UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
Abstracts of Articals
published in the University
of Rwanda Scientific
Journals in the period
2000-2013
By Verdianda Grace Masanja, University
Director of Research and Postgraduate studies
and Cyprien Mucyo Ntaganda University
Publications Officer
8/2/2015
This is a publication of abstracts of articles which are published in the scientific Journals of Higher
Learning Institutions which since 10th September 2013 formed part of the University Rwanda. The
abstracts come from Rwanda Journal which was published by the former National University of Rwanda
(NUR), the Journal of Health Sciences published by the former Kigali Health Institute (KHI) and the
Rwandan Journal of Education published by the Kigali Institute of Education (KIE).
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2013 ............................................................................................................................................................ 16
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print);ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Series E : Agricultural Sciences, Vol.
1 No 1, 2013 ............................................................................................................................................ 16
1. Diversity and abundance of litter insects within some exotic tree species in the arboretum of
Ruhande, Rwanda. (pages 3-14) ......................................................................................................... 16
2. Effects of mineral and organic fertilizers on crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in
smallholder farms of Southern Rwanda. (pp 15-36)........................................................................... 16
3. Climate Change Effects on Food Security in Rwanda: Case Study of Wetland Rice Production in
Bugesera District. (pp 37-53) .............................................................................................................. 17
5. Abundance, Distribution and Ecology of Flycatchers in the Arboretum of Ruhande in Rwanda.
(pp 64-75)............................................................................................................................................ 18
6.
A Limnological Survey of Malagarasi River in Western Tanzania. (pp 76-91)............................. 18
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Series F : Health Sciences, Vol. 1
No 1, 2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 19
7. Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Clinical
Isolates from Urinary Tract Infection at two teaching hospitals in Rwanda. (pp 3-16) ...................... 19
9. HIV/AIDS Management and The Mobile Workforce: A Case Study of Security Forces in
Namibia. (pp 30-44) ............................................................................................................................ 20
10.
Activity Assessment of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Urine Samples at Butare University
Teaching Hospital (Buth) Laboratory. (pp 45-66) ............................................................................... 20
11.
Incidence of depression in Epilepsy patients. (pp 67-77) ...................................................... 21
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Series H: Economics and
Management, Vol. 1 No 1, 2013 ............................................................................................................. 21
13.
The Corporate Governance approach in the light of classical approaches: The shareholder
versus the stakeholder. The case of Rwanda. (pp 20-31) ................................................................... 22
15.
Economic Analysis of Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency of Smallholders Maize
Production in Rwanda. (pages 52-62) ................................................................................................. 23
16.
Determinants and Profitability of Rice production in Cyabayaga Watershed, Eastern
Province, Rwanda. (pp 63-75) ............................................................................................................. 24
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Series B: Social Sciences, Volume 1
No 1, 2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 24
17.
Staff Retention in Public Universities in Rwanda: Diagnostics and Strategies of Intervention.
(pp 3-20) .............................................................................................................................................. 24
18.
Ethical Issues and Nigeria’s Quest for Development. (pp 21-35) ........................................... 25
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19.
Analysing Memoir Topic Trends in the Social and Political Sciences in the Faculty of Arts,
Media and Social Sciences at NUR. (pp 36-48) ................................................................................... 25
20.
Impact of Communication and Information on the motivation of the staff in the public
services in Rwanda. (pp 49-70) ........................................................................................................... 26
21.
States’ Cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. (pp 71-91) ......... 26
Rwanda journal of Health Sciences, Vol 2 No1, 2013 ............................................................................. 27
22.
Illness Perceptions and Depression in Relation to Self-care Behaviour among Type 2 diabetes
Patients in a Referral Hospital in Kigali-Rwanda ................................................................................. 27
23.
Physical Environmental Barriers to School Attendance among Children with Disabilities in
two Community Based Rehabilitation Centres in Rwanda ................................................................. 27
24.
Knowledge and Attitude to Female Condom Use among Undergraduates of Kigali Health
Institute ............................................................................................................................................... 28
25.
Results of a Community Mentoring Programme for Youth Heads of Household in Rwanda:
Effects on Youth Sexual Risk Behaviours and Maltreatment .............................................................. 28
26.
The Completeness of Physiotherapy Patient Registers in Kigali, Rwanda .............................. 29
27.
Perceived Impact of Health Sector Reform on Motivation of Health Workers and Quality of
Health Care in Tanzania: the Perspectives of Healthcare Workers and District Council Health
Managers in Four Districts .................................................................................................................. 30
28.
Injury Profile in an Emergency Department at a Referral Hospital in Kigali, Rwanda ............ 30
Rwanda Journal of Health Sciences, Vol 2 No2, 2013............................................................................. 31
29.
Public Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices in Relation to Infectious and other
Communicable Diseases in Tanzania: Lessons Learnt from Babati District ........................................ 31
30.
Factors that Hinder Parents from the Communicating of Sexual Matters with Adolescents in
Rwanda ................................................................................................................................................... 31
31.
Prevalence of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries among Patients Managed at a Teaching
Hospital in Rwanda ............................................................................................................................. 32
32.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Cervical Traction in the Management of Cervical Radiculopathy: A
Control Trial ........................................................................................................................................ 33
33.
Condom Use and Number of Sexual Partners among Secondary School Female Students in
an Urban City of Cameroon ................................................................................................................ 33
Rwandan Journal of Education, ISSN Print: 2227 – 9148, ISSN Online: 2312 – 9239 Second Issue - Year
of Publication 2013 ................................................................................................................................. 34
34.
Student attendance and student achievement: a tumultuous and ambiguous couple. A case
study of Kigali Institute of Education .................................................................................................. 34
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35.
Plights of learners with Visual Impairments in Rwandan science Classes: Evidencing
teachers’ practice in HVP Gatagara .................................................................................................... 34
36.
A case study of analyzing student teachers’ concept images of the definite integral ........... 34
37.
The role of “Musekeweya”, an entertainment-education radio soap opera in the promotion
of reconciliation in Rwanda ................................................................................................................ 35
38.
A study on the practices and challenges of Distance Training Programme (DTP) under Kigali
Institute of Education (KIE) ................................................................................................................. 35
Rwandan Journal of Education, ISSN Print: 2227 – 9148, ISSN Online: 2312 – 9239, Third Issue - Year of
Publication 2013 ..................................................................................................................................... 35
39.
Institutionalising Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of Cape Coast in Ghana .. 36
40.
Proposal for a new course of action in Education .................................................................. 36
41.
Six years of inclusive education at the University of Rwanda-College of Education: Evaluation
and perspectives ................................................................................................................................. 36
42.
Towards Inclusive Education in Rwanda. An assessment of the socio-political contributors
to Inclusive Education developments ................................................................................................. 37
43.
Facing ICTs and e-learning environment: An investigation from the graduates registered in
the first batch of e-learners under PanAfrican Tele-Education programs in Rwanda ........................ 37
44.
The potential of endogenous learning approaches to gender and development studies in
Rwanda ............................................................................................................................................... 38
45.
Towards inclusion? Developing teacher skills for communication with children who are deaf
or hard of hearing in Uganda .............................................................................................................. 38
2012 ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 28, Series E: Agricultural
Sciences, 2012 ......................................................................................................................................... 39
46.
Influence of Bud Position on Mother Stem and Soaking Duration on Sprouting of Bamboo
Cuttings (pp 3-10) ............................................................................................................................... 39
47.
Rabbit droppings as an organic fertilizer in earthen ponds, to improve growth and
production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., in Rwanda. (pp 11-38)...................................... 39
48.
Microsatellite analysis of selected Lablab purpureus genotypes in Kenya. (pp 39-52).......... 40
49.
Vermicompost as a component in potting mixes for growth promotion in ornamental plants
(pp 53-63)............................................................................................................................................ 40
50.
Agroforestry practice in villages surrounding Nyamure former refugee camp, Nyanza
District: tree species and purpose (pp 64-75)..................................................................................... 41
51.
Comparative study of effects of table sugar, laboratory grade sucrose and mannitol on
growth of banana plantlets under in vitro conditions. (pp 76-83) ..................................................... 41
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52.
Performance Of Irish Potato Varieties Under Aeroponic Conditions In Rwanda (pp 84-94).. 42
53.
Biotechnology for Improving Food Security in Rwanda (pp 95-105) ...................................... 42
54.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 27, Series C,
2012 : Mathematical Sciences, Engineering and Technology ............................................................. 43
55.
Simulation of a Shielded Thermocouple (Pages 3-11) ............................................................ 43
56.
Static Equilibrium Configurations of Charged Metallic Bodies (Pages 12-21) ........................ 43
57.
A Conceptual Model for Remote Data Acquisition Using SMSLib Software. Case study: Kivu
Lake Water Level (pages 22-31) .......................................................................................................... 43
58.
Climate Change and Hydropower Challenges In Southern Africa (32-43) .............................. 44
59.
Integrating ICT in Agriculture for Knowledge-Based Economy (pp 44-56) ............................. 44
60.
Deploying Affordable and Available Telecommunications Infrastructure for the Education
Sector in The Gambia (pp 57-62) ........................................................................................................ 45
61.
Air Pollution Tracking using PDEs (pp 63-69) .......................................................................... 45
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 26, Series B: Social
Sciences, 2012 ......................................................................................................................................... 45
62.
A Spatial Analysis of Poverty in Kigali, Rwanda, using indicators of household ..................... 45
living standard (pp 3-22) ..................................................................................................................... 45
63.
Trade, Standards and Vertical Coordination: Evidence from the Rwandan Coffee Sector (pp
23-41). 46
64.
The Gospel of Foreign Aid: A Theoretical Note (pp 42-67) ..................................................... 46
65.
The Role of Non-farm Household Enterprises in Poverty Reduction, Employment Creation
and Economic Growth in Rwanda (pp 68-92) ..................................................................................... 47
66.
The Contribution of Women Organizations to the Economic Empowerment of Craftswomen:
Case Study of The National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda (Nawou) (pp 93-102). 47
67.
Socio-Economic Impacts of Rain Water Harvesting Technologies in Rwanda: A case study of
Nyaruguru District, Southern Province (pp 103-115) ......................................................................... 48
68.
The effects of credit policy on bank performance: Evidence from selected Rwandan
Commercial banks (pp 116-119) ......................................................................................................... 48
69.
The Role of Remittance in Development: The Case of Rwandan Diaspora’ Remittances (pp
120-132) .............................................................................................................................................. 48
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 25, Series D: Life Sciences
and Natural Sciences, 2012 ..................................................................................................................... 49
70.
Assessment of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and Fe) in the groundwater wells ..................... 49
in the vicinity of Nyanza Municipal Solid waste in Kigali City- Rwanda (pp 3-21) .......................... 49
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71.
Potentiometric determination of Tantalum content in ores using an ion selective membrane
electrode (pages 22-33) ...................................................................................................................... 50
72.
Understanding Informal Urban Land Market Functioning in Peri-urban Areas of Secondary
Towns of Rwanda: Case Study of Tumba Sector, Butare Town (pp 34-51) ........................................ 50
73.
Assessment of heavy metals leachability from traditional clay pots “inkono”and “ibibindi”
used as food contact materials (pp 52-65)........................................................................................... 50
74.
Theoretical study of properties of Cs2Cl+, CsCl2−, Cs3Cl2+, and Cs2Cl3− ions: Effect of
Basis set and Computation Method (66-85)........................................................................................ 51
75.
Land Tenure Security in Informal Settlements of Kigali City. Case study in Muhima Sector (pp
86-100) ................................................................................................................................................ 51
76.
Some physico-chemical characteristics of ground water in Rwanda (pp 101-109) ................ 52
Rwanda journal of Health Sciences, ISSN 2226-728X, Vol 1 No1, 2012 ................................................. 52
77.
Analysis of Cost Impact of HIV/AIDS on Health Service Provision in Nine Regions,
Tanzania: Methodological Challenges and Lessons for Policy .......................................................... 52
78.
Maltreatment of Youth Heads of Households in Rwanda....................................................... 53
80.
Review-Rhetoric and Reality of Community Participation in Health Planning, Resource
Allocation and Service Delivery: a Review of the Reviews, Primary Publications and Grey Literature
54
82.
Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control ......................................................................... 55
Rwandan Journal of Education, ISSN Print: 2227 – 9148, ISSN Online: 2312 – 9239, First Issue - Year of
Publication 2012 ..................................................................................................................................... 55
83.
Job factors related to employees’ persistence in work-related activities in Kigali Institute of
Education ............................................................................................................................................ 55
84.
Kinyafranglais as a newly created “language” in Rwanda: Will it hamper the promotion of
the language of instruction at Kigali Institute of Education? .............................................................. 56
85.
Views on physical punishments in education ......................................................................... 56
86.
From the “trapped language” to the hybridized language: an educational dilemma in
teaching Kinyarwanda......................................................................................................................... 57
87.
Drama as a Cross-Curricula teaching method ......................................................................... 57
88.
The plight of non-native English-speaking teachers of languages in the teaching profession: a
case of African teachers of English..................................................................................................... 57
89.
A study on the socioeconomic conditions of teachers in Primary and Secondary Public
schools in Rwanda: case study of Bugesera, Nyarugenge and Ruhango Districts.............................. 58
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 24, Series E: Agricultural
Sciences, 2011 ......................................................................................................................................... 58
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90.
Antibacterial activity assessment of different crude extracts obtained from the leaves of
Caesalpinia decapitala grown in Rwanda (pp 7-14) ........................................................................... 58
91.
Utilization of Cassava Leaves as a Vegetable in Rwanda (pp 15-27) ...................................... 59
92.
Optimization of an Integrated Rabbit-Fish-Rice System for Sustainable Production in
Rwanda ............................................................................................................................................... 59
93.
Cattle manure management in Rwanda – A case of Girinka cow beneficiaries in the district of
Ngoma (pp 39-48) ............................................................................................................................... 60
94.
Micro-Propagation of Disease Resistant Cassava Variety in Rwanda (pp 49-57) .................. 60
95.
In vitro Plant Regeneration of Cyphomandra betacea through Nodal Culture (pp 58-66) ..... 60
96.
In Vitro Propagation of Vanilla in Rwanda (pp 68-74) .......................................................... 61
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 23, Series C: Mathematical
Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2011 ......................................................................................... 62
97.
Application of Nonparametric Methods in Studying Energy Consumption (pp 7-20) ........... 62
98.
Local Thermal Insulating Materials For Thermal Energy Storage (Ppp 21-29) ..................... 62
99.
An Optimal Design Model for New Water Distribution Networks in Kigali City (pp 30-41) 62
100.
Phase change material selection for small scale solar energy storage systems (pp 42-55) ..... 63
101.
Low-Power Floating-Turbine Generation System for Small Rural Communities (pp 56- ....... 63
102. Productivity and Energy Expenditure by Sawyers When Using Pitsawing and Portable Steel
Log Sawing Platforms in Agroforestry Farms (pp 70-79) .................................................................. 63
103. Feasibility Study on Solar lighting for Poverty Alleviation in Rural Communities in Southern
Tanzania (pp 80-92) ............................................................................................................................ 64
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 22, Series B: Social
Sciences, 2011 ......................................................................................................................................... 64
104.
Compelling Factors of Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration in Rwanda (pp 9-26) ........ 64
105. A socio economic analysis of the nature of rural-urban migration dynamics in Rwanda 1960
to 2010 (pp 27-54) .............................................................................................................................. 65
106. An Analysis of the Determinants of Rural to Urban Migration Among Rural Youths in
Northern and Western Provinces of Rwanda (pp 55-95) .................................................................... 65
107. A study of institutional environment and household food security at local level in Rwanda
(pp 96-128).......................................................................................................................................... 66
108.
156)
Redistributive Land Reform in Rwanda: The impact on Household Food Security (pp 12967
Rwanda Journal ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 21, Series D: Life Sciences
& Natural Sciences, 2010 ........................................................................................................................ 67
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109. External Nutrient Inputs into Lake Kivu: Rivers and Atmospheric Depositions Measured in
Kibuye (pp 5-27) ................................................................................................................................. 67
110. Nutrient Distribution in a Fish Pond at Rwasave Fish Farming and Research Station, Rwanda
(pp 28-48)............................................................................................................................................ 68
111.
Land policy reform in Rwanda: A Catalyst for Land Information Provision (pp 49-72) ....... 68
112. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and co-morbid depression treatment: A umination Focused
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy in a randomized controlled trial (pp 73-88) ................................ 69
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 20, Series C: Mathematical
Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2010 ......................................................................................... 69
113.
Monthly Wind Characteristics and Wind Energy in Rwanda (pp 6-22) ................................. 69
114. Kinetic modelling and thermodynamic studies on purification of Polyvinylpyrrolidone by
Adsorption (pp 23-49)......................................................................................................................... 70
115.
Structuration et nanorhéologie d’un liquide confiné: étude par AFM dynamique (pp 50-65) 70
116.
Web geoprocessing services on GML with a fast XML database (pp 66-88) ........................ 70
117. Use of the shared frailty model to identify the determinants of child mortality in Rwanda (pp
89-105) ................................................................................................................................................ 71
118.
Parallel Vector Fields and Einstein Equations of Gravity (pp 106-114)................................. 71
Rwanda Journal ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 19 Series B: Social Sciences,
2010 ........................................................................................................................................................ 72
119.
Sustainable Peace and Development in the Great Lakes Region, Africa (pp 5-16) ................ 72
120. The Relevance of Humanitarian Intervention in the New International Dispensation: the Case
of Burundi’s Civil Conflict (pp 17-33) ............................................................................................... 72
121.
Well-Being in Central Asia and the Caucasus (pp 34-55) ...................................................... 73
122.
Job Satisfaction at SAPREF (South African Petroleum Refinery). Pp 56-65 ......................... 73
123.
Chinese external assistance to Rwanda (pp 66-83) ................................................................. 73
124.
Access to Paid Work and Women’s Empowerment in Rwanda (pp 84-106) ......................... 74
125. La longueur vocalique en kinyarwanda : statut linguistique et contraintes orthographiques (pp
4-22) 74
126.
Etude linguistique chez les Baráshi/Banyaambo du Rwanda (pp 23-40) ............................... 75
127.
Les mots pour le dire et les enjeux derrière (pp 41-51) .......................................................... 75
128.
«La fille dans l’impasse»: étude socio-sémiotique d’un conte rwandais (pp 52-63) ............. 75
129. La motivation au travail dans un contexte de changement: Cas du ministère de l’éducation
(pp 64-81)............................................................................................................................................ 76
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011‐4874 (Print), Volume 17 Series D: Life Sciences and Natural Sciences,
2009 ........................................................................................................................................................ 76
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130. Etude in vitro de l’activité antibactérienne et antifongique de l’extrait hydroéthanolique des
écorces de Maytenus undata (pp 5-13)................................................................................................ 76
131. Evaluation de l’efficacité de l’extrait éthanolique de Maytenus undata (THUMB.)
BLAKELOCK sur les germes responsables des diarrhées glairosanglantes (pp 14-21) .................... 77
132. The antifungal activity of methanol and ether extracts of the leaves of Leonotis nepetaefolia
(pp 22-31)............................................................................................................................................ 77
133. Caractérisation physique, chimique et microbiologique de trois sols acides tropicaux du
Rwanda sous jachères naturelles : contraintes à leur productivité. (pp 32-61) ................................... 78
134. Reclamation of an acidic soil of Rwanda’s central upland by composts based on natural
vegetation biomass (pp 62-79) ........................................................................................................... 79
135. Population pressure and farm fragmentation: Challenges facing agriculture in Rwanda (pp
80-103) ................................................................................................................................................ 79
136. Sustainable Agricultural Development and Environment: Conflicts and Contradictions in the
context of the Rwandan Agriculture. (pp 104-127) ............................................................................ 79
137. Growth and quality of Grevillea robusta provenances in Ruhande Arboretum, Butare,
Rwanda (pp 128-137) .......................................................................................................................... 80
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 16 Series Sciences exactes, naturelles et
appliqués, 2008 ....................................................................................................................................... 80
138. Geology and mineralization of the Gatumba area, Rwanda: Present state of knowledge (pp
6-24) 80
139.
40)
The Gatumba rare-metal pegmatites: chemical signature and environmental impact (pp 2581
140.
Geomorphologic processes in the Gatumba mining area (Pages 41-50)................................. 81
141.
79)
Properties and quality of soils in the open-cast mining district of Gatumba, Rwanda (pp 5182
142. Environmental assessment of stream water and sediments in Gatumba tin and tantalum
mining district, Rwanda (pp 80-97) .................................................................................................... 82
143.
Farming system in the Gatumba area and impact of mining (Pages 98-111) ......................... 83
144. On farm tree planting for rehabilitation of mining sites in Nganzo-Gatumba area of
Ngororero District, Rwanda (pp 112-122) .......................................................................................... 83
145.
Étude de la végétation de la zone minière du district de Gatumba, Rwanda (pp 123-131) .... 84
146.
An overview of columbo-tantalite occurrence and mining in Uganda (pp 132-139) ............. 84
147.
149)
Impact des exploitations de coltan dans la région de Kabarore (Nord du Burundi). pp 14084
148. Le cauchemar de l’exploitation du coltan au Sud-Kivu : cas de Kamituga dans le territoire
de Mwenga, République Démocratique du Congo (Pages 150-164) .................................................. 85
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149. Evaluating economic and environmental consequences of long-term projects – tantalum
mining in Central Africa (pp 165-174) ............................................................................................... 85
150. Insertion and deletion of segments: the reconstruction of the word for water in Olucíga,
Kinyarwanda, Kiruúndi and Kiswahili. (pp 7-11) .............................................................................. 85
151.
Kiswahili nchini Rwanda: Kupanda na kushuka (pp 12-21)................................................... 86
152.
40)
QU’EST-CE QUE LE KINYAGISAKA? Contribution à la dialectologie rwandaise (pp 2286
153.
L’enfant de la rue à travers son langage. (pp 41-49)............................................................... 86
154. Les stratégies discursives de représentation de l'Autre dans le grand reportage et le récit de
voyage: L'Afrique du Sud. Cette inconnue d'Andrée Viollis et Des mille collines aux neuf volcans
de Marie Gevers (pp 50-64) ................................................................................................................ 86
155.
85)
DE L’AUTRE COTE DU MIROIR. Le symbolisme sexuel en littérature orale rwandaise (pp 6587
156. L’hétérogénéité des frontières du Rwanda colonial dans Des Mille collines aux neuf volcans
de Marie Gevers (pp 86-104) .............................................................................................................. 87
157.
UBWIZA (pp 105-122) ........................................................................................................... 87
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 14 Series Sciences naturelles et appliquées, 2007
................................................................................................................................................................ 88
158. Implementation of the Core Cadastral Domain Model in a Distributed Environment using
Open GIS Standards (pp 7-36) ............................................................................................................ 88
159. Water resources and GIS: A Contribution to the development of a decision support systems
for water resources management in Bugesera, Rwanda (pp 37-49) .................................................... 88
160. Effets de l’action anthropique sur la diversité biologique des zones humides du Rwanda. Cas
des marais de la Nyabarongo et Akanyaru. (pp 50-66) ....................................................................... 88
161. Contribution à la transformation des fruits par la biotechnologie : Etude de la sélection des
souches de levures performantes impliquées dans la fermentation de jus d’orange. (pp 67-78) ........ 89
162. Etude de l’influence des impédances parasites sur le comportement d’un Convertisseur
Forward possédant un rapport de transformation élevé (pp 78-99) .................................................... 89
163. Luteolin levels in selected folkloric preparations and the bioavailability of luteolin from
Artemisia afra aqueous extract in the vervet monkey (Pages 100-111) .............................................. 90
164.
Infection néonatale bactérienne précoce au CHU Kigali et CHU Butare (pp 112-132) ......... 90
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 13: Series Lettres et Sciences Sociales, 2007 ..... 91
165. Assessment of the role of forum theatre in HIV/AIDS behavioral change process among
secondary school adolescents in Butare province, Rwanda (pp 7-27) ................................................ 91
166. Impact de l’aveu dans la lutte contre la stigmatisation et la discrimination des PVVIH/SIDA
(pp 28-55)............................................................................................................................................ 91
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167.
