
 intra- in, within
 macro- large
 mal- bad
 micro- small
 pan- all
 para- near, beside, abnormal, apart from
 per- surrounding
 poly- many, much
 post- after, behind
 pre- before, in front of
 pro- before, forward
 retro- behind, backward
 sub- under
 supra- above, upper
 tachy- fast
 trans- across, through
 uni- one
o Examples
 Antepartum- before birth
 Bradycardia- slow heartbeat
 Adrenal- gland located near or above each kidney
 Apnea- not breathing
 Contralateral- pertaining to the opposite side
 Antisepsis- against infection
 Bilateral- pertaining to two or both sides
 Unilateral- pertaining to one side
 Anoxia- condition of no oxygen in tissues
 Congenital anomaly- an irregularity that is present at birth
 Contraindication- reason that a doctor would advise against taking a
specific medication
- Module #5
o Suffix Terms
 Ectasis- stretching or dilation
 Emesis- vomiting
 Lysis- destruction, breakdown, or separation
 Pepsia- digestion
 Phagia- eating or swallowing
 Plasty- surgical repair
 Ptysis- spitting
 Rrhagia- or rrhage- bursting forth of blood
 Spasm- sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles
 Tripsy- to crush
o Related to the Digestive System
 Bucc/o- cheek
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Cheil- lips
Ptosis- falling
Sial- salivary gland
Enter- small intestine
Lith- stones
Stenosis- narrowing
Hepat- liver
Deglutition- swallowing
Mastication- chewing
Cholecyst- gallbladder
- Module #6
o Terms Associated with Digestive System
 Mennorrhea- menstrual flow
 Lithotripsy- crushing of a stone
 Herniorrhaphy- suture of a hernia
 Nephroptosis- prolapse of the kidney
 Hemoptysis- spitting up blood from the respiratory tract
 Hematemesis- vomiting blood from the digestive system
 Bronchiesctasis- dilation of tubes leading from the windpipe to lungs
 Pyorrhea- discharge of pus
 Hemostasis- stopping blood flow
 Rhinoplasty- surgical repair of the nose
 Hemolysis- destruction of red blood cells
 Pylorospasm- sudden involuntary contraction of muscles at the distal
region of the stomach
 Menorrhagia- excessive bleeding during menstruation
 Bronchospasm- sudden involuntary contraction of muscles within the
bronchial tubes
 Cholecystectomy- removal of the gallbladder
 Celectomy- large bowel resection
 Enterorrhaphy- suture of the small intestine
 Cheilostomatoplasty- surgical repair of the lip and mouth
 Glossotomy- incision of the tongue
 Gingicectomy- removal of gums
 Abdominocentesis or Paracentecisis- surgical puncture of the abdomen for
withdrawal of fluid
o Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
 Serum bilirubin- measurement of bile pigment in the blood
 Oral Cholecystography- contrast given orally and xray are taken of the
gallbladder
 Stool Culture- feces or stool are placed in a growth medium for bacterial
analysis
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Barium Enema- xray examination of the lower intestinal tract where a
contrast medium is administered through an enema
Barium- type of contrast media that is used for this examination
Abdominal Ultrasound- diagnostic medical sonographers utilize sound
waves to image abdominal organs
Stool Guaiac- laboratory test used to reveal occult blood
Upper Gastrointestinal Series or UGI- when contrast media is given to a
patient to drink orally in order to take xrays of the stomach
Excretory Urography- an iodinated concentration is injected into a vein
and xrays are taken of the urinary system
Nasogastric Intubation- tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography- when contrast media
is injected through an endoscopy and xrays are taken of the pancreas and
bile ducts.
Liver Biopsy- percutaneous removal of liver tissue followed by a
microscopic examination
Liver Scan- a radioactive materialis injected intravenously and an image is
made of the material as it is taken up by liver cells
- Module #7
o Calcium- one of the mineral constituents of bone
o Cartilage Tissue- flexible, rubbery connective tissue found on joint surfaces and
in the embryonic skeleton
o Condyle- knuckle like process at the end of a bone near the joint
o Cranial Bones- skull bones and are identifies with the proper terms of frontal,
ethmoid, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital
o Diaphysis- shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
o Disk or Disc- flat, round plate-like structure
o Intervertebral Disk- fibrocartilaginous substance between the vertebrae
o Epiphyseal Plate- cartilaginous area at the end of long bones where lengthwise
growth takes place
o Epophysis- end of a long bone
o Facial Bones- bones of the face and their proper terms are lacrimal, mandible,
maxillae, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic
o False Ribs- ribs are 8-10 in the paired 12 that are within the body
o Fissure- narrow, slit-like opening between bones
o Floating ribs- are ribs numbered 11 and 12
o Foramen- is an opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter
and leave.