80)
Networking model towards sustainable agriculture in Gikongoro province, Rwanda (pp 5692
168. Agricultural cooperatives as strategy for rural development in Rwanda: a case study of
COVEPAR (pp 81-92) ........................................................................................................................... 92
169. Perceived quality of loan appraisal reports and loan performance. A survey of selected
banks in Rwanda. (pp 93-103) ............................................................................................................ 93
170. Le Sauvetage de quelques rescapés du génocide des Tutsi dans les communes Gishamvu et
Kigembe au Rwanda (pp 104-141) ..................................................................................................... 93
171. Musicothérapie pour la jeunesse scolaire ayant des blessures psychiques conséquentes au
génocide de 1994 (pp 142-168) .......................................................................................................... 93
172. Pour une pédagogie convergente en milieu multilingue : Recherche-action sur l’intégration
de l’enseignement/apprentissage du français et du kinyarwanda(pp 169-191)................................... 94
173. Towards Integrating Television Materials into English Teaching and Learning at the National
University of Rwanda: an Exploratory Case Study of the Second Year English Course. (pp 192-204) 94
174. Présence Africaine, 1947-1967: émergence du discours critique littéraire africain
francophone. Stratégies discursives et cognitives. (pp 205-218) ....................................................... 95
175. Regards croisés sur l’Autre culturel dans la littérature rwandaise coloniale autochtone et
allogène. (pp 219-247) ........................................................................................................................ 95
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 12, Series Sciences exactes, naturelles et
appliquées, 2006 ..................................................................................................................................... 96
176. Etude chimique des huiles essentielles de Lippia multiflora Moldenke et de Cymbopogon
giganteus chiov. du TOGO (pp 5-14) ................................................................................................. 96
177. The extraction, fractionation and evaluation of compounds from the leaves of Leonotis
leonorus for anticonvulsant activity (pp 15-30) .................................................................................. 96
178. Etudes ethnobotanique, écologique et propriétés antifongiques de mondia whitei (hook.f.)
should 97
179. Effect of seed dressing with Imidaclopride on the control of aphids transmitting bean
common mosaic. (pp 44-56) ............................................................................................................... 97
181. PCR à partir d’ADN proviral extrait du sang desséché sur papier filtre comme technique
alternative pour le diagnostic du VIH chez des nourrissons au Rwanda. (pp 73-83) ......................... 98
182.
Growth and Quality of Five Plantation Pines in Rwanda (pp 84-95) ..................................... 98
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 11, Actes de la Deuxème Conférence Anuelle de
la Recherche Scientifique, 2006 .............................................................................................................. 98
183. Etude préliminaire de la régénération en forêt de montagne du Rwanda: cas de huit espèces
d’arbres illégalement exploitées en Forêt de Nyungwe. (pp 7-21) ..................................................... 98
184.
Physiological adaptation to moderate altitude in Butare. (pp 22-41) ...................................... 99
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185. Coinfection VIH/SIDA et Paludisme placentaire chez la femme enceinte au decours de
l’accouchement: cas du Centre hospitalier de Kigali, au Rwanda. (pp 42-56) .................................. 99
186. Perceived Barriers and Opportunities to the Linkage of Research, Education and Extension in
Rwanda. (pp 57-69) .......................................................................................................................... 100
187. Analysis of the Rwandan extension system: the relationships between the Extension field
workers and the farmers for information delivery. (pp 70-81) ......................................................... 100
188.
95)
Molecular Characterization of Disease Resistance in Local Rwandan Bean Varieties. (pp 82101
By Gérardine Mukeshimana1*, James D. Kelly2, ............................................................................... 101
189. Stratégie d’internationalisation des entreprises de tourisme et performance. «Illustration
par l’industrie hôtelière». (pp 96-145).............................................................................................. 101
190. Les problèmes de transport et transit dans les pays sans littoral de l'Afrique sub-Saharienne.
(pp 146-171)...................................................................................................................................... 101
191.
Investment Climate and Foreign Direct Investment Flow to Rwanda. (pp 172-188) ........... 101
192. The Relationship of Willingness-to-Pay and Demographics for Agricultural Information
Delivery Technologies - A Case Study from Rwanda. (pp 189-201) ............................................... 102
193. The role of local non governmental organizations in poverty reduction in Rwanda: a case
study of Butare Province. (pp 202-220) ............................................................................................ 102
194.
The Dynamic Aspect of Some Traditional Institutions in Precolonial Rwanda. (pp 221-231)
103
195.
L’engagement anticolonialiste en littérature africaine : Fin d’une époque. (pp 232-269) ... 103
196. Dual-Medium Language of Instruction Policy and Practices in Rwandan Higher Education : A
Case Study of the National University of Rwanda. (pp 270-289) .................................................... 103
197. Towards English for Academic Purposes in the Rwandan Context: The Case of the First Year
of the Management Faculty -National University of Rwanda. (pp 290-310) ................................... 104
198.
326)
Rwanda, à l’aube du génocide de 1994 : emergence d’une socio-psychopathologie. (pp 311104
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 10, Série Sciences exactes, naturelles et
appliquées, 2005 ................................................................................................................................... 105
199. Caractérisation des huiles essentielles d’Hyptis spicigera Lam., Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. et
Laggera aurita (L.F.) Benth. Ex. C.B. Clarke, plantes aromatiques tropicales. (pp 7-18) ................ 105
200. Leucaena leucocephala, source prometteuse d’un nouveau réactif pour l’analyse du fer
ferrique dans les pays en developpement. (pp 19-36) ....................................................................... 105
201. Caractérisation physico-chimique de l’huile de ricin (Ricinus Communis) des deux variétés
rwandaises (pp 37-49) ....................................................................................................................... 106
202.
Values of serum electrolytes and proteins in Rwandan Students in Butare. (pp 50-68)...... 106
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203.
Hematocrit and red blood cell count values in Rwandan Students in Butare. (pp 69-80) .... 106
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 9, Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 2005... 107
204.
Les récits du peuplement du Rwanda et la manipulation identitaire. (pp 7-37) .................. 107
205.
Mythes et croyances au coeur du génocidede 1994 au Rwanda. (pp 38-68) ........................ 107
206.
Les fonctions des récits de chasse dans le génocide au Rwanda. (pp 69-102)...................... 108
207.
Eléments pour une grammaire du massacre. (pp 103-127) ................................................... 108
208.
Préservation de la mémoire du génocide : rôles, actions et stratégies. (pp 128-147) ........... 108
209.
Mémoire des sites et sites de mémoire au Rwanda après 1994. (pp 148-162)...................... 109
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 8, 2004, Série spéciale ..................................... 109
210. An assessment of soil microbial biomass and microbial activity as means to evaluate soil
fertility. (pp 9-18).............................................................................................................................. 109
211.
49)
An Evaluation of Conventional and No-Tillage Systems on Soil Physical Conditions (pp 19109
212.
Factors influencing sprout growth in potatoes. (pp 49-67) ................................................... 110
213. Formulation and Evaluation of Tablets manufactured from Dodonaea Angustifolia Plant
Material. (pp 68-85) .......................................................................................................................... 110
214.
Holographie et restitution numérique des images. (pp 86-110) ............................................ 111
215. Diagnostic coprologique versus sérologique d’Entamoeba histolytica et Entamoeba dispar:
étude 111
216. Kibilizi Child Survival Program: Knowledge, Practice, and Coverage Baseline Survey. (pp
132-145) ............................................................................................................................................ 112
217. La protection des intérêts économiques des consommateurs dans le cadre du libéralisme
économique en droit rwandais. (pp 146-163) ................................................................................... 112
218. The Role of Social Work in the Socio-Economic Development of Rwanda: A comparative
sociological analysis of South Africa and Rwanda. (pp 164-188) .................................................... 113
219. Pertinence et équité de l’éducation non formelle. Que deviennent les compétences des
femmes rwandaises déscolarisées, mal scolarisées et non scolarisées au Rwanda post-génocide? (pp
189-213) ............................................................................................................................................ 113
220.
Les violences sexuelles sur les enfants au Rwanda. (pp 214-224)........................................ 114
221.
Justice et Gacaca : L’expérience rwandaise et le génocide. (pp 225-243) ............................ 114
222.
Problématique des Soins Palliatifs au Rwanda. (pp 244-252) .............................................. 114
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 7: Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 2003 .. 115
223.
Construction d’une mémoire : Fest’Africa2000 et le génocide de 1994au Rwanda. (pp 7-49)
115
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224.
De L’Écart comme une réécriture de La nausée. (pp 50-76) ................................................ 115
225.
Evolution du phénomène de l’emprunt lexical en kinyarwanda. (pp 77-116) ...................... 116
226.
La dimension mythico-rituelle de Huis-clos de Jean-Paul Sartre. (pp 117-137) .................. 116
227.
Langue et Culture : les wellérismes du Rwanda. Approche ethnolinguistique. (pp 138-164)
116
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 6: Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 2002 .. 117
228.
Le nouvel essor de la culture du texte - Opportunités pour l’Afrique. (pp 5-17) .................. 117
229. African languages can be used for teaching Scientific and Technological concepts. A
contribution to the rehabilitation of African languages education. (pp 18-29) ................................. 117
230. L’argumentation dans le discours sur le SIDA: le cas de conseils aux personnes séropositives
et aux personnes atteintes. (pp 30-66) ............................................................................................... 117
231. Les conflits internationaux en Afrique des Grands Lacs et les esquisses de leur résolution. (pp
87-105) .............................................................................................................................................. 117
232. Etude de la dévalorisation des repères identitaires chez les jeunes rwandais. Approche de
reconstruction par l’ecole. (pp 106-123) ........................................................................................... 118
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 5: Série Sciences exactes, naturelles et
appliquées, 2002 ................................................................................................................................... 118
233. ANOVA sous le modèle de la matrice normale ayant une matrice de covariance particulière.
(pp 5-19)............................................................................................................................................ 118
234.
39)
Validation d’un modèle d’estimation de l’irradiation solaire par voie photovoltaïque. (pp 20118
235. Comparaison de différents types de compostages de matières organiques diverses non
valorisées par les paysans au Rwanda (pp 40-55) ............................................................................. 119
236. Effets des divers types de matières organiques en comparaison avec une fertilisation minérale
sur les propriétés et la productivité d’un sol acide au Rwanda. (pp 56-74) ...................................... 119
237. Evolution de la mosaïque africaine du manioc en rapport avec les dates de plantation du
manioc. (pp 75-84) ............................................................................................................................ 119
238. Etude comparée et transformation des amidons extraits des tubercules de manioc et de patate
douce. (pp 85-93) .............................................................................................................................. 120
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 2: Série Sciences exactes, naturelles et
appliquées, 2000 ................................................................................................................................... 120
239.
Construction d'une matrice de covariance partiellement de type H. (pp 4-17) ..................... 120
240.
La libration de l’Argument de Laplace dans le système galiléen de Jupiter. (pp 18-37) ...... 120
241.
Linear programming in the presence of fuzzy and random data. (pp 38-72) ........................ 121
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242.
Etude des possibilités d’utilisation des roches volcaniques pour fertiliser les sols. (pp 73-82)
121
243. Etude de valorisation des déchets ménagers par biométhanisation. (épluchures de pomme de
terre, haricot et riz) (pp 83-94) .......................................................................................................... 121
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2013
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print);ISSN 2305-5944
(Online), Series E : Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 1 No 1, 2013
1. Diversity and abundance of litter insects within some exotic tree species in the
arboretum of Ruhande, Rwanda. (pages 3-14)
By D. Nsabimana1, C.S. Iradukunda1, A. Gasogo2
1Department of Biology, National University of Rwanda.
2Department of Biology, University of Burundi
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.1E
Abstract
Insects are the most diversified animals, equivalent to 55% of all identified and named species on earth
and play great role in ecosystem functions. This has motivated to study insect diversity in the arboretum
of Ruhande where they were not yet studies. Three tree plantation species were selected for the study
including Pinus patula, Grevillea robusta, and Cedrela serrata. Litter insects were hand collected, and
transported in the laboratory for identification. Results indicated the predominance of three orders,
including Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. Classification at family level obtained 29 families,
and Formicidae family was the largest. Biodiversity analysis indicated that insects were the most
diversified in the litter of Grevillea robusta followed by Cedrela serrata plantations. It is suggested that
the abundance and diversity of insects were related to habitat conditions such as litter cover, shade, and
soil chemical conditions. This study provides baseline information on litter insect population as affected
by plantation species. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the most suitable tree plantation
species for insect diversity conservation in Rwanda.
2. Effects of mineral and organic fertilizers on crop productivity and nutrient use
efficiency in smallholder farms of Southern Rwanda. (pp 15-36)
By C. Bucagu1*, J. J. M. Mbonigaba 2 and B. Uwumukiza3
1NUR, Crop Production and Horticultural Department, National University of Rwanda, 2Rwanda
Agriculture Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), Kigali
3Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI),
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.2E
Abstract
Smallholder farms in southern Rwanda are characterized by soil fertility depletion due to continuous
cultivation without nutrient replacement, leading to poor crop productivity and threatening food security.
Fertilizer application is therefore a pre-requisite to improve productivity in these soils. A study was
conducted to determine the effects of combined mineral and organic fertilizers on maize (Zea mays L.)
and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and nutrient use efficiency in farms selected from southern part of
Rwanda. Simbi and Maraba were selected as representative sectors, and Umurera and Gasharu as
representative villages in the two sectors, respectively. Farms were selected based on key socio-economic
17 | P a g e
status (land size, livestock ownership, type of house, and labour availability). Two fields under either
maize or bean crop were demarcated on each farm and one of them received fertilizer application
comprising manure (1600 kg/ha) and mineral fertilizer (NPK 17-17-17) at a rate of 200 kg/ha. Maize
plots were top-dressed with additional urea fertilizer at a rate of 50 kg/ha at flowering. Other two fields
grown with the same crops without fertilizer application served as control treatment. In addition, a
greenhouse experiment was run to assess crop response in semi-controlled environment. Soils were the
most fertile in Simbi and in wealthier farms. Maize plants were significantly (P = 0.03) shorter in Simbi
(1.7 m) than in Maraba (1.8 m). Grain yield was higher in Simbi (3.2 t ha-1) than in Maraba (1.9 t ha-1)
and increased up to 3.4 t ha-1 in fields with fertilizer application. Similar trend was observed in the
greenhouse. In beans, fertilizer application significantly (P<0.001) increased the number of pods per
plant, the number of grains per pod and bean yield of 1.4 t ha-1. Agronomic efficiency (AE) was higher in
Simbi than in Maraba and was the highest in wealthier farms. It was concluded that biophysical factors
(field location and initial soil fertility status) greatly influenced crop yield and fertilizer
3. Climate Change Effects on Food Security in Rwanda: Case Study of Wetland Rice
Production in Bugesera District. (pp 37-53)
By Rwanyiziri, G.*, Rugema, J.**
*Rwanyiziri Gaspard, National University of Rwanda, Centre for Geographic Information
Systems and Remote Sensing/Department of Geography, Butare, Rwanda, ** Mr. Rugema John,
Department of Lands and Mapping, Rwanda Natural Resources Authority,
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.3E
Abstract
The analysis of rainfall on past trends shows that, since 1992, Bugesera district has been characterized by
a declining trend with a remarkable variability in rainfall frequencies and intensity which resulted into
serious floods in 1997-1998 and a prolonged drought in 1999-2000. This study has been conducted to
reveal the effects of climate change on rice productivity in Bugesera District. Rainfall and temperature
patterns have been evaluated using the closest meteorological station (Kanombe Airport) that represents
the study area. According to the results, the rise in temperature and changes in the amount of rainfall and
its distribution have altered the availability of water resources, consequently affecting the productivity of
rice. The variability in the onset of the rainy season has led to variation in the start of the planting season
which has negatively affected the production of rice. Assessment of people’s perceptions on ongoing
change on rainfall and temperature patterns, and their adaptation strategies has been made. The
respondents accept that there is a change happening in their area and have already started to feel its
impacts. The study revealed that yields of rice have been distorted by changes in precipitation,
temperature, as well as soil moisture. Flooding in lower zones of altitude along river Akanyaru have been
reported for many times in the study area as causing the submergence of rice fields thereby damaging the
growth and reducing the productivity of rice. In adaptation to climatic change effects, farmers have
started to take on some adaptation measures. These measures include constructing water reservoir to
collect water for irrigation use in the dry season, switching to new varieties of rice that resist to drought
and flooding, and application of pesticides to combat with pests.
4. Investigation of survival rate of trees planted in agroforestry and forest plantations in
HuyeDistrict from 2007 to 2011 and underlying factors. (pp 54-63)
By J. P. Murekezi, J. Nduwamungu and E. Munyanziza
Faculty of Agriculture,
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.4E
Abstract
18 | P a g e
This study was conducted in Huye District from December 2011 to June 2012, with aiming to investigate
the survival rate of trees planted on private and public land from 2007-2011 and underlying factors. Low
survival rate of trees planted during annual planting campaigns is often reported in many parts of the
country and there is need to understand why and propose adequate solutions to improve survival rate of
trees in plantation. The study was conducted in three sectors of Huye District namely Mukura, Tumba and
Ngoma sectors. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire that was administered to 51
sample farmers as well as through actual counts conducted both on private and public trees and forest
plantations. The collected data were analysed and presented using SPSS and Microsoft Excel softwares.
The results of the study revealed that, in the study area, the majority of trees fail to survive after the tree
planting season generally due to lack or poor post-planting care. Thirty nine percent of respondents
reported to have not provided any post-planting care to their trees. Nevertheless, 35% of respondents
reported to have weeded their trees during the studied period. In addition, the results indicate that private
trees survive better than public ones. The mean survival rate computed on a sample of agroforestry
private trees was 51% while on public trees it was 30%. In woodlots and forest plantations, private trees
survived at 65% while the public ones survived at 40%. This study should be carried out in other parts of
the country in order to identify underlying factors behind low survival rate of trees after each tree planting
season.
5. Abundance, Distribution and Ecology of Flycatchers in the Arboretum of Ruhande in
Rwanda. (pp 64-75)
By D. Nsabimana1, D. Tuyisingize2, Y. Gasangwa1
1National University of Rwanda, Department of Biology, Rwanda,
2 Karisoke Research Center (KRC), Rwanda.
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.5E
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are recognized as important biodiversity conservation areas. We studied abundance,
distribution and activity budget of flycatchers within the Arboretum of Ruhande in Southern Rwanda. The
point observation method was used to collect data along line transects from May to June 2012. A total of
177 individuals belonging to 6 bird species were recorded. The African paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone
viridis) was the most abundant species with 63.27% followed by White-eyed slaty flycatcher
(Melaenornis fischeli) species with 29.94% observation frequency. The main activities of flycatchers
were feeding, followed by flying and resting. There was an uneven distribution of flycatchers in all
transects in the study site. Further study must be undertaken in order to investigate the causes of uneven
distribution of the flycatchers in that forest plantation.
6. A Limnological Survey of Malagarasi River in Western Tanzania. (pp 76-91)
By C. B. Athuman1* and H. H. Nkotagu2
1
Department of Geography, Stella Maris Mtwara University College, (A Constituent College of
St. Augustine University of Tanzania)
2
Department of Geology, University of Dar Es Salaam
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.6E
Abstract
The present study surveyed the limnological functioning of the Malagarasi River in Western Tanzania
during the dry season from the river delta at the Lake Tanganyika confluence point to the source of the
river at the Burundi-Tanzania Border. A total of 66 samples were samples from 8 different accessible
sites using standard methods to determine dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, temperature, electrical
conductivity (EC), redox potential (Eh), pH and transparency. Nutrients such as chlorophyll a, phosphate
(PO43-), nitrate (NO3-), silica (SiO2) and iron (Fe2+) and alkalinity (HCO3-) were determined in the
laboratory. Data show sporadic variations in the abiotic parameter levels and river geomorphology
19 | P a g e
amongst the sampled sites. The mean concentrations of Fe2+ and PO43- were noted to increase with
depth at some sites. These variations are attributed to processes including dissolution, diffusion,
reduction, absorption, adsorption, photosynthesis, nitrification, denitrification and mixing effects. We also
found that the geomorphology of the river system is strongly driven by both the geology of the area and
the anthropogenic activities as shown by the measured parameters. Quantification of both climate
variability and tectonic effects on the abiotic parameters of the river is highly recommended for effective
evaluation of the limnological functioning of the Malagasi River System.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944
(Online), Series F : Health Sciences, Vol. 1 No 1, 2013
7. Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing
Clinical Isolates from Urinary Tract Infection at two teaching hospitals in Rwanda.
(pp 3-16)
By Claude Mambo Muvunyi1, Florence Masaisa1, Claude Bayingana1, Léon Mutesa2, André
Musemakweri3
1
Department of Clinical Biology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Butare and Kigali, National
University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
2
Medical Research Center, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Butare, National University
of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.1F
Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain data on susceptibility patterns of pathogens responsible for
UTIs. In addition, for the first time, the prevalence and risk factors of ESBL-producing strains in Rwanda
are described. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI patients’ cases attending to the University
Teaching Hospital-Kigali and University teaching Hospital-Butare were identified by conventional
methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method.
Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for ESBL production by double disk
synergy test method. Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen, accounting for infections in
119 (60.7%) of the 196 cases; and occurred significantly more frequently in urines from outpatients
(70.6%) than from inpatients (50%). Antimiocrobial agents commonly used for the treatment of UTI in
Rwanda such as nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin are far from effective except Fosfomycintrometamol and imipinem. ESBLs were detected in 38.3 % (36/94) of the strains from inpatients (13.8%
of E.coli) and 5.9% (6/102) of all strains from outpatients (1.9% of E.coli). The use of ciprofloxacin and
third-generation cephalosporin in the preceding 6 months (OR: 3.05; 95% CI 1.42–6.58; P = 0.04 and
OR: 9.78; 95% CI 2.71–35.25; P = 0.01 respectively); and being inpatient (OR: 2.27; 95% CI 1.79–2.89;
P < 0.001) were independently associated with ESBL production. In conclusion, ESBL producers are, as
in many countries, frequent in enterobacteriaceae in Rwanda. On the basis of our findings, we suggest
that antimicrobial agent such as fosfomycin-trometamol could be alternative therapy for uncomplicated
UTI, and should be introduced in the national guidelines.
8. A Complex Survey Data Analysis of Tb Mortality in South Africa. (pp 17-29)
By J. L. Murorunkwere, Mwambi H.
University of Kwazulu-Natal, School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Pietermaritzburg, South
Africa
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.2F
20 | P a g e
Abstract
Many countries in the world record annual summary statistics such as economic indicators like Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and vital statistics for example the number of births and deaths. In this paper we
focus on mortality data from various causes including Tuberculosis (TB). TB is an infectious disease
caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the main cause of death in the world among
all infectious diseases (Herchline and Amorosa, 2010). An additional complexity is that HIV/AIDS acts
as a catalyst to the occurrence of TB. People infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis alone have an
approximately 10% life time risk of developing active TB, compared to 60% or more in persons coinfected with HIV and mycobacterium tuberculosis (Vaidynathan and Singh, 2003). In 2006, South
Africa was ranked seventh highest by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) among the 22 TB
high burden countries in the world and fourth highest in Africa.
The research work in this presentation uses the 2007 Statistics South Africa (STATSSA) data on TB as
the primary cause of death to build statistical models that can be used to investigate factors associated
with death due to TB. Logistic regression and generalized linear models (GLM) will be used to assess the
effect of some risk factors or predictors to the probability of deaths associated with TB. This study will be
guided by a theoretical approach to understanding factors associated with TB death. Of the 615312
deceased, (89%) died from natural death, (2%) were stillborn and (9%) from non-natural death possibly
accidents, murder, suicide. Among those who died from natural death and disease, (12%) died of TB.
9. HIV/AIDS Management and The Mobile Workforce: A Case Study of Security Forces in
Namibia. (pp 30-44)
By Olukemi Asemota
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.3F
Abstract
The HIV /AIDS pandemic has a peculiarity with persons employed in the security forces, health care
delivery chain and students in hostels. Security personnel are especially vulnerable because they operate
predominantly away from home for long periods of time and also, away from their regular sexual
partners. Despite the many awareness programmes instituted by governments and non-governmental
organisations, to fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS in Namibia, the pandemic continues to claim lives
on a daily basis. It is against this background that this study was conducted. The study investigated the
management of HIV/AIDS at the Namibia Security Forces (NSF) and nature of workforce. Data from a
sample of 96 respondents was collected employing questionnaire design through purposive and
convenient sampling approaches and consequently analysed using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS v. 11. 5).
The results showed that 62 percent of the security forces personnel from the survey conducted had
experienced frequent transfers or redeployments from their original work locations to foreign missions or
outside duty stations as work duty demands. On the frequency of occurrence of transfer, 39 percent had
either been transferred once or twice from their duty stations to outside work stations, while 15 percent
had been transferred 3 to 4 times since joining the force. Furthermore, the findings from the study
therefore imply that security forces personnel are more vulnerable to exposure to HIV/AIDS due to the
nature of their work (data for this assertion is required_ at least from some reading if not from the survey
itself). Conclusively, it is recommended that management should henceforth adopt strategic management
approach to managing the HIV pandemic in their workplace in addition to the awareness and educational
programmes.
10. Activity Assessment of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Urine Samples at Butare
University Teaching Hospital (Buth) Laboratory. (pp 45-66)
By Claude Bayingana1, Jean Luc Kayitare2, Egide Kayitare2, Innocent Hahirwa2, Claude
Mambo Muvunyi1, André Musemakweli3.
1 National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biology.
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2 National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy.
3 National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.4F
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common worldwide and affect all sexes and age groups. An estimated
20% or more of the female population suffers from some form of UTIs in their lifetime. Although
antibiotics are the first choice of treatment for many urinary tract infections, antibiotic-resistant strains of
bacterial species commonly associated with UTIs, are increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study
was to determine the pathogen antimicrobial sensitivity trends of bacterial pathogens associated with
UTIs. A retrospective study was carried out on bacteria isolated from the urine of patients at the BUTH
laboratory between January 2006 and December 2010. A total of 1611 pathogens have been found. The
most commonly isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (876 strains), Klebsiella Species (190 strains),
Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (114 strains), Streptococcus species (97 strains), Proteus species (90
strains) and staphylococcus aureus (86 strains). Most of isolates were resistant to aminopenicillins
(ampicillin and amoxicillin) and to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Strains were rarely
resistant to more expensive antibiotics (imipenem and cefotaxime). The most effective antibiotic to
almost all isolates was imipenem, which is not commonly used in treatment of UTIs in Rwanda. The rate
of amoxicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance to Enterobacteriaceae implies that another
antibiotic should be used for empirical treatment and that there is a need for new generic drugs in
Rwanda. Imipenem could be included as a reasonable alternative for the therapy of UTIs in Rwanda.
11. Incidence of depression in Epilepsy patients. (pp 67-77)
By Vincent Sezibera, and Domitile Nyirasafari
National University of Rwanda.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.5F
Abstract
Epilepsy and depression are frequent pathologies especially in the developing countries where the level of
health facilities and the standards of living are very low. Scholars have stated the relationship between
epilepsy and depression but with less precision on symptoms and socio-demographic variables difference.
The study assessed the co-morbidity between the two different diagnostic entities, one neurologic
(epilepsy) and the other psychiatric (depression). From a purposive sample of 392 people consulting for
epilepsy, only 105 patients whose EEG diagnosis was positive were recruited in accordance with the
inclusion criteria. Screening for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) was used
for the depression prevalence assessment. Results from the study showed that epilepsy patients are likely
to present with depression symptoms with significant odds for all symptoms like depressive mood,
insomnia, work and activities poor performance, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. Patients with
generalized seizure are likely to suffer from severe comorbid depression as compared to patients with
partial seizure.
Epilepsy treatment should incorporate depression diagnosis and management to ensure better
management of the epilepsy burden.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944
(Online), Series H: Economics and Management, Vol. 1 No 1,
2013
12. Agricultural Productivity and Policy Interventions in Nyamagabe District, Southern
Province Rwanda. (pp 3-19)
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By A.R. Bizoza and P. Byishimo
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.1H
Abstract
Improving agricultural productivity has received considerable policy intervention in many African
countries and particularly in Rwanda. The question remains to know the extent to which the policy
contributes to the variation being upwards or downwards of the crop productivity. There are number of
determinant factors some being personal and others institutional. This study examines the variation of
agricultural productivity to document the extent to which agricultural productivity has shifted and what
factors have contributed to the shift, with focus to the voucher system and the land use consolidation
introduced by the Ministry of Agriculture in Rwanda. Secondary data were collected to describe the
trends in agricultural productivity in Nyamagabe District, Southern Province in Rwanda. In addition, a
household survey of 100 households was conducted in two Cells of Kamegeri Sector to assess at
household level how the agricultural policy has contributed to the shifting of agricultural productivity.
This shift is time-bounded and effects of agricultural policy are gradual overtime. Results from the
analysis of secondary data show that greater agricultural productivity for both food and cash crops grown
in Nyamagabe District is observed mostly in the period starting from 2007 and onwards. This period
coincides with more policy innovations and interventions including the Crop Intensification Programme
and specifically the introduction of the voucher system, land use consolidation and crop regionalization.
To validate these macro-level findings, the Probit and Instrumental variable models were estimated to
establish the marginal effects of these policy interventions on agricultural productivity measured by yield
at household level. Findings substantiate that the voucher system has significant marginal effects on
change in crop yield (measured by farmer’s perception) at 5% level of significance (Z= 2.41 P> [Z]
=0.016 and Z= 2.77, P> [Z] =0.006). Further policy innovations and interventions should focus on how
farmers can maintain the same momentum themselves beyond policy interventions in Rwanda.
13. The Corporate Governance approach in the light of classical approaches: The
shareholder versus the stakeholder. The case of Rwanda. (pp 20-31)
By M. D. Kayihura, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.2H
Abstract
The concept of “Corporate Governance” derives from an analogy between the government of nations or
states and the governance of corporations. Corporate Governance has had no precise and commonly
accepted definition to date mainly due to the standing point of departure of the one defining it. Each
definition has necessarily to be influenced by the locally existing agency problems, which themselves
stem from the socio, cultural as well as legal traditions of different jurisdictions. The most dominating
and fashionable definition is that, it is the way how corporate institutions are governed and controlled.
This paper seeks not to investigate the deep history of, but to expound on the distinctions between the
traditional approaches of; Anglo-American (shareholder value) and the Continental European
9Stakeholder value) corporate governance approaches on one hand, and on the other, assess which
approach would befit the Rwandan context given its political and corporate legal history, the existing
corporate landscape especially on the ownership structures, and the existing economic level.
The paper starts by the discussion about the two models/theories/ approaches referred to as the classical
ones and tries to distinguish one from the other. It further looks at Rwanda’s contemporary corporate
institutional and regulatory evolution and thereafter examines which model of corporate governance
would then fit better in such circumstances. A conclusion and some recommendations are drawn at the
end.
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14. Socio-economic impact of rural farming structure in Rwanda: Case of KOPAKAMA
coffee growing cooperative and coffee washing station, Rutsiro District, Western
Province. (pp 32-51)
By GISARO M. Ya-BITITI
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.3H
Abstract
Coffee is the main source of income of the household producers of this crop in Rwanda. It contributes
significantly to the inflows of foreigner currencies to the national economy. Although it is grown on only
6.3% of the total cultivated areas, it is the main activity of 500.000 coffee growers households at
countrywide Since its introduction in the country in 1904, coffee has always been operated by individual
producers isolated in their villages. After the liberalization of the coffee sector in Rwanda in 1998, the
quantity produced has steadily decreased and the quality deteriorated. This affects the price and income of
coffee growers. To address this issue, the Government of Rwanda sensitized coffee growers countrywide
to operate into cooperatives and set up coffee washing stations (CWS). The objective was to improve the
quality and export fully washed coffee that is better sold on international markets. Coffee washing
stations are then considered as mean for producing high quality of coffee, they are mainly run by
cooperatives, which are structural elements in the rural areas. Through these structures, such us
cooperatives and coffee washing stations in rural areas of Rwanda, jobs are created for coffee producers,
loans are granted, farmers are motivated due to the increase of income, the market is guaranteed and the
prices become attractive for the members. Thus the socio-economic welfare of producers is improved
which reduce poverty among coffee growers households. This study focuses on the analysis of the impact
of this structure on the socio-economic development of producers and the rural surrounding environment
of Mushubati sector.
15. Economic Analysis of Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency of Smallholders Maize
Production in Rwanda. (pages 52-62)
By N. Mulinga, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture,
National University of Rwanda,
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.4H
Abstract
This study was conducted in Musanze and Bugesera districts of Rwanda .The objective were to estimate
the level of technical efficiency in maize production. The study also attempted to determine some socioeconomic characteristics which influence technical efficiency in maize production. It used primary and
secondary data.
Primary data were collected using questionnaire from random sample of 276 farmers, and it covered the
socio-economic characteristics of farmers. Secondary data were collected from different sources, e.g.,
Ministry of Agriculture and livestock, records, books, reports and internet. The Stochastic Production
Frontier (SPF) analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of producing maize, and to
determine the factors behind inefficiency such as age, educational level, marital status, family size, main
occupation, type of seeds, and extension services. Also, descriptive statistics were used to analyze the
socio-economic characteristics of farmers.
The results indicated that the mean technical efficiency for maize production in both districts is 27%
which means that farmers can increase their output by 34%, through better use of available resources and
existing technology if they are to be technically efficient.
The study concluded that age, educational level and access to credit were significant variables leading to
technical inefficiency in Rwanda. On the other hand, marital status, family size, main occupation, type of
seeds, and extension services, had no significant impact on farmers' inefficiency. To improve technical
24 | P a g e
efficiency for maize production in the Rwanda, the study recommended improvement in education level
of the farmers and availability of funds in the optimum time.
16. Determinants and Profitability of Rice production in Cyabayaga Watershed, Eastern
Province, Rwanda. (pp 63-75)
By Ca Ingabire, Bizoza, A.Rb., and Mutware, Ja
a
Researchers and Socio-Economists, Rwanda Agricultural Board
b
Lecturer of Agricultural Economics, National University of Rwanda
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.5H
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the determinants of rice production and its financial profitability in
the watershed of Cyabayaga, Eastern Province of Rwanda. The study was composed of a stratified sample
of 46 rice growers and members of CODERVAM cooperative operating in the same watershed. The
Cobb-Douglas production function was adapted and estimated to indicate individual effects of labor, land,
and capital on rice production. In addition, a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach was opted to
compute the financial profitability of rice growing in the study area. Results from the analysis
substantiate that cultivated area (land) and labour had significant (5% significance level) contribution to
rice yield. However, capital investment in form of inputs (seeds and fertilizers) was not statistically
significant even at 15 % significance level, indicating lower contribution to production of rice in the study
area, all else equal. Some farmers reported insufficient income to invest in rice production thus making
the overall contribution of the investment factor insignificant for this case study. Findings from the Cost
Benefit Analysis (CBA) indicated that only one category of farmers, among the three sampled, had
positive Net Present Value (NPV). The implication for negative NPVs is that rice growers do not invest
appropriately, leading to lower returns. The two analytical approaches led to a similar conclusion that the
capital factor represented by investments in seeds and fertilizers does not explain significantly the rice
production observed in the Cyabayaga Watershed. It is recommended to support these farmers to have
access to inputs and agricultural trainings. These constitute the major area of their investments and
constraints for improved and well sustained rice production in the study area.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944
(Online), Series B: Social Sciences, Volume 1 No 1, 2013
17. Staff Retention in Public Universities in Rwanda: Diagnostics and Strategies of
Intervention. (pp 3-20)
By E. S. Serupia
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.1B
Abstract
The increase in turnover in Rwandan Universities remains an inescapable phenomenon that the authorities
have now to put up with. After the presentation of some of the factors likely to explain this phenomenon,
the study reported in this article proposes a diagnostic and systemic approach allowing to analyze a
problematic situation of non-loyalty of the staff in the Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning.
The survey questionnaire has been administered to lecturers and administrative staff. 104 exploitable
questionnaire have been analyzed and completed through face to face interviews. The analysis of the
results confirm some of the elements from literature; they show that determining factors with an incidence
on staff turnover are working conditions and their perception of what their profession is. Age and
academic rank play an important role as well in this study in opposition to other individual characteristics
which do not explain the reasons for such turnover.
25 | P a g e
This article thus examines various political options capable of minimizing the negative effects of the
departures of the staff. The principal hypothesis consists in saying that the most adequate strategy to face
the problem of retention of the staff is that which rests on a rigorous follow-up in order to evaluate the
effectiveness of the measures set up particularly by comparing the costs of the strategies of retention with
those which are generated by the turnover.
These tracks of intervention allow to note that the public Institutions are far from being stripped vis-a-vis
the non-loyalty of their staff, as they hardly try to identify the causes. The conclusion relates to the stakes
concerning the retention including that of the improvement of the quality of life of the staff.
18. Ethical Issues and Nigeria’s Quest for Development. (pp 21-35)
By D. E. Gberevbie
Department of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, OTA OGUN
STATE, Nigeria,
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.2B
Abstract
Development is highly desirable in any society because it enhances people’s standard of living anywhere
in the world. However, there are some basic procedures to follow in doing business and in the handling of
government activities before development can take place; and the Nigerian society is not an exception.
With the use of secondary data, the paper examines ethical issues and Nigeria’s quest for development. It
observed the lack of proper ethical standards (PES) and behaviour as a way of carrying out business and
government transactions by the citizens and public officials as the major obstacles to the realization of
Nigeria’s quest for development. The paper therefore recommends that for the nation to achieve its goals
of development, the Nigerian government should inculcate into the citizens, the need to imbibe PES and
behaviour as a way of life both in public and private sectors of the nation’s economy. These could be
achieved through the imposition of stiffer penalty on those found to be involved in an unethical
behaviour, no matter their position or status in the country; which would serve as deterrent to others.
19. Analysing Memoir Topic Trends in the Social and Political Sciences in the Faculty of
Arts, Media and Social Sciences at NUR. (pp 36-48)
By S. Wiehler (1), Faculty of Arts, Media and Social Sciences, National University of Rwanda,
(2) Ms. Fiona Umutoni, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.3B
Abstract
This research analyzes the frequency of undergraduate research topics selected as “memoirs” by 4th-year
students in the social and political science departments in the Faculty of Arts, Media and Social Sciences
(FAMSS) at the National University of Rwanda. Its objective was to ascertain (a) if multiple instances of
near-identical topics form identifiable trends, and (b) what convincing explanations might be identified as
causal to these topic trends.
In total, 1335 memoirs submitted between 1997 and 2011 were analyzed. In this study it was
hypothesized that certain research topics are preferred by NUR students in different years, depending on
the national popularity of specific social, political and developmental issues, and that these preferences
change over time.
The researcher used unix-based grep for string analysis of memoir topics, which were then aggregated
into frequency histograms and converted the data to N-maps for visualization of the change over time in
the respective topics. The research findings indicate that memoir topics follow trends in “popularity” for
social research: they rise, remain steady, or fall, depending on exogenous social stimuli, and perhaps for
endogenous reasons too.
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The research concluded that changing preferences for research topics by students can be linked to national
or regional events. The causal mechanism evolves from popular discussion in the media, leading to
student interest, and eventually to student-selected research topics. The most obvious examples were
government policies and programs which attracted significant student attention, causing increased topic
frequency, followed by decline as the issue decreased in popularity.
The research also identified the tendency for students to copy their research topic from memoirs existing
in the Faculty Library. While the issue of plagiarism was not specifically addressed by this study, it is
possible that the N-map trends portrayed by this research emerge in part because some students have used
past memoirs as templates, possibly including indirect or direct copying. For this reason, the research
concluded that while the majority of topic trending observed in the N-grams may be explainable the
popularity of national issues, copy-cat research and outright plagiarism could also play a role in these
trending phenomena. Further research using full-text soft copies (not available for pre-2009 topics) is
suggested.
Recommendations include that students should be guided towards unexplored areas of new research and
actively discouraged from replicating the research of previous year's memoirs; that the memoir room
within the Faculty Library serves little purpose other than to encourage copying and plagiarism and
should therefore be closed until a plan for its usefulness can be envisioned; that the teaching of Research
Methodology in the social and political sciences is inadequately preparing students for the challenges of
actual research (which pushes them to consider plagiarism as a pathway to success) and that NUR should
systematize and upgrade its present rudimentary plagiarism detection measures and to publicize this to all
students so as to discourage topic replication, copying and outright plagiarism.
20. Impact of Communication and Information on the motivation of the staff in the public
services in Rwanda. (pp 49-70)
By E. S. Serupia, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.4B
Abstract
The problem of communication and information is far from being recent, and the sensitivity of the actors
in public services towards this problem has gone increasing for years. At the political level, understanding
the benefits of communication and information on the motivation of the staff in an organization becomes
also a concern, in particular because of the implications and the transformations that they are able to bring
to the traditional ways of working and communicating in the organizations.
The study concerns the sample of 326 employees from three Ministries (Ministry of Education, Ministry
of Infrastructure and the Ministry of Labor) and two Districts (Muhanga and Karongi districts).
Employees should inform their perception on organizational communication of their motivation; the role
of adopted leadership by their superior on the policy of communication and information. In addition,
supplementary data on individual characteristics have been collected. The results show that the
amelioration of information transmission and collaboration could reinforce the perception of the image of
services of which the collected results appear satisfactory.
The perception of respondents is likely to be related to what has been underlined in the theoretical part;
indeed, any released information during performance is compared to individual expectations of a person
and includes specific values in accordance with proper regulations to the reference system with the
consequence of relaunching the motivation or its decrease in reverse.
21. States’ Cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. (pp 71-91)
By L. Dushimimana, Faculty of Law, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.5B
Abstract
27 | P a g e
Shortly after the 1994 genocide, an international tribunal for Rwanda has been created by the United
Nations Security Council in response to grave atrocities committed where more than one million people
have perished. Although judicially independent, the ICTR must rely on international cooperation in order
to successfully carry out its mandate as it has no organ to enforce its decisions.
Cooperation by states or international organizations is vital to the collection of evidence as well as to the
detention and transfer of accused persons. This cooperation is also required in the relocation of sensitive
witnesses or the enforcement of sentences handed up down by the Tribunal. Whether states are willing to
provide the necessary cooperation will largely determine the ability of the Rwanda Tribunal to fulfil its
mandate.
States’ cooperation with the ICTR is essential if the Tribunal has to operate properly and perform its
functions. The legal basis of the obligation imposed to states has two characters, a general character
stemming from their being member states of UN and the specific one stemming from the United Nations
Security Council Resolution RES/955 (1995) where it states that “all states shall cooperate fully with
ICTR and its organs (…)”.
Unfortunately, states are still reluctant to fulfil their obligation to cooperate with ICTR. Different reasons
are put forward by states to justify their refusal to cooperate. Sovereignty, domestic legislation, national
interests or national security, disinterestedness of UNSC, are among others, the main reasons advanced by
states.
Rwanda journal of Health Sciences, Vol 2 No1, 2013
22. Illness Perceptions and Depression in Relation to Self-care Behaviour among Type 2
diabetes Patients in a Referral Hospital in Kigali-Rwanda
By Nsereko E1*, Bavuma C2, Tuyizere M3, Ufashingabire C4, Rwakageyo JMV5 and Yamuragiye
A6
1, 4, 6
Kigali Health Institute, Department of Anaesthesia
2
Kigali Teaching Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine
3
Kigali Health Institute, Directorate of Research
5
Kigali Health Institute, Directorate of Academic Quality Assurance
Abstract
Background: This paper describes illness perceptions, communication and depression in relation to selfcare behaviour among Type 2 diabetes patients, collected from a referral hospital in Kigali, Rwanda
between 14 December 2010 and 28 February2011.
Methods: Adescriptivecross-sectional study explored the relationships between interpersonal
communications assessed using the Interpersonal Processes of Communication of Care in Diverse
Population questionnaire; depression assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression
Scale; illness beliefs assessed using the Revised Illness Perceptions Questionnaire; and self-care
behaviour assessed using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities questionnaire. Self-regulatory
model of illness perceptions, with a focus on cognitive representation, was the conceptual framework
used to guide this study. We recruited 86 participants.
Results: Participants perceived type 2 diabetes as a cyclical and chronic condition associated with serious
but controllable consequences. Time cyclical, personal control and depression were independently
associated with self-care behaviour.
Conclusion: The findings confirm that depression and illness beliefs influence self-care behaviour.
23. Physical Environmental Barriers to School Attendance among Children with
Disabilities in two Community Based Rehabilitation Centres in Rwanda
By Sagahutu J Baptiste¹*, Tuyizere Malachie2 and Patricia Struthers, PhD3
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1
Kigali Health Institute, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, P.O Box
3286, Kigali, Rwanda
2
Kigali Health Institute, Directorate of Research, P.O Box3286, Kigali, Rwanda
3
University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Po box 7535 Private Bag X17
Bellville, South Africa
Abstract
Background: It is estimated that more than 90% of children with disabilities in developing countries do
not attend schools. Children with disabilities either do not receive any education or, if they do, it is often
inappropriate. The aim of this study was to identify the physical Environmental barriers to school
attendance by children with disabilities in two community based rehabilitation (CBR) centres in Rwanda.
Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to identify barriers to school
attendance in two CBR centres. Parents/caregivers of children with disabilities participated in the study.
The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).The level of significance
(alpha) was set at α=0.05.
Results: The long distance from home to the nearest school, and the status of the school physical
environment were the major barriers to school attendance.
Conclusion: To meet the Special Needs Education, strengthening existing measures to make a conducive
physical environment would enhance school attendance among children with disabilities and
subsequently the overall inclusive education.
24. Knowledge and Attitude to Female Condom Use among Undergraduates of Kigali
Health Institute
By Mbarushimana Valens1* and Ntaganira Joseph, PhD2
1
Kigali Health Institute, Examination office; Rwanda Public Health Association
2
National University of Rwanda School of Public Health
Abstract
Background: Proper use of condom prevents Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and unwanted
pregnancies. Efforts have been made in Rwanda to raise the population awareness on the use of the
Female Condom but little is known about the current status of its use among college students.
Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and use of the female condom among undergraduates of
Kigali Health Institute.
Methods: A descriptive study was carried out between May and June 2010. The sample was randomly
selected from the students of Kigali Health Institute. A questionnaire based study was conducted
involving 429 students. It captured the sample characteristics, their knowledge, attitudes and use of the
female condom. The data were entered and analysed in SPSS 16.0.
Results: About 79% of the students were aware of the female condom, but only 24% knew how to use it.
Most respondents believed that the female condom can prevent the unwanted pregnancies (78%), the STIs
and HIV/AIDS (81%). About 8% had ever tried it and less than three percent cited it as their
contraception method.
Conclusion: Awareness of the female condom was high but few students knew how to use it. Overall,
favourable attitudes were recorded though neutral ones were higher and use of female condom was very
low.
25. Results of a Community Mentoring Programme for Youth Heads of Household in
Rwanda: Effects on Youth Sexual Risk Behaviours and Maltreatment
By Joseph Ntaganira, MD, PhD1*, Lisanne Brown, PhD2 and Nancy B Mock, PhD2
1
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National University of Rwanda, School of
Public Health, B.P. 5229 Kicukiro, Kigali, Rwanda
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2
Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112
Abstract
Background: While mentorship programmes, which connect orphans with adults to whom they can turn
to for help and advice, are proliferating in an attempt to prevent high-risk behaviours in adolescents, there
are few data to show that mentorship actually makes a difference among youth heads of households
(YHH). The purpose of this study was to: (a) investigate the impact of mentoring relationship on sexual
risk behaviours outcomes among YHH, and (b) examine the impact of the mentoring programme on
youth maltreatment including sexual abuse.