o Fossa- shallow cavity in a bone
o Malleolus- round process found on both sides of the ankle joint
o Olecranon- large process forming the elbow
o Ossification- process of bone formation
o Ostoblast- bone cell that helps form bone tissue
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Ostoclast- bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bone tissue
Periosteum- membrane surrounding bones
Pubic Symphysis- area of fusion of the two pubic bones
Homepoiesis- it is a site, red bone marrow is found in bone
Paranasal Sinus- sinus is a cavity within a bone
Tubercle- small rounded process on a bone
Tuberosity- large, rounded process on a bone
Vertebra- back bone is divided into the Cervical, neck, Thoracic, upper back,
Lumbar, lower back
o Diaphysis of Long Bones- location of where yellow bone marrow, fatty tissue, is
found
o Combining Forms and Suffixes
 Kyph/o- humpback or a posterior curvature in the thoracic region
 Lord/o- curve or swayback or an anterior curvature in the lumbar region
 Lumb/o- loins or lower back as in lumbar
 Myel/o- bone marrow
 Orth/o- straight
 Oste/o- bone
 Scoli/o- crooked, bent or a lateral curvature of the spine
 Lithiasis- slipping
 Malacia- softening
 Physis- grow
 Porosis- pore or passage
o Terms Related to Specific Bones
 Calcane/o- calcaneus, heel bone
 Carp/o- carpals which are the bones of the wrist
 Clavicul/o- clavicle which is the collar bone
 Cost/o- rib
 Femor/o- femur, largest bone in body
 Fibul/o- fibula, smaller leg bone
 Humer/o- humerus, upper arm bone
 Malleol/o- malleolus, processes on each side of the ankle
 Maxill/o- maxilla, upper jaw
 Metacarp/o- metacarpals, hand bones
 Meta- beyond and carpals, wrist bones
 Metatars/o- metatarsals, foot bones
 Patell/a- patella, kneecap
 Pelv/i- pelvis, hip bones
 Radi/o- radius, lower arm bone
 Uln/o- ulna, other bone that makes forearm
 Scapula/o- scapula, shoulder bone on your upper back
 Stern/o- sternum, breast bone
 Tars/o- tarsals, bones of the ankle
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Tibi/o- tibia, larger lower leg bone
- Module #8
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Facture- sudden breaking of a bone due to trauma
Simple Fracture- the bone is broke but there is no open wound
Compound Fracture- bone is broken with an open wound
Comminuted Fractured- when the bone is splintered or crushed
Compression Fracture- bone is compressed
Ewings Sarcoma- malignant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis- inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and it is caused by
bacterial infection
Osteomalacia- softening of the bone that is caused by inadequate amounts of
mineral or calcium in the bone
Osteoporosis- decrease in bone density which results in a thinning and weakening
of the bone
Joint Terms
 Arthr/o- joint
 Articulation- joint
 Articulate- joining or meeting of
 Ligament- connective tissue binding bone to other bones that support and
strengthen the joint
 Synovial Joint- freely movement joint
 Tendon- connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
 Chondr/o- cartilage
 Rheumat/o- watery flow
Laboratory Test and Clinical Procedures
 Serum calcium (CA)- measurement of the amount of calcium in blood
 Serum Phosphorus- measurement of the amount of phosphorus in a sample
of serum
 Arthrocentesis- surgical puncture of the joint space with a needle.
 Arthrography- xray examination of a joint after contrast media has been
injected into the joint
 Arthroscopy- visual examination of the inside of a joint with an
endoscope.