Methods: The research used a quasi-experimental design to assess the impact of the adult mentoring
programme on sexual risk behaviours and maltreatment of youth living without adult care in four districts
of the then Gikongoro province. In the design, which includes a baseline and a follow-up survey, the
intervention group (Maraba and Nyamagabe districts) with youth heads of households receiving the
home visitation programme were compared to a comparison group (Mudasomwa and Nyaruguru
districts). Analyses explored linkages between exposure to the Intervention and various outcomes:
HIV/AIDS knowledge, perception of HIV risk infection, sexual risk behaviours, and maltreatment.
Logistic regression was used to examine whether the mentoring programme predicted outcomes of
maltreatment or sexual behaviours when controlling for demographic characteristics and any other
variables significant at the bivariate level.
Results: The overall HIV/AIDS knowledge was higher in the intervention group (16.3% versus 12.5%)
and more YHH in this group knew a place where to get a condom (64.5% versus 57.8%). In this group,
youth were more likely to report use of condom (20.5 versus 12.4%), to perceive a risk of HIV/AIDS
infection at the follow up survey (44.7% versus 32.8%), and less consumption of alcohol (56.3 versus
41.7%). In the logistic regression, respondents who reported more adult support had a significantly high
likelihood of being sexually inexperienced (OR = 1.20, score for adult support=3.67 versus 3.53, p=.05).
During the last twelve months, being in school, male gender, and less marginalization were highly
associated with being abstinent (AOR=4.68, 2.72, and 1.46, respectively). The level of maltreatment has
sensibly diminished in the intervention group (from 1.53 to 1.27) during the last two years. There were
more youth who reported physical abuse among the comparison group (24% versus 15.9%) and labour
exploitation (29.5%
versus 19.6%). YHH exposed to the intervention were less likely to suffer from labour exploitation and
physical abuse (AOR = .52 and .63, respectively).
Conclusions: Results indicate that the utilization of community adult mentors should be supported as a
key strategy in working with YHH to decrease sexual risk behaviours and maltreatment from community
members. For interventions to be optimally effective, specific strategies to promote community support
and decrease marginalization need to be identified
26. The Completeness of Physiotherapy Patient Registers in Kigali, Rwanda
By M’kumbuzi VRP¹*, Biraguma J² and Chevan J3
1
Kigali Health Institute, Physiotherapy Department, Kigali, Rwanda / University of Malawi
College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
2
Kigali Health Institute, Physiotherapy Department, Kigali, Rwanda
3
Springfield College, Department of Physical Therapy, Springfield, Massachusetts USA.
Abstract
Background: The patient register is a specialized medical record that facilitates professional
requirements, including continuity of service, quality of care, administrative data management including
patient billing and resource allocation, medico-legal requirements, policy decisions, research and
education. A Rehabilitation Desk was established in the Ministry of Health in Rwanda, but this position
has remained vacant for a number of years. There is therefore no central aggregation of the scope or
30 | P a g e
volume of work done by physiotherapists in Rwanda. Purpose: This paper describes the status of
physiotherapy patient registers, which were used in a larger study that aimed to determine the character
and nature of patients presenting for physiotherapy at hospitals that are routinely used for the clinical
teaching of physiotherapy students.
Methods: A retrospective review of all physiotherapy registers from five purposively selected hospitals
in and around Kigali was employed. All register entries from the year 2009 were reviewed and
transcribed using a pre-coded, researcher-designed and piloted checklist. Data were entered and analyzed
using Microsoft Excel 2007. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize register data.
Results: A total of 145128 patients were registered in the five hospitals during 2009, and of these 3476
were registered in the physiotherapy department. All hospitals used traditional paper-based registers.
Missing entries were observed on 1902 (55%) entries, most often for the ‘residential address’ (17%) and
‘gender’ (14.2%) variables. Furthermore, there were peculiar challenges observed pertaining to register
entries of the ‘patient diagnosis.
Conclusion: The study found a high frequency of missing register entries. Our findings limit the
usefulness of physiotherapy patient registers to fulfill the obligatory professional requirements and to
inform planning for services.
27. Perceived Impact of Health Sector Reform on Motivation of Health Workers and
Quality of Health Care in Tanzania: the Perspectives of Healthcare Workers and
District Council Health Managers in Four Districts
By Godfrey M Mubyazi1, 2* and Kato J Njunwa2, 3
1
National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Centre for Enhancement of Effective Malaria
Interventions (CEEMI), 2448 Ocean Road, P.O Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
2
Amani Medical Research Centre, P.O Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
3
Kigali Health Institute, Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Kigali, Rwanda
Abstract
Background: Literature on the impact of health sector reform (HSR) on motivation of healthcare workers
(HWs) and performance in health service provision in developing countries is still limited.
Objective: To describe the impact of HSR on HW motivation and performance in providing quality
health care in Tanzania.
Methods: Four districts selected from three regions were covered, involving in-depth interviews with
HWs in public health facilities (HFs), focus group discussions with district managers and researchers’
observations. Data were analysed using a qualitative content analysis approach.
Results: The cost-sharing system in public HFs and national health ‘basket’ funding system introduced in
1990s were the key HSR elements identified by the study participants as impacting on HWs motivation
and performance. User-fees for public healthcare services was acknowledged as having supplemented
government funds allocated to public HFs, although such facilities still experienced ‘stock-outs’ of
essential medicines and other supplies, HF understaffing, low/lack of essential remuneration, shortage
of and unrepaired staff houses, meager office space, lack of transport facilities for emergency cases,
minimal recognition of HWs at local primary healthcare committees and the district health service
budgeting system being controlled by district and central level authorities, leaving little room for lower
level stakeholders to participate.
Conclusion: For the national healthcare system to succeed, HSRs will need to involve and motivate
HWs who are frontline implementers of the reform strategies.
28. Injury Profile in an Emergency Department at a Referral Hospital in Kigali, Rwanda
By Yamuragiye A1*, Ibambasi A2, Mutuyimana A3, Mutuyemariya O4 and Nsereko E1
1
Kigali Health institute, Department of Anaesthesia
2
Rwanda Ministry of Defence, Unit of Production
3
Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia
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4
Rwanda Ministry of Health/Pre-hospital Care (SAMU)
Abstract
Injuries constitute a major public health problem, killing more than 5 million people worldwide each year
and causing more cases of disability. Countries need baseline information on injury pattern to develop
intervention strategies. A quantitative, retrospective, descriptive study was conducted at a referral hospital
in Kigali Rwanda. The aim was to identify the causes of injuries, to determine the frequencies and
distribution of injuries according to cause, gender, age, location, and categories of injuries, and to assess
the probability of injury survival. Out of 101 subjects, 31.7% were female while 68.3% were male. A
number of injuries were identified among young males in the age group 16-30 years in the urban area.
The major cause of injury was road traffic accidents (RTA).
Rwanda Journal of Health Sciences, Vol 2 No2, 2013
29. Public Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices in Relation to Infectious and other
Communicable Diseases in Tanzania: Lessons Learnt from Babati District
By Godfrey M Mubyazi1*, Vivien K Barongo1, Mathias L Kamugisha2, Kato J Njunwa3
1
National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Headquarters, P.O Box 9653 Dar Es Salaam,
Tanzania
2
Tanga Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 504 Tanga, Tanzania
3
University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 3286 Kigali,
Rwanda.
Abstract
Background: We report public knowledge, perceptions and practices on selected infectious diseases in
Tanzania using a study done in Babati district, and identify policy related messages in light of health
promotion strategies instituted for communicable disease control.
Methods: Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with individual household members and
focus group discussions with other residents in several villages; in-depth interviews with health workers,
local government leaders, and district health managers.
Results: Many villagers associated malaria transmission with people’s exposure to intense sunrays; TB
and brucellosis with people drinking raw-milk, animal blood and meat; sharing a bed or utensils with
TB/brucellosis patients; TB with smoking or inhaling cigarette smoke; leprosy with witchcraft; and
lymphatic filariasis and schistosomiasis with people contacting dirty-water or through sexual intercourse.
Occasional shortage of drugs and laboratory services, lack of reliable transport facilities, low public use
of latrines, unaffordable bednet prices, and common sale of counterfeit drugs by unregulated retailers
were perceived to perpetuate the existence and widespread communicable diseases. Use of traditional
medicines to treat these diseases was reported to be a common practice.
Conclusion: Culturally rooted knowledge and beliefs about diseases influence people’s health care
seeking practices and may perpetuate prevalence and transmission of diseases. There should be
educational policy program considerations among the strategies aimed at effective disease control.
30. Factors that Hinder Parents from the Communicating of Sexual Matters with
Adolescents in Rwanda
By Bushaija E1*, Sunday F X2, Asingizwe D2, Olayo R3, Abong’o B4
1
Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, College of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University of Rwanda
2
Directorate of Research, Ethics and Consultancy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,
University of Rwanda
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3
Great lakes university of Kisumu, Tropical Institute of Community health and Development,
Kenya
4
Great lakes university of Kisumu, Tropical Institute of Community health and Development,
Kenya
Abstract
Parent-adolescent communication about sexual matters is one of the means that encourages adolescents to
adopt responsible sexual behaviour. However, parents do not discuss sexual matters with adolescents and
those who discuss to some extent; little information about sexuality is provided. This study, was,
therefore aimed to find out the factors that hindered parents from communicating with their adolescent
children on sexual matters. A descriptive, cross sectional study employing both quantitative and
qualitative approaches was utilized. Simple random sampling was used to select households of
parents/caretakers with adolescents and face to face interviews were used to collect data in February
2011. Out of 388 respondents, majority
(81%) reported that they do not discuss sexual matters with the adolescents due to socio-demographic,
cultural, individual and socio-environmental factors/barriers. Being male (p=0.04), parents’ age over 44
years (OR< 1 at 95% CI), lower levels of education (≤primary) and income (farming and remittance) was
significantly associated with “not communicating” sexual matters with the adolescents (p<0.05). These
findings strengthen the need for continued sensitization of parents/caretakers to involve themselves in
discussing sexual matters with the adolescents. Furthermore, guidance of parents/caretakers on how to
approach the subject of sexuality and sustenance of discussions with the adolescents is paramount.
31. Prevalence of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries among Patients Managed at a Teaching
Hospital in Rwanda
By Majambo M H1*, Sasi R M1, Mumena C H1, Museminari G2, Nzamukosha J2, Nzeyimana A2,
Rutaganda E2
1,2
Department of Dentistry, University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Rwanda
Abstract
Background: Oral and maxillofacial injuries have been shown worldwide to be a major cause of
disability and orofacial deformity. The magnitude and causes of oral and maxillofacial injuries varies
from one country to another or even within the same country depending on prevailing conditions such as
socioeconomic, cultural and environmental factors.
Objectives: To assess the magnitude and etiology of oral and maxillofacial injuries in relation to sociodemographic data among patients attending Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK), Dental
department.
Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study recruited a total of 182 subjects who were interviewed
to obtained information on socio-demographic data and the cause of the inflicted injuries. Diagnoses of
the different types of hard and soft tissue injuries were done by clinical examination of patient and where
necessary radiographic investigations were requested to confirm hard tissue fractures. All collected
information was recorded in the clinical form. Gathered data was coded and entered into a computer and
analyzed using SPSS version 17.
Results: Prevalence of oral and maxillofacial injuries was 16%. Most patients (53.8%) were in 21-30 age
group with a male to female ratio of 2.2:1. The commonest hard tissue injuries sustained were
dentoalveolar and mandibular fracture at 59.3% and 19.8% respectively, while trauma to the lip was the
commonest (38.7%) soft tissue injury among the patients.
Road traffic accident collectively accounted for 59.8% of all the etiological factors of oral and
maxillofacial injuries.
Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of oral and maxillofacial injuries was 16%.
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Road Traffic Accident accounted for most of the injuries in the study population. Prevention strategies of
maxillofacial injuries among others should emphasize on reduction of road traffic accidents with
particular attention to motorcycle and motor vehicle accidents.
32. Therapeutic Efficacy of Cervical Traction in the Management of Cervical
Radiculopathy: A Control Trial
By Adesola O Ojoawo1*, Ayo Olabode1, O Esan2, Abiodun Badru3, Sunday Odejide3, Bose
Arilewola3
1
Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo
University (OAU), Ile Ife. Nigeria.
2
Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, OAU,Ile Ife, Nigeria
3
Department of Physiotherapy, OAU Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile Ife. Nigeria.
Abstract
Background: Severe pain and disability from cervical disorder is second to that of low back pain in
musculoskeletal practice.
Methods: Forty eight patients who met the inclusion criteria were placed into experimental (n=24) and
control (n=24) group randomly. Participants in both groups received massage, cryotherapy and active
exercises. Cervical traction was administered to experimental group for 15 minutes, thrice per week for
four weeks while the other group served as control. Verbal rating scale (VRS) and Neck Disability Pain
Index (NDI) were used as outcome measures. Data were analyzed using descriptive, dependent t-test and
independent t-test.
Results: There was a significant improvement in the pretreatment and post treatment pain intensity
(t=10.75, p< 0.001) and neck functional disability (t=2.42, p=0.03) of participants in experimental group.
There was a significant difference (t=-3.98, p=0.006) in the post treatment pain intensity between the
cervical traction and control group.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that application of continuous cervical traction can significantly
reduce pain intensity of patients with cervical radiculopathy.
33. Condom Use and Number of Sexual Partners among Secondary School Female
Students in an Urban City of Cameroon
By Tarkang E E1*
1
*HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Network, Cameroon (HIVPREC), PO Box 36, Commonwealth
Avenue, Kumba, Cameroon
Abstract
Background: Although some studies in Cameroon have addressed the issue of condom use and multiple
sexual partners separately, the association between multiple sexual partnership and condom use is limited.
Objectives: This study examines information on the association between condom use and number of
sexual partners among female students in an urban city of Cameroon.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted, using a self-administered questionnaire to
collect data from a probability sample of 210female students. Statistics were calculated using SPSS
version 20 software program.
Results: About 56.2% were sexually active, some of whom had multiple sexual partners. Condom use
was low. Condom use was significantly negatively associated with multiple sexual partners, with
respondents reporting multiple sexual partners less likely to use condoms.
Conclusion: The proportion of female students who engage in multiple sexual partners without using
condoms are at risk of HIV transmission. Sexuality education and a friendly environment for condom
availability are key in addressing the risky sexual behaviours of female students.
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Rwandan Journal of Education, ISSN Print: 2227 – 9148, ISSN
Online: 2312 – 9239 Second Issue - Year of Publication 2013
34. Student attendance and student achievement: a tumultuous and ambiguous couple. A
case study of Kigali Institute of Education
By Eugene Nsanzabiga,
Faculty of Arts and Languages,
Kigali Institute of Education
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of student attendance and student achievement at Kigali Institute of
Education (KIE). Indeed, the variable “attendance” has not been considered in the Senate Probe
Committee’s report submitted in 2004, and which examined other variables. Yet, the literature review
reveals that it impacts positively on student achievement. Therefore, this study investigates critically that
key variable in view of KIE’s attendance policy and implementation mechanisms with the ultimate
objective of verifying if they match with new teaching trends. Thus, it confronts different policies by
using information gathered from 21 universities’ regulations. It thereafter scrutinizes attendance lists visà-vis scores in different modules. Factual results confirm the correlation between student attendance and
student achievement despite loopholes observed on the policy side. Nevertheless, there is need to update
the policy, to soften implementation mechanisms and to explore non class-based delivery modes by
turning new technologies to profit aiming at autonomy and independence since students sometimes must
struggle between studies and social or professional responsibilities.
35. Plights of learners with Visual Impairments in Rwandan science Classes: Evidencing
teachers’ practice in HVP Gatagara
By Evariste Karangwa1, Daniel Iyamuremye2, Agnes Muhindakazi3
1
School of Postgraduate Studies and Research-Kigali Institute of Education; 2Faculty of ScienceKigali Institute of Education; 3Practicing science teacher in HVP Gatagara - Rwamagana.
Abstract
The Nine Year Basic Education (9YBE) program in Rwanda is seemingly a national initiative that brings
free primary and secondary education services closer to local communities, and renders secondary
education and ultimately professional training more accessible to all, including the many disadvantaged
children. Having noted with concern that Visually Impaired Students (VIS), like other learners with
Special Educational Needs (SEN), are increasingly enabled to access this standard of education, the
present study has been prompted to investigate their plights, evidenced by the persistent poor academic
performance of this category of students. The gap is most particularly evident in science and mathematics
subjects, and becomes more conspicuous as the students progress through higher levels of their schooling.
The article is thus an outcome of a study conducted in HVP Gatagara – Rwamagana, the only 9YBE
school for the VIS in Rwanda, and the finding underlines the fact that the planning of alternative solutions
ought not to focus on the VIS as the source of the problem, rather on their school and whole education
system’s incapacity to offer appropriate adaptations and enabling provisions.
36. A case study of analyzing student teachers’ concept images of the definite integral
By Faustin Habineza,
Faculty of Education,
Kigali Institute of Education
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Abstract
This paper presents a tool for analyzing student teachers’ concept images of the definite integral. The tool
shows the basic concepts that underpin the concept of the definite integral and displays them in terms of
process and object conceptions within various representations in the context of area under a curve. The
use of the tool is exemplified by an analysis of three student teachers’ concept images exhibited during an
interview that I held with them at the end of one-semester first-year calculus course. The tool can enable
mathematics educators to analyze student teachers’ concept images of the definite integral. The findings
also can orient them in revisiting their teaching strategies in order to improve student teachers’ concept
images developed during a given period.
37. The role of “Musekeweya”, an entertainment-education radio soap opera in the
promotion of reconciliation in Rwanda
By Frank Tanganika,
Faculty of Arts and Languages,
Kigali Institute of Education
Abstract
In this article we investigate the impact of Musekeweya, a radio serial drama that has been broadcast by
Radio Rwanda since May 2005 to date, whose main objective is to promote reconciliation, peaceful coexistence and find paths to trauma healing in post-genocide Rwanda. The investigation on effects of the
media intervention is centered on evidence obtained from audience members’ feedback expressed through
listeners’ unsolicited letters addressed to the program and media characters. Audience involvement is
often used as an indicator of media effects. A qualitative content analysis of the letters was, therefore,
carried out to discern evidence of audience involvement with the program as expressed through parasocial
interaction, self efficacy and collective efficacy. We first present a summary of the development and
implementation of the educational intervention, and then discuss the findings of effects as they are
reflected through audience involvement.
38. A study on the practices and challenges of Distance Training Programme (DTP) under
Kigali Institute of Education (KIE)
By Irénée Ndayambaje1, Théoneste Bimenyimana2, Viateur Ndahayo3
1
Faculty of Education-Kigali Institution of Education; 2G.S. Nyanza Kicukiro District; 3G.S.
Mukoma, Nyamasheke District
Abstract
This article is built upon the findings from the dissertation report conducted in Kigali Institute of
Education (KIE) and Rwamagana Distance Training Programme (DTP) centres during the whole
academic year of 2011/2012. The researchers were interested to learn in depth about the practices under
DTP programme. It was found out that the DTP programme relies mostly on print materials supplemented
by week-end tutorials and face-to-face sessions. The ICT supported learning and assistance modes are not
yet integrated and a number of challenges were highlighted.
Rwandan Journal of Education, ISSN Print: 2227 – 9148, ISSN
Online: 2312 – 9239, Third Issue - Year of Publication 2013
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39. Institutionalising Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of Cape Coast in
Ghana
By Akua Opokua Britwum, Institute of Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Georgina Yaa Oduro, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Cape Coast,
Ghana
Mansah Prah, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Abstract
The University of Cape Coast (UCC) is credited in Ghana for having the first female Vice-Chancellor, yet
it experiences gender disparities. The establishment of a Centre for Gender Research, Advocacy and
Documentation (CEGRAD) in 2013 provides the university a tool for addressing the disparities. Based on
the results of our meta-analysis and interviews with key management players in the university, this paper
discusses gaps in existing gender equity initiatives in the university, challenges associated with
operationalising existing initiatives and strategies for promoting CEGRAD as an interdisciplinary focal
point for providing a theoretical grounding for gender and women’s studies at UCC. Available research
findings are replete with cases of gender disparities resulting from internal and external factors. It is
argued that engagement with the gender dynamics at play within the university environment is paramount
for CEGRAD's success. The paper provides evidence to justify the establishment of CEGRAD and
recommends strategies for making it operational in the university.
40. Proposal for a new course of action in Education
By Albert Runyange
Rwanda Teachers College, Rukara
University of Rwanda
Abstract
The overall goal of education is also character formation and transformation among others. Furthermore,
no subject should be integrated into the school curriculum as an end in itself. Nevertheless, the history of
a country and its political missions ought to guide its educational policy and curriculum objectives. The
author of this article intends to show that, Religious Education in the secondary school curriculum of
Rwanda can play a major role in achieving the intended national goals. He further describes the scope of
Religious Education and finally underlines the pertinent question as to whether it is deviating from the
nationally intended goals or is in agreement with them. He uses a language of questions because he feels
that his personal opinion cannot be absolute and that it is the best way of arousing education leaders’
interests in finding a new or/and alternative course of action.
41. Six years of inclusive education at the University of Rwanda-College of Education:
Evaluation and perspectives
By Eugene Nsanzabiga,
Faculty of Arts & Languages,
College of Education
University of Rwanda
Abstract
Inclusive education is one of the emerging challenges in the Rwandan education today, just like in many
other educational systems. The College of Education of the University of Rwanda developed and
implemented the inclusive education program since 2008. Thirty students with severe disabilities (SwDs)
have enrolled, and only fourteen graduated so far. The present study shows that in order to enhance the
learning process, a resource room was established to host an assortment of support materials that were
purchased. However, few gaps were also revealed: Firstly, the low level of the awareness of staff which is
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not trained and informed; secondly, the lack of pre-admission guidance and counseling system, as well as
diagnostic facilities. Thirdly, inadequately diverse support materials to enable more categories of
disabilities to be supported, inappropriate standards and norms as well as follow-up support mechanisms
to help graduates as they join the labor market. Finally, it showed the necessity of having SwDs’
associations to enhance advocacy and awareness raising campaigns.
42. Towards Inclusive Education in Rwanda. An assessment of the socio-political
contributors to Inclusive Education developments
By Evariste Karangwa,
School of Postgraduate Studies and Research
College of Education
University of Rwanda
Abstract
The impetus of the Rwandan government in developing free and accessible 9 years of basic education for
all children since 2007 has notably been remarkable. The commonwealth education award-winning policy
seems to have drawn along the enthusiasm of the entire Rwandan community, in making schooling more
accessible to even the most disadvantaged. The present paper is concerned that despite the innovative and
pro-vulnerable policy initiatives, the support to learners with disabilities and other Special Educational
Needs (SEN) remains comparatively low, leading to a persistently diminished proportion of learners with
SEN accessing basic education. However, in few communities, agency-led inclusive education projects
have seen notable school transformations towards improved accommodation of learners with diverse SEN
even where resources and awareness is modest. Yet, in even many more communities, agency-led
projects have perpetuated the tradition of leaving the children unschooled and/or dependent on charity and
local perceptions on disability, often resulting in exclusion from skills development and social
participation. The paper reflects on ways of achieving sustained education for all children with (SEN) visà-vis the prevailing socio-political dynamics. It explores the local community resources, as the source of
local synergies and home-grown initiatives that could benefit both ordinary and disadvantaged learners in
their neighborhood schools.
43. Facing ICTs and e-learning environment: An investigation from the graduates
registered in the first batch of e-learners under PanAfrican Tele-Education programs
in Rwanda
By Irénée Ndayambaje,
Faculty of Education,
College of Education
University of Rwanda
Abstract
This study endeavored to highlight the experiences of the first batch of e-learners under Tele-Education
program the courses of which started in September 2009 at former Kigali Institute of Education (KIE).
The researcher adopted a descriptive research design whereby recorded views were analyzed both
qualitatively and quantitatively. In order to attain its objectives, the researcher identified and investigated
17 graduates from the program using structured interview and focus group discussions. The findings
revealed that none of the graduates had previously undertaken an ICT based course or program. Hence,
this learning mode was quite a discovery to all the e-learners. It is this shared novelty of the candidates
and the imperatives of the program that led the candidates to devise strategies to cope with ICTs, the elearning environment itself and managing further responsibilities. Adopted strategies included individual
commitment, teaming, seeking assistance from peer learners and personnel of Tele-Education learning
centre and improving computer skills. In line with the expressed encountered challenges related to
English as a medium of instruction, shortage of time to interact and attempt the assignments, limited
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opportunities to practice acquisitions, the researcher proposed remedial solutions. In addition, areas for
further studies were recommended.
44. The potential of endogenous learning approaches to gender and development studies
in Rwanda
By Simon Asasira Rwabyoma
Centre for Gender Studies,
College of Arts and Social Sciences,
University of Rwanda
Abstract
This paper argues for a middle-inclusive ground within multiple feminist perspectives from which the
potential for the endogenous learning approach to gender and development studies can be grounded.
There is a challenge of developing context-specific approaches to learn from Rwanda’s achievements in
gender and women empowerment. The study used secondary data sources to explore how endogenous
learning is relevant for gender and development studies. We discuss global gender and development
issues, the African and Western feminist discourses, while building a case for an endogenous feminist
analysis that is rooted within an endogenous development paradigm. An analysis of gender inclusive law
making in Rwanda’s parliament and RWAMREC’s MenEngage approach illustrate how Rwanda is using
endogenous approaches to address gender-based violence. The study recommends the decolonizing of
gender studies, building Community-University-Public Partnerships, and endogenous knowledge research
through field-based learning at grass root communities.
45. Towards inclusion? Developing teacher skills for communication with children who
are deaf or hard of hearing in Uganda
By Stackus Okwaput
Faculty of Special Needs and Rehabilitation,
Kyambogo University, Uganda
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore how pre-service teacher trainees in Uganda are prepared in
order to develop skills for communication with children who are deaf or hard of hearing. A qualitative
approach was followed in the study. Data was collected through interviews, focus group discussions, field
observations and document study. The main finding is that trainees have an opportunity to develop skills
for communication with children who are deaf or hard of hearing from practical activities undertaken in
the classroom and during teaching practice. However, these provisions are not sufficient to enable trainees
develop skills for communication with that category of children. The findings imply that education
authorities should enhance practical activities in the curriculum in a way that might enable teacher
trainees to develop skills for communication with children who are deaf or hard of hearing.
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2012
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online),
Volume 28, Series E: Agricultural Sciences, 2012
46. Influence of Bud Position on Mother Stem and Soaking Duration on Sprouting of
Bamboo Cuttings (pp 3-10)
By Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa, Theodore Asiimwe, Jean Gapusi, Amini Mutaganda, Gakwerere
Nkuba, Antoine Nyirigira Ruzindana, David Ntabana, Bizeye Barnabé, Jane Kahia and
Daphrose Gahakwa
Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR), P.O. Box 137, Kigali, Rwanda
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.1
Abstract
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing and highest yielding renewable natural resources with multiple uses
in the world. It is used to make furniture, charcoal, food, control soil erosion and can assist in carbon
sequestration. The increasing rate of tropical deforestation calls for search for alternative natural resources
and the characteristics of bamboo make it a perfect choice. The major constraint in the use of bamboo is
the lack of an efficient propagation method. The objective of this study wase to establish an efficient
propagation method and to evaluate the adaptability of different bamboo varieties, to Nyungwe National
Park (NNP) and the surrounding zones.The trial was conducted in Nyaruguru District, Ruheru Sector
bordering Nyungwe National. Basal, middle and apical cuttings were harvested from three bamboo
species (Bambusa vulgaris, Arundinaria alpina and an unknown native bamboo growing naturally in the
Nyungwe forests).
Results of the trial indicated that the three species were not significantly different in terms of stem
diameter. However, the number of sprouts that emerged from cuttings differed with species: Bambusa
vulgaris producing 22.2 sprouts, Arundinaria alpina 18.1 and the native bamboo producing 15.0 sprouts.
On the other hand, the native bamboo had a mean height of 54.0 cm, while Bambusa vulgaris 36.6 and
Arundinaria alpina had 30.8 cm..The soaking treatments did not have significant difference on all the
parameters evaluated. This reproducible protocol opens new prospects for propagation of bamboo and
will go a long way in alleviating the shortage of planting materials and exploiting the enormous potential
of bamboo in Rwanda.
47. Rabbit droppings as an organic fertilizer in earthen ponds, to improve growth and
production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., in Rwanda. (pp 11-38)
By Simon Rukera Tabaro, Onisimo Mutanga, Denis Rugege, and Jean-Claude Micha
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.2
Abstract
Nine earthen ponds of 400 m2 were stocked with mixed sexes of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
(LINNE, 1757) fingerlings of 14g mean weight at a density of 2 fish/m2 and fertilized with fresh dung
dropped directly from rabbits stocked at three different densities: T1: 1 rabbit/are; T2: 2 rabbits/are and
T4: 4 rabbits/are (1are = 100m2 surface area) of pond in hutches suspended above the ponds. After a
culture period of 140 days, an increasing pattern in all nutrients was observed in the three treatments with
only nitrates decreasing with time in all treatments. However, lower concentrations of total nitrogen (TN)
were recorded within ponds receiving droppings from the highest stocking rate of rabbit (T4) but the
difference between treatments was not significant (P<0.05). In addition, similar trends in decreases over
40 | P a g e
time were observed for water transparency, dissolved oxygen (1.41 – 10.48 mg/l) and water daily primary
productivity (178.01 – 426.82 mg C.m-2.d-1). Temperature was higher during the rainy season (20.6 –
27.8°C) than in the dry season (19.6 – 24.4°C) with significantly higher afternoon pH compared to the
morning. Fish masses at harvest and fish net-production were higher in ponds fertilized by the largest
number of rabbits (T4: 42.32 g & 18.38 kg.are-1.yr-1).
This study showed that the rearing of rabbits over fish ponds establishes a better environment for fish (O.
niloticus) and offers superior hygiene conditions for rabbit production. Although the largest number of
rabbits resulted in the best water quality for O.niloticus production, it is urged that the rabbit load-rate be
optimized in order to obtain a sustainable system of rabbit and fish production.
48. Microsatellite analysis of selected Lablab purpureus genotypes in Kenya. (pp 39-52)
By Shivachi A, Kiplagat K. O., Kinyua G. M.
Correspondence: E-mail: ashivachi2002@yahoo.com
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.3
Abstract
Lablab (Lablab Purpureus) is a legume of high nutritional value and broad social acceptance ranging from
human food to soil fertility improvement to foarge. Information on genetic worth and diversity of lablab
genotypes in Kenya is scanty and this is a great impediment to the improvement of the crop hence its
utilization. This research was conducted to determine genetic diversity in lablab germplasm in Kenya
using SSR primers. Thirteen genotypes comprising of collections from farmers and gene bank were
planted in individual lines in the green house at Chepkoilel University College. CTAB DNA extraction
from two weeks old leaves was done followed by PCR amplification using twenty one primer sets from
common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and products separated on agarose gel. Four primers showed
diversity in lablab, mapping a total of 14 amplicons with an average of 3.5 bands per primer. Clustering
by UPGMA and PCoA showed similarity between genotypes grown by farmers and gene bank
accessions. Genetic distance computed using Popgene ranged between 0.000 and 0.620, suggesting
narrow variability among the materials. The genetic base of cultivated lablab is relatively narrow and
needs to be expanded.
49. Vermicompost as a component in potting mixes for growth promotion in ornamental
plants (pp 53-63)
By Alphonsine Kenyangi1 and Wim Blok2
1
National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, Biological
Farming Systems Group, 2Wageningen University, Netherlands
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.4
Abstract
Vermicomposts are very important in crop production as they contain biologically active substances such
as plant growth regulators. Two experiments were carried out at Wageningen University in 2007 to
determine the effectiveness of vermicompost in uptake of nutrients by plants. In the first experiment,
seeds of water-cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were germinated using
different concentrations of Indole Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid then, extracts of vermicompost, green
waste compost, and course peat with different dilutions. In the second experiment, root initiation in
mungbean cuttings was assessed at different concentrations of Indole Acetic Acid and different dilutions
of the compost extracts. Increased concentrations of Indole Acetic Acid depressed root growth in
watercress and mungbean, whereas increased Gibberellic Acid concentrations promoted shoot growth in
lettuce. Compost extracts positively? influenced root and shoot growth in the three plant species
especially without any dilution. In lettuce shoot and root length increased with decrease in dilutions of
compost extracts; in watercress, root length increased more than shoot length in all dilutions; while root
initiation in mungbean increased with increase in dilutions apart from peat extract. Peat extract was most
effective on root initiation in mungbean while vermicompost was most effective in both lettuce and
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watercress root/shoot length formation. Results from this study suggest that vermicompost, green waste
compost and peat may contain plant growth regulators. The effects of compost extracts on plant growth
and development were attributed to plant growth hormones produced by microbial activity during
compost and peat formation.
50. Agroforestry practice in villages surrounding Nyamure former refugee camp, Nyanza
District: tree species and purpose (pp 64-75)
By Nduwamungu Jean and Munyanziza Hesron
National University of Rwanda
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.5
Abstract
An assessment of fuel wood situation and the contribution of agroforestry and woodlot resources to the
supply of household fuel wood requirements were carried out in ten villages surrounding Nyamure former
refugee camp, Nyanza District in the Southern Province. A total of 158 households were surveyed in
February 2008. Surveyed households were selected randomly from village registries or lists of existing
households. Semi-structured questionnaires and participant observation methods were used to collect
primary data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Out of the
158 households surveyed, 94% of respondents were farmers. Ninety six percent of respondents used
primarily firewood and 68% had improved firewood stoves. Thirty six percent owned small woodlots
whereas 70% had either planted or retained trees on their farms. The dominant agroforestry tree species
was Grevillea robusta (69%) whereas Eucalyptus sp. dominated woodlots (100%). The major purposes of
planting or retaining trees were: fuel wood supply (49%), building material (48.1%), food (31.7%) and
soil conservation (35.6%). Despite all reforestation efforts, there was shortage of wood products and
farmers often switched to crop residues for fuel (almost 47% of respondents) and often walked long
distances (almost 13% of respondents walked more than 2 hours in search of fuel wood) to the remnant
pockets of public woodlands. Therefore, there is need for joint management of public forest lands.
Furthermore, given the land shortage, efforts should be directed to agroforestry and more efficient
agricultural technologies.
51. Comparative study of effects of table sugar, laboratory grade sucrose and mannitol on
growth of banana plantlets under in vitro conditions. (pp 76-83)
Rukundo Placide, Ulinzwenimana Clément, Uwase Fraçoise and, Ahishakiye Védaste
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.6
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate effects of table sugar, laboratory grade sucrose and mannitol on
growth of banana plantlets under in vitro conditions. Plantlets of banana of Injogo variety were grown on
Murashige and Skoog (premixed) basal medium with vitamins (4.4g x l-1) supplemented with 1µM
benzylaminopurine and 1µM indole acetic acid. The experiment was executed in two phases. In the first
phase, 30g x l-1 of laboratory grade sucrose, table sucrose and mannitol was used with no sugar as a
control treatment. In the second phase of the experiment, the quantity of carbohydrates was reduced to
15g x l-1. Data on growth rate and fresh weigh gain was collected. After four weeks, plants grown on the
culture medium with laboratory grade sucrose showed consistently higher growth rate and more gain in
fresh weight (2.395 and 1.039g respectively for 30 and 15g of sugar per litre of culture medium) as
compared to the other treatments (1.397, 0.110 and 0.373g for 30g of sugar per litre of culture medium,
and 0.767, 0.355 and 0.638g for 15g of sugar per litre of culture medium, respectively for the table sugar,
mannitol and control). The plantlets grown on the culture medium with mannitol showed the lowest gain
of fresh weight. This indicates that mannitol is a poor source on energy for banana plantlets. This study
indicated a possibility of replacing the laboratory grade sucrose by the table sugar without significant loss
in quality and growth so as to reduce the production cost of in vitro plantlets of banana.
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52. Performance Of Irish Potato Varieties Under Aeroponic Conditions In Rwanda (pp 8494)
By J. Masengesho, j.c. Nshimiyimana, n. Senkesha, p. Y. K. Sallah
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.7
Abstract
Productivity of Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) is constrained primarily by use of low quality seeds in
Rwanda. Many field multiplication generations of vegetatively propagated basic seed result in build-up of
seed-borne diseases and subsequent dissemination to new fields. Using soil-less media is an alternative to
reduce soil borne disease infections in production of vegetatively propagated planting materials. The
objective of this study was to determine the adaptability and optimum plant density of potato varieties
under aeroponics production system. Two commercial potato varieties (Kinigi and Kigega) were
evaluated in an aeroponics greenhouse at 14, 17 and 21 plants per m2 using a split-plot design with four
replications at RAB-Musanze station in 2010/2011. Plant densities were assigned to main-plots and
varieties were in the sub-plots. Nitrogen, P, P, Ca, Mg and other micronutrients were supplied to plants by
way of a mist nebulizer in an enclosed environment. Analyses of variance showed highly significant
(p<0.01) differences between the two varieties for plant height, number of nodes at nine and eleven
weeks after transplanting, days to maturity and tubers per plant. Plant density and variety × density
interaction effects were not significant (p˃0.05) for any of these parameters. Plants in Kinigi variety were
about 50% taller at 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after transplanting; developed 2.5 more nodes per plant, matured
49 days earlier, and produced 29 more mini-tubers than Kigega. The data showed that (i) Kinigi variety
was more adapted and productive in the aeroponics environment than Kigega. (ii) plant population
density had no significant influence on productivity of the two varieties in the system, and (iii) response
under aeroponics conditions is cultivar dependent in potato and requires testing more varieties to select
the most adapted for production in the system.
53. Biotechnology for Improving Food Security in Rwanda (pp 95-105)
By Daphrose Gahakwa, Theodore Asiimwe, Ntizo Senkensha, Jöelle Kajuga, Placide Rukundo,
Esperance Munganyinka and Jane Kahia
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v28i1.8
Abstract
About 200 Million people in the world suffer from hunger. The United Nations (2007) estimates that the
world population will reach 8.1 Billion people by 2030. Meeting global food requirements will
necessitate increasing food production by 50%. The most attractive strategy to meet this challenge is to
increase smallholder agricultural productivity. This strategy will not only increase food supply, it will
also increase smallholder incomes, reduce malnutrition and improve livelihoods of the poor.
Biotechnology has the potential to increase the world’s food output and reduce food insecurity. Plant
biotechnology offers a wide scope of possibilities for increasing productivity, diversification and
development of a more sustainable agriculture. This technology includes biopesticide production, plant
tissue culture techniques, and the use of advanced molecular biology techniques for plant transformation,
genomic analysis coupled with breeding and plant disease diagnoses. Agricultural biotechnology will
contribute to food security through technologies that improve yield and quality and can easily be adopted
by small scale farmers. The technology should, therefore, be simple, low cost and have little risk to
humans and the environment. Tissue culture offers such kind of technology. This communication
discusses the status of tissue culture research In Rwanda and how modern biotechnology has led to
increased productivity and food security in some developing countries.
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54. Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 27,
Series C, 2012 : Mathematical Sciences, Engineering and Technology
55. Simulation of a Shielded Thermocouple (Pages 3-11)
By Fredrik Berntsson , Fidèle Ndahayo, Yves Nyalihama and,
Jean Marie Vianney Munyeshyaka
Linköping University, S-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
National University of Rwanda, Box 117, Butare, Rwanda.
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.1
Abstract
A shielded thermocouple is a measurement device used for monitoring the temperature in chemically, or
mechanically, hostile environments. The sensitive parts of the thermocouple are protected by a shielding
layer. In this work we use numerical methods to study the accuracy and dynamic properties of a shielded
thermocouple design. Also, we show that by formulating and solving an appropriate inverse problem, we
can significantly reduce the errors in the measurement process.
56. Static Equilibrium Configurations of Charged Metallic Bodies (Pages 12-21)
By Joseph Nzabanita, National University of Rwanda
Magnus Herberthson, Linköping University,
Bengt Ove Turesson, Linköping University,
Froduald Minani, National University of Rwanda,
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.2
Abstract
When charged particles are placed on an uncharged metallic body, the charged particles redistribute
themselves along the surface of the body until they reach a point or a configuration that no net tangential
force is experienced on each particle. That point is referred to as electrostatic equilibrium configuration or
simply as static equilibrium configuration. One of the properties which a metallic body possesses at static
equilibrium configuration is among others that the distribution of charges is such that the potential energy
is minimized. In this paper we developed a simple numerical scheme to determine the static equilibrium
configuration of charged metallic bodies by minimizing the potential energy function. The method
developed has some advantages; it combines the general theory and the physical meanings nested in the
mathematical model and this has a positive implication on the computational aspect. For numerical
simulations we considered the case of ellipsoids. Numerical solutions were produced, presented and
discussed.
57. A Conceptual Model for Remote Data Acquisition Using SMSLib Software. Case study:
Kivu Lake Water Level (pages 22-31)
By Cesar Niyomugabo, National University of Rwanda, Dpt of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Célestin Twizere, National University of Rwanda, Dpt of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.3
Abstract
This paper presents a design of a remote lake-water-level measurement data acquisition system via UMTS
network. The system accomplishes the function of data processing and transmitting by the use of SMSlib
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software and a java application developed. A tree layer system is designed to achieve this work: a mobile
station layer, UMTS network layer and a sensing part layer. The system is more flexible than using server
based network.
From a mobile phone, via a UMTS network layer an SMs is sent to a computer (PC) on which a pressure
sensor is immersed in water and connected on other terminal. Then the computer replies to the request
using an SMs after processing information about the level of water received from the sensor.
As a low cost, good and high performance and easy maintainable data acquisition system based on
SMSlib software , this type of data acquisition system can be applied not only in the fields of hydrological
processes, but also in fields like civil engineering and in some more industrial requirements solutions.
58. Climate Change and Hydropower Challenges In Southern Africa (32-43)
By J. P. M. Mulumba1, T. J. O. Afullo2 and N. Ijumba3
1
School of Environmental Science, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
2
School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Kwazulu Natal,
Durban, South Africa
3
University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.4
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to address climate change impacts that challenge hydropower production and
distribution in southern Africa. Change in temperature and precipitations due to climate change will affect
rivers catchments runoff as well as hydropower dams and transmission lines in southern Africa.
Evidences of these changes are being experienced on hydropower line failure in a few parts of the sub
region. Since hydropower constitutes a clean and reliable energy, Africa has an imperious obligation to
maximize its production and distribution in order to satisfy the increasing demand, and therefore meet the
millennium development goals. Data and information from previous works undertaken on this topic have
been compiled. Analysis and discussion of available information have been carried out through
environmental perspective and scientific knowledge underpinning climate change and its impacts on the
global geosphere and biosphere. Although increase in precipitations could be profitable to hydropower by
more running water availability, extreme events including flood, siltration and strong winds, coupled with
flashover (effect due to high concentration of air pollutants in ambient air), could raise the probability to
see hydropower system being dramatically affected. The lowering of catchment capacity due to a large
amount of sediments accumulation and the decline in energy generation by lack of sufficient water runoff
are foreseeable problems. Thus a quick move towards adaptation measures as well as their effective
implementation would constitute a significant benchmark for the maximization of hydropower generation
capacity and consequently satisfying the ever growing energy demand for sustainable economic
development in southern Africa.
59. Integrating ICT in Agriculture for Knowledge-Based Economy (pp 44-56)
By Punitha Lakshmi Balraj and Ms. S.M. Pavalam
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.5
Abstract
Rwanda with its embrace to knowledge-based economy, having nearly 80% of agriculture –based
livelihoods, demands the integration of ICT knowledge with agriculture. Already projects such as
Agriculture Management Information System (AMIS), and e-Soko (which means electronic marketing) –
which provides farmers with the price decision making tools enlightens the path to socio-economic
development through agriculture. This paper explores the impact of these systems by analyzing the data
collected from Executives (initiators of the Project), Service Providers (Medium Level who helps to
realize the project) and farmers (ultimate stakeholders).The bottlenecks identified were ICT illiteracy
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among farmers, non-availability of relevant and localized content, lack of awareness about the technology
and lack of willingness to embrace the technology at the side of farmers, The technical bottlenecks were
the contents of the website that are static and needs to be changed as an interactive one and the
localization of contents of the website. Having explored all the bottlenecks, necessary infrastructure and
technology accessibility, the possible factors for enhancing the technology usage are recommended.
60. Deploying Affordable and Available Telecommunications Infrastructure for the
Education Sector in The Gambia (pp 57-62)
By Dembo Ibrahim Sankareh,
Dr. Adronis Niyonkuru,
Dr. Felix K. Akorli
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.6
Abstract
This paper focuses on key challenges impeding the deployment of Internet Connectivity to Schools,
implementation of ICT in education and provision of requisite ICT tools to enhance delivery and quality
of education in The Gambia. Given the fact that implementation of submarine cable and landing station
for The Gambia(Africa Coast to Europe -ACE) is at advanced stage and implementation of National Fibre
Optic Backbone infrastructure is ongoing, leveraging these two major telecommunications projects to
address the telecommunications needs of educational institutions is also looked into.
61. Air Pollution Tracking using PDEs (pp 63-69)
By Marie Emmanuel Ntigura Habingabwa1 and Fidèle Ndahayo2 and Fredrik Berntsson3
1
Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center, Kigali, Rwanda
2
National University of Rwanda,
3
Linköping University, Sweden
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v27i1.7
Abstract
In this paper we use the convection-diffusion equation to model the transport of pollutant material
through the atmosphere. Such models have a wide range of applications such as predicting the
environmental impact from new polluting industrial plants.
In our study we solve the convection-diffusion equation in a two dimensional setting using the CrankNicholson method. For our application it is important that the numerical scheme be positive.
The developed numerical model is used to predict the distribution of pollutant material for a few example
scenarios. We also discuss the influence of external model parameters such as diffusion coefficient, drift
velocity and chemical activity, on the results.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944
(Online), Volume 26, Series B: Social Sciences, 2012
62. A Spatial Analysis of Poverty in Kigali, Rwanda, using indicators of household
living standard (pp 3-22)
By Felicia O. Akinyemi and Florent Bigirimana, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.1
Abstract
This study examines the poverty pattern occurring in Kigali through the use of spatial analysis techniques.
It seeks to further decipher the underlying factors contributing to the emerging pattern of poverty. These
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kinds of information are useful to the Kigali administration as input into devising appropriate poverty
reduction strategy for the city. Household living standard is examined using data from the Integrated
Living Condition survey (EICV: Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de vie des ménages) conducted by
the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda in 2000-2001. It was meant to measure household
expenditures, consumption and income, as well as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the
population. Four poverty dimensions were employed in the analysis of urban poverty in Kigali, namely:
expenditure, health, education, and services. The influence exerted by each dimension on the overall
poverty level is examined. Several indices were computed such as the poverty headcount, poverty gap and
a composite household living standard index. Looking at the example of the poverty headcount index,
three distinct regions of poverty incident can be deciphered. In the first region with the highest poverty
incident, the number of poor is between 32-78%. These are the extreme southern and north-western part
of Kigali comprising of south Kicukiro, south Gikondo and south Butamwa districts and the northwestern part of Gisozi District. The second region of medium poverty incident has between 12-32% of its
population poor. These are the north of Gisozi, eastern part of Kanombe, northern portions of Kicukiro,
Gikondo and Butamwa districts. The third region of low poverty incident has between 4-12% of its
population poor. This region consists mainly of Kacyiru, Kanombe, Nyarugenge, the northern parts of
Nyamirambo and Gikondo districts, and the south of Gisozi district. The poverty pattern shows a clear
urban and rural dichotomy.
63. Trade, Standards and Vertical Coordination: Evidence from the Rwandan Coffee
Sector (pp 23-41).
By Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.2
Abstract
This paper explores the impact on small farmers of several recent investments in the Rwandan coffee
supply chain. The purpose of the investments was to modernize the coffee value chain and to promote the
production of speciality coffee. A research team surveyed 254 small farmers and 16 washing stations to
measure the level of participation of farmers in the modern speciality coffee supply chain and with
exporters companies. We found that farmers participating in the speciality coffee value chain received a
higher price for their coffee beans compared to those who produce in the value chain of standard quality.