 Bone Scan- nuclear medicine study where a radioactive phosphate
substance is injecte intravenously and the substance is absorbed by bone
which is scanned for tumors, infection and inflammation
 Electromyography- examination where the strength of muscle contraction
as a result of electrical stimulation is measured
- Module #9
o Kidneys- two bean shaped organs that remove waste products from the blood
o Ureters- long tubes that pass urine from the kidneys to the bladder
o Bladder- reservoir for urine
o Urethra- tube like structure that passages urine from the bladder to the outside
o Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)- sit on top of the kidney but they are not part
of the urinary system. They furnish epinephrine and hormones to the body
o Related Terms
 Micturition- urination or the act of voiding
 Voiding- expel urine
 Nitrogenous Wastes- substances containing nitrogen and are excreted in
urine
 Reabsorption- process of accepting again or taking back
 Renal Artery- structure that carries blood to the kidney and the renal vein
is the structure that carries blood away from the kiney
 Renal Pyramid, Minor Calyx, Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis- internal
structures of the kidney
 Nephron- microscopic component of the kidney
 Cali/o or Calic/o- calyces
 Cyst/o- urinary bladder
 Nephro/o or Ren/o- kidneys
 Pyel/o- the renal pelvis of the kidney which is an internal structure
 Urethr/o- urethra
 Urin/o- urine
 Uria- urination
 Nephrolithiasis- condition of kidney stones or renal calculi
 Phelonephritis- inflammation of the renal pelvis
 Renal Cell Carcinoma- cancerous tumor of the kidney
 Renal Failure- failure of the kidney to excrete urine
 Renal Hypertension- high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
 Wilms Tumor- malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)- measures the amount of urea in the body
 Creatinine Clearance Test- measures the ability of the kidney to remove
creatinine from the blood
 Renal Angiogram- radiologic exam where contrast media is injected into
the arteries of the kidney
 KUB- xray exam where a single image visualizes the kidneys, ureters, and
bladder
 Excretory Urography Exam or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)- radiological
examination where contrast media is injected into a vein and the urinary
system is demonstrated
 Cystourethrogram- radiological study where the contrast media is placed
in the urinary bladder and the patient voids in order to demonstrate the
urethra
 Retrograde Pyelogram- radiological study where contrast media is
introduced directly into the bladder and ureters through a cystoscope
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Cystoscopy- visual examination of the urinary bladder by means of a
cystoscope
Lithotripsy- crushing of stones with shock waves that can be performed on
the kidneys
Dialysis- when waste materials are separted from the bloodstream when
the kidneys can no longer function
Renal Transplant- kidney is transplanted into a patient with renal failure
from an identical twin or other individual
- Module #10
o Cardiovascular System- assures that food and oxygen is delivered to all cells
through the blood.
 Arteries- large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
 Arterioles- smaller branches of arteries
 Veins- vessels that carry blood back to the heart
 Venules- smaller branches of veins
 Heart has 4 Chambers- right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
o Vocabulary
 Aorta- largest artery in the body
 Capillary- smallest vessel; materials pass to and from the bloodstream
through the thin capillary walls
 Carbon Dioxide- waste gas that is released by body cells to and from the
bloodstream through the thin capillary walls
 Coronary Arteries- blood vessels the branch from the aorta and carry
oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
 Deoxygenated Blood- blood that is low in oxygen
 Diastole- relaxation phase of the heartbeat
 Systole- contraction phase of the heartbeat
 Endocardium- inner lining of the heart
 Pericardium- sac like membrane surrounding the heart
 Myocardium- muscle layer of the heart
 Septum- partition between the right and left sides of the heart
 Sphygmomanometer- instrument used to measure blood pressure
 Valve- structure in veins or the heart that opens and closes so the blood
will flow in only one direction
 Vena Cava- largest vein in the body
o Terms
 Angi/o- vessel
 Aort/o- aorta
 Arteri/o- artery
 Ather/o- fatty substance made of yellowish plaque
 Brachi/o- arm
 Cardi/o- heart
 Coron/o- heart
 Cyan/o- blue
 Phleb/o- vein
 Steth/o- chest
o Conditions
 Arrhythmias- abnormal heart rhythms
 Flutter- rapid but regular contraction of atria or ventricles
 Fibrillation- random irregular and very rapid contractions of the heart