Additionally, we demonstrated that farmers’ membership of a cooperative positively affected the
probability of his/her participation in the speciality coffee value chain. Contrary to other studies, no a
significant effect of other farm and household characteristics on the farmers’ involvement in the modern
supply chain.
64. The Gospel of Foreign Aid: A Theoretical Note (pp 42-67)
By Vincent Byusa
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.3
Abstract
After handing out more than USD 1 trillion in aid packages – including charitable giving – to Africa over
the last fifty years, only few countries are registering modestly improved Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
growth and are making some headway in reducing poverty. But for many sub-Saharan African countries,
GDP growth remains insufficient to establish the momentum they need to exit from profound poverty.
Worse still, in many cases, poverty is deepening. Understanding this reality is the hallmark of successful
aid for both donors and the world’s poorest countries.
The aim of this paper is not primarily to ask whether or not aid works, or in which cases it does, but to
contribute to a much needed process of understanding of foreign aid as an idea invented to overcome the
problem of the poor. This requires a research strategy that develops theoretical /analytical frameworks
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that capture the complexity of Western and current Chinese generosity, namely the underlying
motivation, rational and objectives.
Drawing on the vast literature on foreign aid, the essay explains how the idea was framed, and how it has
manifested itself in contemporary debates as a new type and more complex instrument of foreign policy
and economic development. The paper demonstrates a great degree of continuity in the policy concerns of
the aid discourse from the Antiquity to Modern era where development assistance becomes a state
responsibility, and politically organized as a balancing act between donor/receiver relationships and
partnership. The paper concludes that, histori-cally, charity, poor-relief, foreign aid, development
assistance – whatever it may be called – has served a multitude of objectives in order to address specific
policy concerns of each period. Whether at its best or at its worst, foreign aid is here to stay as poverty
still grips over a billion of world population.
65. The Role of Non-farm Household Enterprises in Poverty Reduction, Employment
Creation and Economic Growth in Rwanda (pp 68-92)
By Pamela Abbott, Ivan Murenzi and Serge Musana
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.4
Abstract
In this paper we consider the role that household enterprises play in Rwanda in terms of poverty
reduction, employment creation and economic growth. We argue that household enterprises play a
significant role in poverty reduction and providing non-farm employment. We suggest that household
enterprises range from subsidiary income generating activities to owner operated businesses. We also
identify three types of household enterprises: survivalist, steady employment and entrepreneurial. We
conclude that their major role is in reducing poverty and providing employment. Their role in economic
growth is by increasing the spending power of the operators, thereby increasing demand in the economy
through the multiplier effect. Few, however, will create employment by growing into micro or small
enterprises.
66. The Contribution of Women Organizations to the Economic Empowerment of
Craftswomen: Case Study of The National Association of Women Organizations in
Uganda (Nawou) (pp 93-102)
By Mukamana Liberata, National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.5
Abstract
The economic empowerment of women has been argued by many as a prerequisite for sustainable
development, pro-poor growth and the achievement of all the Millennium Development Goals. That is
why a number of development practitioners are now adopting strategies aiming at empowering poor
women by focusing on sectors that employ more women than men such as craft business in Uganda.
Theories have revealed that promoting craft business will help poor women to transform their economic,
social and political status in their respective families and communities. Inspired by the framework of
Sarah Longwe on different levels of women empowerment, this study investigates the extent to which
women organizations empower craftswomen economically using a case study of National Association of
Women Organizations in Uganda (NAWOU). This research was done with data collected in July 2011 on
different groups of craftswomen working with NAWOU and operating in Kampala and Mpigi districts.
The researcher examined the nature and scope of women’s craft activities in women organizations, the
ability of craftswomen to utilize the opportunities provided by women organizations and the extent of
economic empowerment of craftswomen. The results suggested that different services has been offered to
craftswomen and these include training in product development and fair pricing, facilitating access to
local and international market, training in marketing and business management, training in FAL,
leadership and self-confidence, etc. All these services have strengthened the contribution of craftswomen
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to cash income in their respective family which have allowed them to acquire some productive resources
and to improve their socio-political positions both at the household and community levels. However, the
research has found out that gender role imbalances in some families hinder married women to perform
well their career as some of their time which could be devoted to craft activities is spent in household
chores.
67. Socio-Economic Impacts of Rain Water Harvesting Technologies in Rwanda: A case
study of Nyaruguru District, Southern Province (pp 103-115)
By Alfred R. Bizoza and Gloria Umutoni
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.6
Abstract
This study was carried out in Nyaruguru District, Southern Province of Rwanda. The aim is to assess the
socio-economic impacts of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) technologies established in the above research
area. Results from the analysis postulate that there is not yet significant effects of already established Rain
Water Harvesting Technologies on socio-economic conditions of sample households. However, the study
reveals greater willingness of sample households for ownership and maintenance of established RWH
technologies. Lack of economic capacity to materialize such willingness remains a challenge to be
addressed by both the government and other development officials in the research area.
68. The effects of credit policy on bank performance: Evidence from selected Rwandan
Commercial banks (pp 116-119)
By Vincent Byusa & David Nkusi
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.7
Abstract
The post Genocide Rwanda’s financial sector has changed drastically, and banks’ soundness and
performance has considerably improved since 2005. Further liberalization of financial sector has
facilitated development of a capital market and non-banking financial institutions with entry of new
private and foreign banks. Yet, the collective performance of the banking sector in helping the country to
achieve its economic growth objectives remains an unexamined aspect. The aim of this paper is to
investigate the effects of credit policy on bank performance using data on selected Commercial Banks.
Using a triangulation of methods such as quantitative data collection, questionnaire, and review of the
existing literature, the paper evaluates the banking sector performance: its deepening over time,
profitability, and efficiency in the light of post-liberalisation policies.
The results obtained indicate that the Rwanda’s commercial banks are getting vibrant. They tend to
increase their accounts, to attract more customers and ameliorate their financial indices, thereby
maximizing their profits. However, inadequate competition in the banking system has led to high spreads.
Banks have unusually high and increasing average interest rate spreads and interest rate margins showing
both highly poor competition and inefficiency. Bad debts still exist though declining and therefore banks
should continue to improve their lending policies. The findings imply that Rwanda can accelerate its
economic growth by improving its financial systems and vice versa.
69. The Role of Remittance in Development: The Case of Rwandan Diaspora’ Remittances
(pp 120-132)
By Jules M. RUBYUTSA
National University of Rwanda
Department of Political & administrative Sciences
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.8
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Abstract
Remittances and development are progressively becoming inseparable areas. In other words, remittances
are increasingly associated with development factors. This is because money transferred by the Diaspora
to their native country is contributing to improving the living conditions of beneficiaries as well as the
economic growth of the recipient country. This paper examines the contribution of remittances from
Rwandan Diaspora to the national development of the country. The results revealed that the amount of
money remitted during the four years assessed i.e. from 2006 to 2009 is an important contribution to the
national income which exerts a positive impact on consumption and production as money circulates in
various sectors. The rationale for remittances included health care issues and education; building houses;
improvement of family life, i.e. poverty reduction; investment in business; purchasing animals and other
important items. Findings further indicated that the problems faced during the process of transferring
money were transaction costs, foreign exchange costs, taxation on remittances, and restrictive legislations
in the host country.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944
(Online), Volume 25, Series D: Life Sciences and Natural
Sciences, 2012
70. Assessment of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and Fe) in the groundwater wells
in the vicinity of Nyanza Municipal Solid waste in Kigali City- Rwanda (pp 3-21)
By H. Nsengimana, B. Bigirimana, M. Suwa, A. Mukubwa, W. Debruyn and N. Kalisa
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.1
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of Nyanza Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumping
site on groundwater. As many groundwater resources are contaminated by dumping sites that are poorly
managed, the equally poorly managed Nyanza MSW dumping site in Kigali could have impact on people
depending on groundwater for their daily activities.
Leachate samples were taken at the edge of the waste bulk and groundwater samples were collected from
the wells located in the vicinity of the dumping site. Sampling was done in dry and wet season using PE
bottles. Heavy metals analysis was done using flame atomic absorption method.
The analytical results of leachates samples (Pb: 4.5-8.5 mg/L, Cd: 0.20-0.75 mg/L, Cr: 16.8-5.7 mg/L,
Cu: 0.8-2.8 mg/L, Fe: 39.2-130.2 mg/L) showed that heavy metals are leached out from the MSW. The
analytical results of groundwater from the wells located in the vicinity of Nyanza MSW dumping site (Pb:
0.25- 0.86 mg/L, Cd: 0- 0.02 mg/L, Cr: 0-2.68 mg/L, Cu: 0.02-0.12 mg/L, Fe: 0.12-0.76 mg/L) compared
to the groundwater from the Masaka well located far away from the site (Pb: 2.24 mg/L, Cd: 0.00 mg/L,
Cr: 0.04 mg/L, Cu: 0.08 mg/L, Fe: 0.14 mg/L), revealed that groundwater from the wells located in the
vicinity of Nyanza MSW dumping site requires further physical chemical treatment to ensure their
suitability for human consumption as the levels of some water quality parameters exceeded the WHO
guidelines for drinking water.
Further analysis are needed with inclusion of hydrogeochemical of the area as very low concentration of
heavy metals in interest were found in one of the well situated in the vicinity of Nyanza MSW dumping
site. Therefore, Nyanza MSW dumping site might not be the only pollutant source for groundwater in this
region.
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71. Potentiometric determination of Tantalum content in ores using an ion selective
membrane electrode (pages 22-33)
By Kalisa Nyirimbibi, Usanzineza Denise, Uwamariya Valentine, Sekomo Christian
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.2
Abstract
In this paper, a method for determination of tantalum in ores by direct potentiometry using an ion
selective membrane electrode sensitive to the ion TaF6- has been proposed. After checking the Nernstian
behavior of the electrode in the presence of TaF6-, the influence of NbF6- concentration on the
determination of tantalum was also investigated. Potentiometric measurements on synthetic solutions of
TaF6- in the concentration range from 10-3 to 10-5 mol.l-1 were performed in the presence of 10-3 mol.l1 of NbF6- as interferering ions. From the results recorded, it appeared that the response of the electrode
deviate to the Nernstian behavior when TaF6- concentration is less or equal to 5×10-5 mol.l-1
corresponding to a concentration of NbF6- at least twenty times greater than that of TaF6-. Using the
standard addition method, it was observed that the ion NbF6- is no longer interferering with TaF6- on the
entire range of concentration of TaF6- investigated. The accuracy of the method conducted on a series of
potentiometric measurements was about 1%. The technique developed has then been applied to the
determination of tantalum in samples of Colombo-tantalite from various region of Rwanda.
72. Understanding Informal Urban Land Market Functioning in Peri-urban Areas of
Secondary Towns of Rwanda: Case Study of Tumba Sector, Butare Town (pp 34-51)
By Twarabamenye Emmanuel and Nyandwi Emmanuel
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.3
Abstract
Since mid-1970s, a great number of rural-urban migrants are converging towards Kigali, the capital of
Rwanda, and secondary towns, putting strain on land, especially of urban fringes. This is the case of
Tumba Sector, a suburb of Butare Town, which attracts many people searching land for various uses. The
purpose of this paper is to analyse the land market process in Tumba Sector. Data used in this paper
were collected through desk study, survey and from non-structured interview held with the Tumba Land
Bureau Officer. Findings revealed land-owned was acquired through informal purchase and land sellers
were mainly native people who acquired land through inheritance. Size of land to be sold is frequently
fixed unilaterally by the seller. Land demarcation is done with indigenous plants. Land price is negotiable
and varies greatly based on the land size and its specific location and is higher than the reference land
price. Land right transfer is evidenced by a simple “sale contract”. All informal land purchases are not
reported to the Land Bureau though the process is very easy, clear and cheap. Land buyers are primarily
local tradespeople, and secondarily civil servants. Great involvement of tradespeople in land purchase and
high price suggest that there is land speculation in the area. Though informal land market benefits to the
land seller and the buyer, it can be detrimental the client. Informal land market develops as a response to
the failure of formal land provision which leads people not to apply to Huye District/Tumba Sector for
land provision. Therefore it is important for the District and the Sector be empowered to be land provider
and enforce rules and the law governing land, especially in peri-urban areas.
73. Assessment of heavy metals leachability from traditional clay pots “inkono”and “ibibindi”
used as food contact materials (pp 52-65)
By Hermogène Nsengimana, Alexis Munyentwali, Protais Muhayimana, and
Théoneste Muhizi
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.4
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Abstract
The clay pots may transfer ones of their constituents into foodstuffs when they are coated with glazes
which are said to contain heavy metals like Pb and Cd. This study was conducted to determine if
traditional clay pots (unglazed) can also behave the same way.
Leachate from the clay raw pulp material was initially analysed for heavy metals determination followed
by assessment of heavy metals leached from the final product “clay pot”. Leaching tests were conducted
using acetic acid 4 % and juice from foodstuffs mostly cooked or brewed in clay pots (beans, tomatoes,
carrots and banana juice). The concentrations of heavy metals in leachates were determined by flame
atomic absorption spectrometry.
By cooking beans in clay pots, the concentrations in leachates were in ranges of 0.385-2.692, 3.6543.846, 470.000-682.692 and 1.731-1.923 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, Fe and Zn respectively while during cooking
tomato-carrot sauce in these clay pots, these concentrations were found in ranges of 0.000-0.192, 1.7313.076, 1023.077-2005.769 and 0.000-1.923 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, Fe and Zn respecetively. By brewing
banana liquor in these clay pots, the concentrations in leachates were respectively evaluated in ranges of
0.224-1.092, 0.000-0.196, 37.676-57.990 and 0.000-2.204 mg/L for Pb, Cd, Fe and Zn.
Results of this study showed that Pb, Cd and Fe were transferred in considerable amounts which exceeded
the safe limits in food established by WHO. As heavy metals are toxic in trace concentrations, due to
bioaccumulation, traditional clay pots constitute a public health hazard when used as food contact
material. However, as the geochemical properties of clay are different from regions to region and the
techniques of making them differ, further studies should be undertaken to check the leachability of these
heavy metals from different type of pots.
74. Theoretical study of properties of Cs2Cl+, CsCl2−, Cs3Cl2+, and Cs2Cl3− ions: Effect of
Basis set and Computation Method (66-85)
By J. B. Hishamunda, C. Girabawe, T. P. Pogrebnaya, and A. M. Pogrebnoi
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.5
Abstract
Theoretical study of properties of Cs2Cl+, CsCl2−, Cs3Cl2+ and Cs2Cl3− ions has been performed using
the density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) and the second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory
(MP2). Two triple-zeta basis sets, the midsized B1 and the extended one B2, have been used. Equilibrium
structure, vibrational spectra, energies and enthalpies of dissociation reactions of the ions have been
found. The effect of the basis set size and the computation method on the results has been analyzed. The
MP2 method with the extended basis B2 set was accepted as the more accurate among the others. For the
triatomic ions Cs2Cl+ and CsCl2−, the equilibrium structure has been found to be linear. For the
pentaatomic ions, three isomeric forms were considered. The most abundant isomer in saturated vapor
was found to be the angular V-shaped of C2v symmetry for Cs3Cl2+ and the linear of D∞h symmetry for
Cs2Cl3−. Thermodynamic functions of the ions were computed and applied to the treatment of
experimental mass spectrometric data. Enthalpies of formation ∆fHº(0 K) were determined (in kJ/mol):
51 ± 4 (Cs2Cl+), −622 ± 3 (CsCl2−), −301 ± 8 (Cs3Cl2+), −975 ± 6 (Cs2Cl3−).
75. Land Tenure Security in Informal Settlements of Kigali City. Case study in Muhima
Sector (pp 86-100)
By Bizimana Jean Pierre, Mugiraneza Theodomir, Twarabamenye Emmanuel and Mukeshimana
Marie Rose
National University of Rwanda
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.6
Abstract
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Rapid urbanization of Kigali City is a direct consequence of increasing development of informal
settlements in the city. This research sought to identify challenges related to land tenure systems in
informal settlements, analyze problems related to lack of land ownership, assess existing planning
policies, and suggest alternatives for coping with highlighted problems using Muhima sector as a case
study. Desk study was used for scrutinizing existing policy documents on urban development in Rwanda.
Primary data were collected by field observation, households’ survey by questionnaire and structured
interview with local authorities. Cluster area sampling was used to determine sample cells and out of
seven cells of Muhima Sector, three cells were randomly selected. Sample size was composed of 60
households picked up proportionally to the number of households in sampled cells. Findings revealed that
majority (71%) of households hold land in informal arrangements where land rights are not recognized in
public land registry. Informal land market was a key characteristic in the sector as most of plots were
acquired through informal purchase. Hence, land is not an instrument for economic development in the
sector because it cannot be used as collateral in financial transactions. It was observed that 60% of
respondents have never requested for bank loans because of lack of documents for land ownership, and
land is given at low values during expropriation for urban redevelopment. Land is not properly
demarcated and registered, and boundary conflicts are frequent, occurring at 35% of land conflicts in the
sector. Due to distortion of land market, local authorities and landowners do not have common
understanding in transferring de facto land rights through purchase and selling. There is a need to speed
up land tenure regularization and formalization in urban informal settlements.
76. Some physico-chemical characteristics of ground water in Rwanda (pp 101-109)
By H. Nsengimana, F. Masengesho, D. Kalisa Nyirimbibi
National University of Rwanda
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v25i1.7
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the quality of groundwater from different regions in Rwanda.
Around 40 samples from springs, boreholes and wells were analyzed from 2004 to 2009. Apart from the
in situ analysis of temperature, pH, conductivity and TDS using multimeter, conductimeter and pH-meter;
nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus compounds), fluorides and chlorides were analyzed by UVSpectrophotometer while heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were analyzed by Atomic
Absorption Spectrometer. The results were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard
for drinking water.
It was found that 69.4% for pH, 74.07% for conductivity, 5.5 % for the total hardness, 23.8% for TDS of
the samples were above the WHO limits. The nutrients results showed that 9.09% for nitrates, 43.33%
nitrites of samples exceeded the recommended. The heavy metals concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn
levels) in some of the samples were found to be above the guidelines of WHO with 8% for Fe, 39% for
Cr, 69.7% for Mn, 60% for Pb, 56% for Cd and 3.3% for Cu.
These results indicated different levels of pollution in groundwater of Rwanda. A detailed study looking
at different plausible pollution sources should be conducted in order to validate the results and advice on
environmental protection of this precious source of drinking water.
Rwanda journal of Health Sciences, ISSN 2226-728X, Vol 1 No1, 2012
77. Analysis of Cost Impact of HIV/AIDS on Health Service Provision in Nine Regions,
Tanzania: Methodological Challenges and Lessons for Policy
Godfrey M. Mubyazi1*, Aziza J. Mwisongo1, Emmanuel A. Makundi1, Kisali Pallangyo2, Hamisi
M. Malebo1, Jonathan M. Mshana1, Kesheni P. Senkoro1, William N. Kisinza1, Yahya Ipuge3,
Phillip Hiza4, Stephen M Magesa1, Andrew Y. Kitua1 & Mwele N. Malecela1
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1
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, National Institute for Medical Research,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
2
Muhimbili University College of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)
3
Department of Hospital Services, Ministry of Health Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,
4
Independent Consultant and retired Chief Medical Officer (CMO), Ministry of Health, Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania
Abstract
Background: Tanzania is one of African countries that have since 1983 been facing the human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) pandemic, thereby, drawing
attention to the general public, the governmental and non-governmental organizations and government’s
partner development agencies. Due to few socio- economic studies done so far to evaluate the impact this
pandemic, a study was designed and undertaken in 2001 to analyse how this disease had impacted on
health service provision in Tanzania from a cost perspective.
Methods: The study involved a review of health service management information documents at selected
health facilities in nine regions within mainland Tanzania, interviews with health service workers (HWs)
at selected health facilities and health managers at district and regional levels as well as focus group
discussions with people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA).
Findings: We noted that on average, HIV/AIDS caused 72% of all the deaths recorded at the study
hospitals. The health management information system (HMIS) missed some data in relation to HIV/AIDS
services, including the costs of such services which limited the investigators’ ability to determine the
actual costs impact. Using their experience, health managers and HWs reported substantial amounts of
funds, labour time, supplies and other resources to have been spent on HIV/AIDS preventive and curative
services. The frontline HWs reported to face a problem of identifying the PLWA among those who
presented multiple illness conditions at HF levels which means sometimes the services given to such
people could not be separated for easy costing from services delivered to other categories of the patients.
Such respondents and their superiors (i.e. Health managers) testified that PLWA were being screened and
receiving treatment. HWs were concerned with spending much time on counselling PLWA, attending
home-based care, sick-leaves and funeral ceremonies either after their relatives or co-staff have died of
AIDS, lowering time for delivering services to other patients. HWs together with their superiors at district
and regional levels reported increasing shortages of essential supplies, office-working space and other
facilities at HF levels, although actual costs of such items were not documented.
Conclusion: The cost impact of HIV/AIDS to the health sector is undoubtedly high even though it is not
easy to establish the cost of each service delivered to PLWA in Tanzania. As adopted in the present study,
designers of methods for analyzing impacts of diseases like this should consider a mixture of both
quantitative and qualitative techniques. Meanwhile concerted measures are needed to improve health
service record keeping so as enhancing data usability for research and rational management decisionmaking purposes.
78. Maltreatment of Youth Heads of Households in Rwanda
Joseph Ntaganira, MD, PhD1*, Lisanne Brown, PhD2, Nancy B. Mock, PhD2
1
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National University of Rwanda, School of
Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda,
2
Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2200, New Orleans, LA 70112
Abstract
Background: In Rwanda, the combined effects of the 1994 genocide and the spread of AIDS have
resulted in large numbers of orphans. Many of these are not only orphans but also youth heads of
households (YHH). Orphans and YHH are particularly vulnerable to maltreatment because of
marginalization from the community. The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the prevalence
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of maltreatment among YHH after a two year follow-up by age and gender; (b) assess the association
between certain behavioral, contextual, and socio-demographic factors and maltreatment; and (c)
determine predictors of maltreatment in that community.
Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 692 YHH, aged 10-24, in Gikongoro, Rwanda, all beneficiaries of a
World Vision basic needs program. In addition, four gender-mixed focus groups with youth with a total
of 32 participants and nine gender-mixed focus groups with adults from the community with a total 61
participants were held.
Results: The findings reveal that the prevalence of maltreatment is very high, with 71.5% of YHH selfreporting at least one type of abuse and 88% reporting having land or possessions taken or damaged.
Focus group discussions identified four primary factors representing a source for violence and
exploitation of YHH and results from the regression analysis showed that factors indicating community
connectedness and children’s externalizing behaviors were the most salient predictors of positive
treatment or maltreatment of YHH. Additionally, because of the support they had received from World
Vision Program, the YHH are perceived as “better-off” or “rich” by some members of the community and
this jealousy contributes in the mistreatment of orphans. Survey results are consistent with this assertion
as almost 78 % of YHH reported that people were jealous of the services they were receiving.
Conclusion: These findings provide new information on the issues surrounding the maltreatment of
orphans in a poor, rural setting in Rwanda. Although the results should be regarded as primarily
exploratory suggestive for further studies, they call for urgent need to address such a serious problem. The
findings also suggest the importance of considering any new programs for orphans and YHH in the
context of the wider community so as not to inadvertently add to their problems by creating resentment in
the surrounding community.
79. Review-Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease
Ongol Martin Patrick, PhD*
Department of Food Science and Technology, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology
Abstract
The genera, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used by humans in production of fermented foods since
time immemorial and in some ancient communities; consumption of LAB fermented foods products was
associated with improved health. Currently there is a keen scientific interest in developed countries on
health benefits obtained due to consumption of fermented food products. LAB has been shown to
ameliorate immune-mediated health complications such as allergy, atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, oraltolerance, cancer and inflammatory bowl diseases. Studies have also shown that consumption of LAB
fermented food products can lead to control of cardio-vascular diseases and improvement of mental
health. Prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea, reduction in lactose intolerance, production of
conjugated linoliec acid, breakdown of phytic (an inhibitor of mineral absorption in the intestine) acids
and improvement of gut- microbial balance have also been linked with increased consumption of LAB
fermented foods. Besides, the enormous benefits of consuming LAB fermented food products, there are
very few studies conducted to determine the efficacy of traditionally fermented African food products. If
conducted such studies may lead to prevention/control of several health complications, reduction in health
costs and improved income and livelihoods of communities producing such foods.