 Defibrillator- electrical device
 Congenital Heart Disease- abnormalities in the heart at birth
 Congestive Heart Disease- when the heart is unable to pump its required
amount of blood
 Pulmonary Edema- when blood accumulates in the lungs
 Coronary Artery Disease- disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
 Hypertensive Heart Disease- when high blood pressure is affecting the
heart
 Murmur- extra heart sound that is heard between normal beats
 Pericarditis- inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
 Aneurysm- ballooning out of a small area of an artery caused by weakness
 Varicose Veins- abnormally swollen and twisted veins that usually occur
in the legs
- Module #11
o Respiratory System Vocab
 Adenoids- collection of lymph tissue in the nasopharynx (tonsils)
 Apex of the Lung- uppermost portion of lung
 Apical- pertaining to the apex
 Base of the Lung- lower portion of the lung
 Bronchioles- smallest branches of the bronchi
 Bronchus or Bronchi- branch from the trachea and are the air tubes that go
into the lung. They act as a passageway into the air spaces of the lung
 Diaphragm- muscle separating the chest and the abdomen
 Epiglottis- lid like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx
 Inhalation is breathing in
 Exhalation is breathing out
 Larynx- voice box
 Lobes of the Lungs- divisions of the lungs
 Mediastinum- region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the
trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes
 Paranasal Sinuses- air containing cavities in the bones near the nose
 Trachea is the windpipe
o Terms Associated
 Lob/o- lobe of the lung
 Nas/o- nose
 Phon/o- voice
 Phren/o-diaphragm
 Pneum/o- air or lung
 Pulmon/o- lung
o Conditions
 Croup- acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants
 Epistaxis- nosebleed
 Pertussis- whopping cough
 Asthma- bronchial airway obstruction due to spasm of bronchi
 Chronic Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi persisting for a long time
 Atelectasis- incomplete expansion of the air sacs or collapsed functionless
airless lung or portion of a lung
 Emphysema- over inflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
 Pneumonia- acute inflammation and infection of alveoli which fills with
pus
 Tuberculosis- infectious disease caused by a bacteria
o Procedures
 Chest Xray- xrays of chest
 Pulmonary Angiography- when contrast media is injected into a blood
vessel and images are taken of the arteries or veins in the lung
 Bronchoscopy- visual examination of the bronchial tubes
 Endotracheal Intubation- when a tube is placed through the nose or mouth
through the pharynx and larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway
 Tracheostomy- creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
and insertion of a tube to facilitate passage of air or removal of secretions.
- Module #12
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Bilateral
Unilateral
Lumbar
Calcaneus
Clavicle
Comminuted Fracture
Calcaneus
Compound Fracture
Compression Fracture
Lumbar Vertebrae
Reduction
Calcaneoplasty
Spinal Fusion
Aspiration Percutaneous Diskectomy
General Endotracheal
Tachycardia
Dyspnea
Thorax
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Dysphagia
Dyspnea
Hematuria
Excretory Urography
Lithiasis
Lithotripsy
Cholecystectomy
Hematemesis
Micturating
- Module #13
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Excision, distal end right clavicle, with probable acromioplasty
Arthrodesis, second digit, distal interphalangeal joint
Excision, osteosarcoma, right femur
Artroscopy, right knee
Excision, bone tumor, left distal fibula, with iliac bone graft
Lumbar discectomy
Open reduction, comminuted fracture, right lateral malleolus
Aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass
Left carotid endarterectomy
Varicose vein bilateral ligament and stripping
Aneurysm resection
Pericardectomy
Cholecystectomy
Colostomy
Retrograde urogram
Laparoscopy
Thyroidectomy
Pyeloplasty
Gastroplasty
Colonoscopy
Bronchoscopy
Enterorrhaphy
Cheilostomatoplasty
Glossotomy
Colectomy
Aspiration of hemothorax
Tube insertion for pneumothorax
Adenoidectomy
Tonsillectomy
Tracheostomy
- Module #14
o Gastralgia
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Ophthalmologist
Root word
Suffix
Itis
Ic
Prefix
Epi
Trans
Mamm
Gram
Cardi
Dermatitis
Arthr
Carcin
Carcinoma
Hepat
Hepatitis
Path
Pathology
Oste
Osteoma
Hemat
Hematology
Ped
Pediatrics
Neur
Neurology
Rhin
Rhinitis
Radi
Radiology
- Module #15
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Chondr/oPyelo/oNephr/oLith/oCyst/oPlast/oArteri/oAngi/oAther/oCyan/oBrachi/o-
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Phleb/oScler/oGloss/oGlyc/oPhag/oPeps/oBrady
Tachy
Hyper
Hypo
Supra
Pro
Megaly
Malacia
Osis
Iasis
Scopy
Ectasis
Algia
Lysis
Penia
Dynia
Ia
Ist
Logy
Iac