80. Review-Rhetoric and Reality of Community Participation in Health Planning, Resource
Allocation and Service Delivery: a Review of the Reviews, Primary Publications and Grey
Literature
81. Godfrey M. Mubyazi1 and Guy Hutton2
1
National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) Department of Health Systems and Policy
Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,
2
Swiss Tropical Institute (STI), University of Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Introduction: This paper synthesises reports on community participation (CP) concept and its
practicability in countries’ health service systems, much focus being on developing countries.
Methodology: We narratively reviewed the published and grey literature traced from electronic sources
and hard copies as much as they could be accessed.
Findings: CP is a concept widely promoted, but few projects/ programmes have demonstrated its
practicability in different countries. In many countries, communities are partially involved in one or
several stages of project cycles - priority setting, resource allocation, service management, project
implementation and evaluation. There is tendency of informing communities to implement the decisions
that have already been passed by elites or politicians. In most of the project/programmes, professionals
dominate the decision making processes by downgrading the non-professionals or non-technical people’s
knowledge and skills. CP concept is greatly misinterpreted and sometimes confused with community
involvement. In some cases, the community participates in passive manner. There is no common
approach to translate CP into practice and this perpetuates debates on how and to what extent to which the
community members should participate.
Conclusion: Persistent misconceptions about CP perpetuate inequalities in many countries’ health
systems, suggesting more concerted measures towards making a desired difference.
82. Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control
Nzabuheraheza F.D1, Katima J.H.Y2, Njau K.N2 , Kayombo S2, and Niyigena N.A3
1
Professor of Biotechnology at INES-Ruhengeri
2
Professor of Chemical Processes at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) Faculty of
Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
3
Mrs.Anathalie Niyigena Nyiramugwera, Computer Scientist, photography officer and MSc
Candidate at the Kabale University in Uganda.
Abstract
Performance of a Dynamic Roughing Filter (DRF) coupled with a Horizontal Subsurface Flow
Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) in the treatment of a wastewater was studied in tropical conditions. The
results show that in HSSFCW planted with Cyperus papyrus and Phragmites mauritianus in series, the
removal rates of TDS, TSS, COD and BOD5were 72.07%, 80.01%, 81.22% and 78.37%, respectively,
while in the second HSSFCW planted with Cyperus papyrus only, the removal rates were 71.00%,
79.00%, 73.76 and 75.78%, respectively. HSSFCW planted with mixed macrophytes, performed better
than a HSSFCW planted with single macrophyte. This was attributed to synergetic effects of Cyperus
horizontal roots and Phragmites vertical plant roots weaved and entangled in cell 1 providing a good filter
mat and a better bacterial attachment. Thus the use of two macrophytes planted in series was recognized
to be responsible for better performance of HSSFCW cell 1 in pollutants removal from wastewater.
Rwandan Journal of Education, ISSN Print: 2227 – 9148, ISSN Online: 2312 –
9239, First Issue - Year of Publication 2012
83. Job factors related to employees’ persistence in work-related activities in Kigali Institute of
Education
Chantal D. Kabanda1,
Elizabeth M. Role2,
Lazarus N. Makewa3,
Claver Ndahayo4
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1Kigali Institute of Education; 2University of Eastern Africa, Baraton;3University of Eastern
Africa; Baraton, 4Adventist University of Central Africa, Rwanda
Abstract
Rwanda has established a “Vision 2020” framework for its development goals, and considers its
population as its fundamental resource for achieving it. However, the country is still suffering from a
serious lack of competent personnel. One behavior of incompetent personnel is lack of persistence in
work-related activities which might be related to job factors. The purpose of the present study was to
explore this relationship in Kigali Institute of Education (KIE). A correlation research design was used
and the null hypothesis was tested on a sample of 151 respondents from a population of 318 employees in
KIE. One of the major findings was that there is a significant relationship between employees’ persistence
and job factors (supervisory support and coaching, task design and organizational culture). KIE leaders
should use this opportunity to increase their efforts with regard to employees’ persistence while at the
same time increasing the related stated job factors.
84. Kinyafranglais as a newly created “language” in Rwanda: Will it hamper the promotion of
the language of instruction at Kigali Institute of Education?
Cyprien Niyomugabo,
Faculty of Arts and Languages,
Kigali Institute of Education (KIE)
Abstract
The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda (2003) recognizes Kinyarwanda as the National Language,
and Official Languages as Kinyarwanda, French and English (Art 5). However, it does not specify exactly
how these languages ought to be used in de facto practice. At Kigali Institute of Education (KIE), the use
of the three languages has given birth to a new “language” often coined as “Kinyafranglais” for its
combination of the three. The KIE community has however perceived this new language differently.
Some perceive it as having a negative impact on the promotion of languages of instruction and on quality
of teaching and learning, while others understand it from linguistic and pedagogical perspectives as a
legitimate linguistic tool. The aim of the present article therefore, is to examine how members of the KIE
community understand and perceive “Kinyafranglais” and its impact in the teaching learning process,
whether positive or negative. It also highlights the potential contribution of Applied Linguistics in helping
to understand this linguistic phenomenon and its context within KIE community’s academic activities.
85. Views on physical punishments in education
Damien Mulinga Mbikyo,
Faculty of Education
Kigali Institute of Education (KIE)
Abstract
Being a review of a previous work, the present article attempts to demonstrate the extent to which a range
of educators express their wish that the practice of physical punishments continue, although it was
contested and forbidden by many education stakeholders since the previous decades. Through analysis of
different declarations and findings from different researchers, the paper reveals and points to the views
of parents and teachers to the use of physical punishments, and their vehement opposition to national laws
forbidding it. Findings presented in this article indicate that children have also supported the use of
physical punishments. The aim of this article is to find out whether Rwandan education stakeholders share
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or not the same views towards the use of physical punishment as corrective measures in home and
schools.
86. From the “trapped language” to the hybridized language: an educational dilemma in
teaching Kinyarwanda
Eugene Nsanzabiga,
Faculty of Arts & Languages
Kigali Institute of Education (KIE)
Abstract
Kinyarwanda - the language of Rwanda - appears to be one of the world’s most complex and possibly
richest, but increasingly endangered by foreign influences. The language complex features, are
particularly associated with the multiplicity of its morphemes and their agglutination to form its words (or
sentences), as well as its extra-ordinary lexical variability and expressivity. Conversely, its richness seems
to be increasingly overshadowed by a culture of language simplification and hybridization that affect key
aspects of the language, which might be stemming from cultural crossbreeding that the Rwandan society
has been undergoing for some years. The diversity of languages spoken by Rwandese who returned to
their homeland after many years of exile in other linguistic cultures for example, colors, influences or
hybridizes the standard Kinyarwanda. The present article argues therefore, that hybridization of the
language has educational implications, and educators are often confronted by many unanswered questions
that may include: ‘‘What is the standard Kinyarwanda?’’, “To what extent can the foreign influences and
related dilemma be tolerated during the learning and teaching process?’’ and, “How can educators deal
with these?’’ The article attempts to explore the basis of these key questions, and basing on the findings
of research conducted in the field of education including non-formal education, it sounds a wakeup call to
all teacher trainers, especially those of Kigali Institute of Education, to reflect on their profession and
their roles in shaping the future generation of the country - Rwanda.
87. Drama as a Cross-Curricula teaching method
Mugumya R. Amooti,
Faculty of Arts and Languages
Kigali Institute of Education (KIE)
Abstract
Drama, by nature is endowed with pedagogical attributes. Besides the other values, drama is also an
instrument of instruction. On the basis of the available literature, dramatic techniques like role-play,
impersonation, miming and dramatization are very effective teaching methods. Various scholars have
acknowledged the fact that these dramatic techniques are appropriate teaching methods across the
curriculum. The practical elements of drama, as well as its close link with human activity do always draw
in the learners’ attention whenever used to illustrate most academic concepts. Using dramatic techniques
breaks the stereo-type monotony associated with the teacher – centered approaches. Therefore, it could be
of great benefit if all teacher-trainees were compulsorily introduced to using drama in class as a unit in the
“General Teaching Methods”.
.
88. The plight of non-native English-speaking teachers of languages in the teaching profession:
a case of African teachers of English
Olive Phionah Nabukeera,
Faculty of Arts and Languages,
Kigali Institute of Education (KIE)
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Abstract
Although the current corpus of English Language Teaching [ELT] literature acknowledges the fact that
being a successful and effective English Language teacher goes beyond one’s linguistic heritage as a
native speaker of the language, Non-Native English Speakers (NNES) still face marginalization in regard
to their professional credibility and proficiency as English Language teachers. While studies on this issue
have predominantly focused on the plight of teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in many
countries, there has been limited research on balanced bilingual teachers of English in African countries –
such as Uganda and Rwanda who, in fact, are native speakers of more than one language. This paper aims
at reviewing the recent literature on the plight of non-native English speakers teaching English language
as a profession. It intends to specifically highlight the issues faced by teachers of English who may not
necessarily fit snugly into the Native and Non-Native dichotomy. Relevant research on job
marginalization, accents, and student’s perceptions will be discussed.
89. A study on the socioeconomic conditions of teachers in Primary and Secondary Public
schools in Rwanda: case study of Bugesera, Nyarugenge and Ruhango Districts
Wenceslas Nzabalirwa1 and Ildephonse Nkiliye2
1
Kigali Institute of Education, Kigali;
2
Catholic Institute of Kabgayi, Muhanga
Abstract
The present study investigates the socioeconomic problems faced by teachers in public primary and
secondary schools, and looks into ways their living and working conditions could be improved. The
guiding research question of the study is: “to what extent is the profession of teaching in Rwanda
recognized as a pillar of sustainable development, are the teachers’ living conditions decent enough as a
key contributor to development?” the merging findings are quite significant and meaningful: Despite the
law stating that any civil servant is entitled to annual appraisals and promotions for example, over 90% of
teachers surveyed had neither been appraised nor promoted in the last three years. Their working
conditions are still significantly below average standard public employees; their salaries are not sufficient
to cover the essential needs to the extent that most of the teachers consume their salaries within a week,
and find themselves in a situation of perpetual debt. Despite tremendous efforts made by the government
of Rwanda to improve teachers’ living conditions, they still complain that their salaries should be
harmonized to those of other civil servants.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume
24, Series E: Agricultural Sciences, 2011
90. Antibacterial activity assessment of different crude extracts obtained from the leaves of
Caesalpinia decapitala grown in Rwanda (pp 7-14)
By Théoneste Muhizi, Jean Paul Sinumvayo, Jean Baptiste Nkurunziza, Stéphane Grelier,
Véronique Coma
Abstract
In this study, both crude extracts and essential oils extracted from Ceasalpinia decapitala leaves have been
chemically analysed and their biological activity evaluated. Phyto-chemical screening showed that leaves
of this plant contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Coupled gas chromatography/mass
-pinene
-ocymene (31.6%), caryphyllene (7.5%) and geraniol (5.9%).
The evaluation of antibacterial activity of different organic crude extracts, against the growth of
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus showed that only
methanol crude extract is active against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella
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thyphimurium. After further analysis of this active extract, it was found that tannins could be responsible
of this antibacterial activity. All bacteria tested in this study were sensible to essential oil extracted from
Ceasalpinia decapitala leaves.
91. Utilization of Cassava Leaves as a Vegetable in Rwanda (pp 15-27)
By M.G. Umuhozariho, N.B. Shayo, J.M. Msuya1 and P.Y.K. Sallah
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
2
Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves is an important vegetable in Rwanda. The objectives of this
study were to determine cassava species from which leaves are harvested as vegetable and identify leaf
preparation methods, consumption rate, price variation, storability and perception of post-harvest losses.
A pre-tested structured questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was administered to stratified
groups of cassava leaves producers and consumers in four purposively selected sectors of Ruhango
District and retailers in the main markets of Ruhango and Kigali city. In total, 171 respondents were
interviewed from 11 to 26 August 2011. Cassava leaves are highly consumed in Ruhango District as 96.0
% of families harvested leaves for food. On average, 17.5 % of farmers sell cassava leaves that are
retailed in markets of towns and cities including Kigali City. Sweet (Manihot dulcis), bitter (Manihot
utilissima) and wild (Manihot glaziovii) are the cassava species from which leaves are consumed as
vegetable, but the leaves of wild cassava are preferred by 66.0 % of consumers. Prices of cassava leaves
varied significantly (p=0.0182) according to season with higher prices in the dry than rainy season. Prices
of leaves at farm gate and retail levels were highly different (p= 0.0016), averaging 32 and 65 Frw by
bunch in the rainy season, respectively. Despite the high consumption and trade of cassava leaves, postharvest losses were high, especially in the rainy season. Cassava leaves were mainly cooked fresh, but
15.4 % of households processed leaves by sun drying. The storage period was extended to two months by
sun-drying. In each case and, prior to cooking, cassava leaves were pounded. Cassava leaves are
considered as a favourite and nutritive vegetable and technologies to improve storability, value and trade
are needed. Assessment of effects of processing on nutritional quality and safety is also important.
92. Optimization of an Integrated Rabbit-Fish-Rice System for Sustainable Production in
Rwanda
Rukera Tabaro S.1,2, O. Mutanga2, and J.-C Micha3
1,2
National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production
2
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Faculty of Sciences and Agriculture, School of Environmental
Sciences, Centre for Environment, Agriculture & Development, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa;
3
University of Namur-Belgium, Department of Biology, Research Unit in Environmental Biology
Abstract
An innovative integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) system, suitable for resource-poor rural farmers,
was proposed and tried at the Rwasave fish farming and research station – National university of Rwanda
(SPIR-NUR). The system’s components were rabbits, fish (Nile tilapia), and rice: the integrated rabbit–
fish–rice (IRFR) system. The research aimed at contributing to Rwanda government’s goals of eradicating
extreme poverty and hunger, enhancing food security as well as abating environmental degradation. After
a series of experiments consisting of the rearing of rabbits at various densities over fish ponds and the reuse of pond effluent to fertilise rice fields, the study revealed the following: rabbit adapted well in the
conditions of wetlands, the density of 800 to 1200 rabbits per ha of ponds was found to be the optimum
for sustaining the integrated system, and rabbit droppings contributed 27% N and 79% P of the total
nutrient nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizing input in fishponds, the major source being on-farm
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resources. The integrated system showed higher economic returns than both rice monoculture and ricefish system. It was concluded from this study that the IRFR system works well and can be promoted for
optimum resources use, better income generation, and environmental friendly productions.
93. Cattle manure management in Rwanda – A case of Girinka cow beneficiaries in the district
of Ngoma (pp 39-48)
By Sung Kyu KIM, Kevin TIESSEN, Arlyne BEECHE, Jeannette MUKANKURUNZIZA, and
Aloys KAMATARI
Abstract
Girinka – or the “one-cow per poor family” program – is currently being promoted as a poverty reduction
strategy in Rwanda. One potential benefit of the program is the possibility to improve soil fertility
through the collection and application of cow manure. No research, however, has been conducted to date
to assess the effectiveness of manure usage amongst the Girinka cow beneficiaries in the country. To
address this, a comprehensive study was conducted in the Ngoma district to assess current levels of
manure knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among Girinka beneficiaries. Preliminary results
suggest that >90% of Girinka beneficiaries are using manure, and beneficiaries positively attributed
increased yields and improved soil fertility to manure use. However, beneficiaries were not consistently
using recommended manure management practices, siting lack of manure handling and transporting tools,
distance to fields, and poor construction of cow sheds (particularly the roofing) as key limiting factors.
We recommend stronger emphasis on manure usage during Girinka trainings and future research to
determine the best manure management practices for one-cow farm systems to maximize the potential
benefits of manure application for Girinka farmers in Rwanda.
94. Micro-Propagation of Disease Resistant Cassava Variety in Rwanda (pp 49-57)
By Isidore Mushiyimana, Emmanuel Hakizimana, Gervais Gashaka, Peter Yao Kanze Sallah,
Safia Kalisa, Felix Gatunzi, Theodore Asiimwe, Jane Kahia and Daphrose Gahakwa
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and has about 100 species. In Rwanda,
it plays a key role as food security and income generating crop. It is described as “classic food security
crop” because it offers the advantage of a harvest even in situations of erratic rainfall and infertile soils.
Cassava is a major staple food in Rwanda but production has been drastically declining in the last decade
due mainly to diseases, pests and lack of disease resistant varieties. Among the major diseases, viral
diseases are the most important in tropical Africa and Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) is the most
damaging, causing over 50% yield loss and threatening the livelihoods of farmers. Recently, the Rwanda
Agriculture Board (RAB) acquired some elite cassava varieties that are resistant to Cassava Mosaic
Disease (CMD) and CBSD. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient, rapid tissue culture
protocol for propagating the elite varieties. Nodal explants harvested from in vitro–grown plantlets were
cultured on different Murashige and Skoog (MS) formulations. In a separate trial, full, half and onequarter MS media were supplemented with 5, 10, 20 and 40 µM/l Giberellic acid (GA3). The Tukey test
showed that there were highly (p=0.0027) significant differences among the different GA3 levels for
shoot elongation in cassava. The best regeneration media was full MS media supplemented with 40 µM/l
GA3 that gave the highest mean shoot length of 8.93 ± 2.67 mm. Plantlets were successfully transferred
to sterile soil mixture (soil: sand: manure in the ratio of 3:2:1) and acclimatized in the greenhouse. The
new protocol developed in this research will enhance rapid production of high quality cassava planting
materials for increased food security in Rwanda.
95. In vitro Plant Regeneration of Cyphomandra betacea through Nodal Culture (pp 58-66)
By Bancy Waweru, Rodrigue Ishimwe, Joëlle Kajuga, Boniface Kagiraneza, Peter Yao Kanze
Sallah, Vedaste Ahishakiye, Safia Kalisa, Theodore Asiimwe, Jane Kahia and Daphrose
Gahakwa
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Abstract
Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) is commonly known as tamarillo or tree tomato. This species is mainly used
for its edible fruits which have a high nutritional value and contain relatively high amounts of vitamins
B6, C, E and provitamin A. The cultivation of tamarillo in Rwanda is facing major challenges caused
mainly by viral diseases like tamarillo mosaic virus (TaMV). These pathogens are difficult to control and
are transferred by vegetative propagation, often resulting in heavy productivity losses and poor quality
fruits. The conventional methods of propagating Tamarillo are both slow and inefficient. This study was
conducted to develop an efficient, rapid propagation protocol for C. betacea through in vitro nodal
culture. The effect of phytohormones on bud break and subsequent microshoot proliferation from nodal
explants was evaluated. The nodal explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented
with different concentrations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 2- isopentenyl adenine (2iP) and kinetin as
well as 100 mg/l myo-inositol 3% sucrose and gelled with 0.3% gelrite. The Tukey test showed that there
were highly (p=0.001) significant differences among the different cytokinin levels for microshoot
elongation in tamarillo. Although, microshoots developed in all the media evaluated, BAP at 40 μM/l was
the most effective in inducing bud break and multiple shoots. This media induced multiple shoots at an
average rate of 1.42±0.34 shoots per node and the highest shoot length of 39.25±9.05mm after 35 days in
culture. The microshoots were able to root without addition of an exogenous auxin and the plantlets
successfully hardened in the greenhouse. The study has developed a very simple one step regeneration
protocol which can be adopted to mass propagate Tamarillo. This reproducible protocol opens new
prospects for massive propagation of tamarillo and will go a long way in alleviating the shortage of
tamarillo disease-free planting materials in Rwanda.
96. In Vitro Propagation of Vanilla in Rwanda (pp 68-74)
By Isidore Mushimiyimana, Theodore Asiimwe, Cassilde Dusabe, Felix Gatunzi, Jerome
Ndahimana, Vedaste Ahishakiye, Jane Kahia and Daphrose Gahakwa
Abstract
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is an herbaceous, perennial, climbing orchid belonging to the family
Orchidaceae and order Orchidales. Vanilla is a high value export crop and it is cultivated for its beans that
contain sweet scent, aroma and pleasant flavor, mainly due to the presence of vanillin. It is used as
flavoring substance in several items such as chocolates, ice-creams, yoghurts, soft drinks, liquors,
candies, baked foods, cakes, and biscuits. It is also used in scenting tobacco, perfumery and
pharmaceuticals. Vanilla is the second most expensive spice after saffron and its demand worldwide is
enormous. It is often referred to as “green gold” or “princess of spices”. This crop can be profitably
grown in some parts of Rwanda and currently it is being grown by a small number of farmers in Eastern
Province. However, lack of adequate planting materials remains the major bottleneck in exploiting its
potential in Rwanda. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of growth regulators on in vitro
regeneration of plantlets from vanilla nodal explants. Nodal explants harvested from screen house grown
vanilla vines were sterilized and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 100 mg/l
inositol. 20 µM/l argine, 3% sucrose and gelled with 0.3 % Phytagel. The cultures were incubated in a
growth room maintained at 26º C and 16 hours photoperiod. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there
were highly (p=0.001) significant differences among the two cytokinin levels for microshoot elongation
in vanilla. The two cytokinins tested induced bud break to different degrees. Among the different growth
regulators evaluated, BAP (benzylaminopurine) at 2.5 µM/l gave the highest mean shoot number at
1.21±0.80 and the highest shoot length with 3.34±1.61cm. The regenerated plantlets were successfully
transferred to soil and acclimatized in the greenhouse. The protocol developed in this study is a
significant advance on those previously reported for vanilla due to its efficiency and reproducibility and is
a major step towards large scale vanilla production in Rwanda.
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Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume
23, Series C: Mathematical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2011
97. Application of Nonparametric Methods in Studying Energy Consumption (pp 7-20)
By Levi Mbugua, Peter Mwita, Samuel Mwalili
Abstract
Consumer behaviour towards different forms of energy varies over time. The variance can be so large that
the quality of the estimation functional relationship between the response variable and its associated
explanatory variables is seriously affected. To attenuate this, kernel smoothing a nonparametric regression
approach is proposed. This approach offers a powerful tool in modelling and adapts to various types of
designs. The aim of this study is to produce a reasonable model that defines the structural change of a
stationary time series which exhibits volatility over time. The explanatory variable used is the lagged
values of the series. To study the effects at the tails, the quantiles are proposed. This model is functional
in examining the characteristics of peak hour electricity consumption in Kenya. It is found that the mean
peak consumption is a decreasing function of the lagged time and that the more extreme the peak
consumption, the higher the volatility. This model provides insights on routine shift time energy
consumption modelling.
98. Local Thermal Insulating Materials For Thermal Energy Storage (Ppp 21-29)
By G. Ayugi, E.J.K.B. Banda, F.M. D’Ujanga
Abstract
Thermal insulation is one of the most important components of a thermal energy storage system. In this
paper the thermal properties of selected potential local materials which can be used for high temperature
insulation are presented. Thermal properties of seven different samples were measured. Samples consisted
of: clay, kaolin, ash, banana fibres, sugarcane fibres, sawdust and charcoal dust. The thermal properties
measured were, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity.
The Quick thermal conductivity meter (QTM-500) was used to measure thermal conductivity at room
temperature (approximately 25oC). Thermal diffusivity was determined using the Transient heat pulse
technique and the specific heat capacity was calculated using the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity
and density of the samples.
The effect of particle size and compaction pressure on the thermal conductivity of the selected samples is
also presented.
99. An Optimal Design Model for New Water Distribution Networks in Kigali City (pp 30-41)
By Oreste HAGENIMANA and Verdiana Grace MASANJA
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the problem of optimizing the distribution of water in Kigali City at a
minimum cost. The mathematical formulation is a Linear Programming Problem (LPP) which involves
the design of a new network of water distribution considering the cost in the form of unit price of pipes,
the hydraulic gradient and the loss of pressure. The objective function minimizes the cost of the network
which is computed as the sum of the initial cost of the individual pipes. The model is solved using the
Simplex algorithm which is implemented by the Linear Interactive and Discrete Optimizer (LINDO)
using data from a sample network in Kigali. The optimal solutions show that the cost is reduced
compared to the cost of the sampled existing networks of Kigali city.
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100. Phase change material selection for small scale solar energy storage systems (pp 42-55)
1
Weyers S.J., 1Sebitosi AB. 2Okou R.
1
Center for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch Matieland
7600 Rep. of South Africa
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 Rep. of South
Afica
Abstract
This paper focuses on choosing an appropriate phase change material for latent heat storing systems that
can store excess energy of a small scale solar thermal power plant suitable for distributed or off grid
power supply. Most commercially available thermal storage materials cater for Mega Watt scale power
plants operated by utilities and hardly any attention has been paid to small-to-medium consummer scale
power generation.
Latent heat storage systems have the capability to act as storage media in current industries utilising
thermal energy. The development and implementation of latent heat thermal storage systems within the
industrial and residential sectors could lead to extensive energy and cost savings. Latent heat storage
systems are comprised of two main sections including the development of a suitable heat exchanger and
the selection of a substance to store thermal energy. The study undertaken is intended for applications
with operating temperatures ranging from 100 oC – 140oC.
The evaluation process used to select the best material included a variety of facets that was compiled by
analysing the whole life cycle of the material. These aspects comprise of the economical validity,
sustainability, and material properties of a substance. The results of this study prove that latent heat
storage system have the capability to serve as suitable thermal energy storage systems.
101. Low-Power Floating-Turbine Generation System for Small Rural Communities (pp
56-69)
Jean Marie Vianney Bikorimana
Electrical and Electronic Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, National University of
Rwanda
Abstract
The use of a floating turbine, a low-power hydraulic turbine which transforms the kinetic energy of water
into mechanical energy using the same principles as those for producing wind power, can potentially help
to produce electrical energy in some areas near rivers. This paper addresses the relation between the wind
and floating turbines, presents a theoretical analysis of a floating turbine power generation system, shows
the system simulation in MatlabTM/simulink environment and illustrates the feasibilities of the proposed
ideas by presenting experimental results on a scaled-down prototype.
102. Productivity and Energy Expenditure by Sawyers When Using Pitsawing and Portable
Steel Log Sawing Platforms in Agroforestry Farms (pp 70-79)
F. Rurangwa, G.A. Migunga, A.E. Kweka and E. Mauya
Sokoine University of Agriculture,
Abstract
Although the future increase in timber supply in many countries is expected to come from agroforestry
farms, the problem of on farm timber sawing, physical strain on sawyers caused by “Pitsawing” have to
be addressed in order to increase the timber sawing productivity. This study was designed to analyze the
productivity and energy expenditure by sawyers when using Pitsawing platforms (PSP) and Portable Steel
Log Sawing Platforms (PLSP) in agroforestry farms.The study was conducted in South Kilimanjaro in
Kiruweni and Nduweni villages. Data on energy expenditure were obtained through heart rate
measurement by using heart rate monitor. Productivity data of both Pitsawing and Portable log sawing
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platforms were obtained through time studies by using stop watch. Microsoft Excel spread sheet was used
for data analysis. Results indicated that when using PLSP site preparation production rates increased from
0.1 m3 per hour observed under PSP to 2.9 m3/h.The skidding production rate when using PSP technique
was 3.5 m3/h while when using PLSP, the production rate was 11.9 m3/h. Loading productivity improved
from 4.97 m3/h when using PSP to7.27 m3/h when using PLSP. Sawing productivity improved from
0.055 m3/h when using PSP to 0.057 m3/h and the Energy Expenditure (EE) for the same work element
was 12.69 kJ/min and 12.4 kJ/min respectively. During pit/structure assembling, PLSP reduced the
energy expenditure from 14.05 kJ/min to 2.61 kJ/min and the physical workload were classified as unduly
heavy and light respectively. For the skidding work element PLSP minimized the energy expenditure
from 5.88 kJ/min to 4.48 kJ/min, the same to loading work element, the EE decreased from 5.20 kJ/min to
3.55 kJ/min. Therefore, based on overall results it is concluded that, the PLSP is technically more
appropriate technology or method for reducing energy expenditure and for increasing productivity during
timber harvesting in agroforestry farms.
103. Feasibility Study on Solar lighting for Poverty Alleviation in Rural Communities in
Southern Tanzania (pp 80-92)
By Amini. Kweka1, Fatihiya Massawe1, Sam Wambura2 and Djouna Mignouna1
1
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
2
International Child Support, Meatu, Tanzania
Abstract
This study was commissioned to assess the practicality of disseminating solar home lighting systems
to remote rural villages in southern Tanzania, to identify specific barriers that may hinder adopting
of such systems by wider communities in rural areas and recommend practical counteractive
measures. The analysis used facts collected from key informants, focus group discussions and
primary household-level data from 200 households in remote rural villages of Lindi and Mtwara
regions. The study explored technical requirements, economic viability, and the policy and planning
issues which may contribute to success or failure of an intervention. It was observed that the
majority of respondents (80%) were enthusiastic towards acquiring solar kits for lighting their
homes, especially those who happen to know these systems and were willing to pay between TAS
5000.00 ($3.3) and 10,000.00 ($ 6.6) as initial deposit to acquire a solar system,. In addition they
were willing to pay TAS 5000 ($ 3.3) every month until the cost of the system is recovered. The
payment is slightly lower than the cost they incur to buy kerosene and torch batteries for lighting.
Despite, the willingness to acquire the lighting systems, it was observed that, success of such an
intervention to large extent rely on availability of secure after sale services. The study could not
identify any intentional government or other stakeholders’ strategies or policy measure to ensure
sustainability of such interventions. Investigation on similar projects implemented in other parts of
the country revealed that, conventional methods of providing aftersales services have had little
success especially when applied to remote rural areas. Therefore the study recommends training of
local people especially women who are deep rooted in the village and are unlikely to migrate from
their villages to urban areas. The training should cover installation, repair, maintenance and spare
parts procurement.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume
22, Series B: Social Sciences, 2011
104. Compelling Factors of Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration in Rwanda (pp 9-26)
By Penine Uwimbabazi
and Ralph Lawrence
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Abstract
This article illustrates the policy intricacies of post-war reconstruction in contemporary Africa. It
specifically examines the often neglected effects of rural-urban migration on urbanization and
development in Rwanda after the genocide of 1994. Given the waves of urbanization caused by refugees
returning to Rwanda, as well as by internal migration precipitated by fear of conflict and insecurity,
grouped settlements termed imidugudu have been introduced by government, as an alternative means of
providing facilities similar to those offered in cities. To be efficient, the imidugudu need to be well
planned and obtain consistent support from the government. However, even if this were forthcoming,
such a solution might not be sufficient to deal with the impact of rural-urban migration on urbanization
and development, despite the overall growth in the economy. Relying upon pre-existing research, this
article analyzes the determinants of rural-urban migration and their consequences for development in
Rwanda. The article calls for further, more-detailed investigation of how rural-urban migration is
affecting the distribution of development; in the course of reconstructing peace and furthering sustainable
economic well-being in Rwandan society.
105. A socio economic analysis of the nature of rural-urban migration dynamics in Rwanda
1960 to 2010 (pp 27-54)
By Herman Musahara
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
In this paper we argue that in the last 5 decades Rwanda has had a unique migration system which defies
the conventional and received wisdom of the rural to urban unidirectional movement. Firstly rural to
urban migration has been a residue of the rural to rural movement either regulated by the government or
as an automatic relief of population pressure in Rwanda. Secondly the rural to urban movement of
population in Rwanda after 1990s has been shaped by the recent events and the legacy of conflict. Thirdly
despite the anomalous nature of migration in Rwanda its socio economic implications to urbanization and
development have not been analyzed. There has been a lack of clear and detailed policy on urbanization
that can mitigate negative consequences of rural to urban migration. Urbanization has been regarded as a
desirable development process for development in Rwanda. While analysis should generally show that to
be true, the social justice and inequality implications of the process in Rwanda have not been empirically
estimated.
The paper will address the following issues; How has process of rural urban migration in Rwanda in the
last 50 years? What has population pressure and land scarcity affected the rural to urban migration and
urbanization in Rwanda? How has a legacy of conflict and events of the late 1990s influenced the rural to
urban migration process and what lessons can be learned for post conflict transitions? What are the
magnitudes of resources allocation and use between rural and urban areas? Are Rwanda’s towns parasitic
on the socio economic benefits and social services delivery in Rwanda? How is the nature of equity
consequences of Rwandan urbanization process? What are the policy implications of the Rwandan
analysis? It is anticipated that the paper will flesh out areas that need more data and policy investigations
and offer lessons to other countries especially those in post conflict transitions. Rwanda’s analysis will
offer lessons to economies and societies that have been experiencing population pressure and resources
scarcity. Methodologically the paper will offer an approach to rural-urban migration that is
multidisciplinary and more comprehensive than the conventional Todaro type models.
106. An Analysis of the Determinants of Rural to Urban Migration Among Rural Youths in
Northern and Western Provinces of Rwanda (pp 55-95)
Edward MUTANDWA, Nathan KANUMA TAREMWA, Placide UWIMANA,
Canisius GAKWANDI and Frank MUGISHA
Abstract
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The problem of rural to urban migration is a relatively old and ubiquitous phenomenon globally.
However, in recent years, it has become a cause of concern at the global, regional and national levels. The
unprecedented levels of urbanization characteristic to most developing countries have resulted in the
movement of people from rural to urban areas subsequently resulting in the emergence of slums and
informal settlements. Like many developing countries, Rwanda has been facing increasing challenges
related to rural to urban migration. It is in this context that the broad objective was to analyze factors that
determine rural youths’ decision to migrate to urban areas in Nyabihu (Western Province) and Burera
(Northern Province).
A combination of non-probability and probability sampling methods were used to select a total of 113 for
inclusion into the survey. Structured questionnaires were used as the principal data collection instruments.
Secondary data was used to complement primary data collected in this study. The study was pillared on
two hypotheses. Firstly, the lower the income an individual, the higher the probability of migrating to
urban areas. Second, the study also postulated that the desire for better employment opportunities explains
the likelihood to migrate.
The results of the study showed that youths who are likely to migrate are predominantly aged between 17
to 22 years, and earn incomes of less than 34129Frw per month, are male, have primary education, are
currently not employed. Youths migrate for a number of reasons which include the need for temporary
and permanent job opportunities, access to social services and infrastructure, as well as schooling
opportunities. Factor analysis showed that there are three factors which are critical in rural to urban
migration and these are availability of social services in rural areas, which is likely to deter youths from
migrating. However, presumed stable jobs in the cities and towns coupled with an inauspicious social
environment in rural areas are likely to give incentive to youths to migrate from rural to urban areas.
The problem of rural to urban migration is a complex issue that requires a comprehensive holistic policy
strategy emphasizing on income diversification to non-agricultural activities, vocational skills, public and
private sector partnerships and management of value chains for effective mainstreaming of disadvantaged
youths into development processes of the country.
107. A study of institutional environment and household food security at local level in Rwanda
(pp 96-128)
By Jose A. MATHAI, Edouard MUSABANGANJI, Celine NIWEMAHORO, Leonidas
BANAMWANA, Martin UWITONZE and Alphonsine MUKAMANA
National University of Rwanda
Abstract:
The study looked into the current scenario of food security in Rwanda. After analysing the national level
institutional and food security scenarios by using available secondary data, the researchers used primary
data that have been collected from a random sample of 200 households spreading over six sectors of the
Huye district by using structured interview schedule, as well using a case study of a rice cooperative in
Huye district. Focus group discussions with all stake holders concerned with food security at local level
enriched the data that we collected by other means. The general conclusion that emerges from the study is
that in order to attain the food security at local level in Rwanda lot more to be done. Among other things,
strengthening existing local institutions like farmer cooperatives, improving agricultural production
technology, diversifying household income sources for better access, and genuine integration of food
security concerns in the district development plans.
The researchers come out with certain policy recommendations that may make the local level food
security more sustainable which includes, among others, the orientation of the households well into the
new modes of agricultural production and planning of household income. The need for much more local
level institutional support in many areas is highlighted. On the whole, the study addressed the concerns of
food access among rural households in Rwanda, and also the much wanted institutional support being
exposed.
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108. Redistributive Land Reform in Rwanda: The impact on Household Food Security (pp
129-156)
By Mrs. Aline Mutabazi
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
In 2007 the country of Rwanda started land reform in Eastern and Northern Provinces with the objective
of providing access to land as a means of livelihood to the landless and reducing inequality in
landholdings in those regions. Based on theory and empirics, this redistribution is expected to have a
positive impact on its beneficiaries particularly on household welfare. To contribute on this important
debate, this study investigates the impact of land redistribution on households’ food security. With data
collected using household survey in July 2009 in Kayonza District, the study assessed the impact by using
Dietary Diversity and Children’s Nutritional Status (Stunting, Underweight and Wasted) as proxies of
Food Security. The results suggested that access to land has increased the number of people with adequate
food quantity compared to the period before they received land. In addition, the results revealed the
improvement in nutrition status of children as the impact of access to land; the number of children
underweight decreased even if many of them are still stunted. This situation is not surprising, because
within 18 months a child can improve in weight but not really in height. However, among the new
landholders there were still a number of individuals whose food intake fell below their minimum dietary
energy requirements. Hence, this study focuses on the complementary policies to make land redistribution
an efficient tool for food security.
Rwanda Journal ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume
21, Series D: Life Sciences & Natural Sciences, 2010
109. External Nutrient Inputs into Lake Kivu: Rivers and Atmospheric Depositions Measured
in Kibuye (pp 5-27)
By Jean Nepomuscene Namugize, Hermogène Nsengimana, Martin schmid, Jean Baptiste
Rulinda
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Quantifying the external nutrients inputs is a key factor for understanding the formation of methane in
Lake Kivu. This tectonic lake located between Rwanda and DRC contains a big quantity of dissolved
gases predominated by carbon dioxide, methane and sulphide. The CH4 is most probably produced in the
lake, mainly in the sediments, from decomposing organic material and by reduction of CO2. The
sediments are carried out into the Lake Kivu which consequently may leads to the high production of
methane from the decomposition of organic matter contained in sediments and biomass. For quantifying
the external nutrient inputs into Lake Kivu, rivers in Kibuye catchment and atmospheric deposition were
analyzed for phosphorus, nitrogen and Silica.
The results found show that a total budget of 276 tN.yr-1 or an areal specific load of 401 kgN.km-2.yr-1of
DIN (ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen), 5 tP.yr-1 or 11 kgP.km-2.yr-1 of SRP, 59 tP.yr-1 or 87
kgP.km-2.yr-1 of TP, 1122 tSi.yr-1 or 2570 kgSi.km-2.yr-1 and 31620 t TSS.yr-1 or 41 tTSS.km-2.yr-1
are deposited into Lake Kivu through rivers in Kibuye Catchment. The contributions of atmospheric
deposition are considerable where about 2176 tN.yr-1 and 1638 tN.yr-1 of DIN respectively for wet
deposition and dry deposition are deposited in Lake Kivu.
It was observed that nitrite nitrogen is negligible in atmospheric deposition and riverine inputs. DSi
predominates in riverine inputs and is negligible in atmospheric deposition. Ammonia nitrogen comes
from atmospheric deposition while nitrate nitrogen comes from riverine nutrient inputs. Considering the
molar ration DSI: DIN: SRP of 10:20:1, the limiting nutrient for the primary productivity in external
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riverine inputs is phosphorus. Since the lake-internal nutrient recycling is about an order of magnitude
larger than the external sources, the recent increase of dissolved methane in Lake Kivu is not generated
only by external nutrient inputs.
110. Nutrient Distribution in a Fish Pond at Rwasave Fish Farming and Research Station,
Rwanda (pp 28-48)
By Christine H. NIYOTWAMBAZA, Innocent NHAPI, Umaru Garba WALI and Simon
RUKERA TABARO
Abstract
This paper reports on the study nutrient distribution in the fish pond carried out at Rwasave at Fish
Farming and Research Station in Butare, Rwanda. The purpose of the study was to determine the nutrient
distribution in a single fishpond supplied by Rwabuye River and fertilized by rabbit dung. Vertical and
horizontal distribution of nutrients in the fishpond was assessed and the nutrient concentrations in the
inflow and outflow of water from the fishpond were determined. Twelve parameters were monitored.
Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity and Transparency were measured
directly in the field. Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Nitrite-Nitrogen, AmmoniumNitrogen and Orthophosphate were measured in the laboratory using different standard analytical
methods. Eight sampling sites were located within the pond, in addition to inflow and outflows. The
sampling was done fortnightly. The water samples were collected at the surface and bottom of the pond.
Samples were taken using a Van Dorn Bottle water sampler and were preserved and stored in cooler
boxes, and later analyzed for nutrients using colorimetric methods. Samples from sediments were taken
using a metallic stick and fish using a fibre mesh. Both sediments and fish samples were analyzed for TN
and TP content.
Statistically, the results indicate that the nutrient concentrations in the pond were higher than those in the
inflow. This is due to the accumulation of nutrients and additions due to rabbit droppings. The TN
averaged 25.43±5.82 mg.l-1 and TP 1.25±0.95 mg.l-1 in the pond, in inflow TN was 25.1±9.1 mg.l-1 and
TP 0.82±0.79 mg.l-1. The average concentration of TN in fish for the two times of sampling was 8.75%
N and 8,827 ppm for TP. In sediment the mean concentrations were 0.2%N and 236.5ppm respectively
for TN and TP. The mean Secchi disk measurement was 26 cm and indicates that water pond was turbid.
The nitrate concentrations show that the pond was exposed to eutrophication. Previously reported figures
also are generally low compared to the results of this study and urgent control is therefore required. It
was observed that there is generally a high level of nutrients in the Rwasave fishpond. It is recommended
that proper nutrient control practices be adopted for avoiding excess nutrients and environmental
pollution.
111. Land policy reform in Rwanda: A Catalyst for Land Information Provision (pp 49-72)
By Théodomir Mugiraneza
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
One among the instruments forland information provision is policy. Since land administration
organizations are not only operating in static environment, but also in dynamic and changing
environment, land policy can also change following the new business opportunities and the aftermaths
can impact on system provision of land related data and information. This research scrutinizes the effects
of new land policy in Rwanda on land related organizational structures and land information provision.
Public land administration organizations were highlighted as case study. Questionnaire, in-depth
interviews and secondary data source were used for collecting data on policy change, induced effects on
organization, and repercussion on land information. Open questions seeking opinions and close questions
seeking intensity or proposing change alternatives were used for deriving facts and views. Respondents
were composed of decision makers and technical/operational staff in the National Land Centre and in the
six sampled district land bureaus. Findings showed that new land policy in Rwanda was resulted in
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changing the existing centralized and scattered land administration organizations into coordinated
organizations with horizontal and vertical integration. Change in policy and organizational structures have
induced change in system provision of land information and triggered land information projects.
Nevertheless, all provisions are in transition phase and pending regulations hinder to attain targeted goals.
Proposed integration is not yet achieved. Regional land offices are still based at national level, and land
registration is spatially centralized. Since district land bureaus are technically under National Land Centre
supervision and administratively depending on district authority, new land policy is conflicting with
decentralization principle from working procedures perspective. Step in geo-ICT application for data
handling was achieved, despite a big gap in technical and skills capabilities. Since new land policy
coincided with decentralization policy, we recommend research on parallel implementation of policies
with some similar dimensions.
112. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and co-morbid depression treatment: A umination
Focused Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy in a randomized controlled trial (pp 73-88)
By Vincent Sezibera
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
The present study replicates results of a previous pilot intervention (Sezibera et al., 2009). The objectives
consist in evaluating the effectiveness of a Rumination Focused Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy
(RFCBT) in treating PTSD and comorbid depression in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted
with young multitraumatized from the 1994 genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda. Participants (N=38) were
randomly assigned to treatment group (n=19) and control group (n=19). Treatment protocol included
exposure monitoring and challenging negative rumination exercises, stress management skills, and social
sharing exercises. Results demonstrate significant decrease in PTSD and depression symptoms in the
treatment group at posttreatment, while no changes were observed in the control group. Improvement in
PTSD is a function of the improvement in rumination, social sharing and loneliness. Regarding
rumination mode, decrease in analytic “WHY” thinking rumination is the best predictor of the
improvement in PTSD. Depression improvement is positively associated with loneliness. The findings
suggest that an intervention affecting rumination mode, lowering loneliness and increasing social sharing
is with beneficial effects on PTSD and comorbid depression symptoms.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume
20, Series C: Mathematical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2010
113. Monthly Wind Characteristics and Wind Energy in Rwanda (pp 6-22)
By Bonfils SAFARI and Jimmy GASORE
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Evaluating wind power potential for a site is indispensable before making any decision for the installation
of wind energy infrastructures and planning for relating projects. This paper presents a branch of a
composite analysis whose objective was to investigate the potential of wind energy resource in Rwanda.
Statistical methods were used to analyze long term time series of monthly daily wind speed measured on
four meteorological stations in Rwanda for the period between 1981 and 1993. The Weibull distribution
was used to model empirical distribution of measured long term monthly average wind speeds. The scale
and shape parameters were estimated using four methods, the least square method, the likelihood method,
the method of moments and the Chi-square method. It was observed that the method used for the
estimates of the probability density of wind speed and giving the best overall fit to the distribution of the
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measured wind data varies from a location to another. However, the energy output calculated using wind
speeds derived from the Chi-square method gave the best overall fit to the empirical distribution of the
wind power density.
114. Kinetic modelling and thermodynamic studies on purification of Polyvinylpyrrolidone by
Adsorption (pp 23-49)
By Umereweneza Daniel, MSc, Ass. Lecturer, National University of Rwanda
Li Sifang, PhD, Professor, Xiamen University, PR China
Abstract
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a highly water soluble polymer, with many technological, engineering and
pharmaceutical applications, obtained by polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone, has been purified by
adsorption onto activated carbon and strong acidic ion-exchange resin using PVP aqueous solution.
Various parameters that can affect the process have been studied such as effect of contact time, effect of
adsorbent dosage, effect of temperature, effect of PVP concentration and effect of NVP initial
concentration. It has been clearly demonstrated that NVP adsorption is affected by all these factors.
Adsorbent capacities have been determined by mathematical fitting of equilibrium data using the most
common isotherms: Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm.
Several kinetic models have been applied to the process. Thermodynamic parameters: △So, △Ho, △Go
and Ea (kJ/mol) have been determined. It was found out that the process follows pseudo-second-order
kinetic model suggesting that the adsorption mechanism might be a chemisorption process;
thermodynamic studies showed that this process is spontaneous and endothermic. These results are very
important in optimization of this purification process.
115. Structuration et nanorhéologie d’un liquide confiné: étude par AFM dynamique (pp 50-65)
By Anastase HAKIZIMANA Abdelhamid MAALI1, et Touria COHEN-BOUHACINA2
1
Université Nationale du Rwanda, Faculté des Sciences
2
CPMOH, Université Bordeaux, France.
Abstract
In this paper, we present two types of experimental results. Firstly presented are very good results
recently obtained within our group (Nanophysics on soft material and biological systems-CPMOHUniversité Bordeaux 1) at the end of a study carried out on octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (C8H26Si4O3)
confined between a plane solid graphite surface and the tip of a commercial Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM), used in dynamic mode tapping. Secondly more recent results of a study undertaken on the
confinement of salted water, by the same technique, on the mica plane surface are analysed.
We show that when the AFM tip approaches the surface, the variation of the amplitude and of the delay of
phase of the detected signal, according to the tip-surface distance, present oscillations. The measurement
of the period of these oscillations provides a value equal to the diameter of the molecule of the confined
liquid.
116. Web geoprocessing services on GML with a fast XML database (pp 66-88)
By Clarisse KAGOYIRE
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Nowadays there exist quite a lot of Spatial Database Infrastructures (SDI) that facilitate the Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) user community in getting access to distributed spatial data through web
technology. However, sometimes the users first have to process available spatial data to obtain the needed
information. The geoprocessing services can be provided over the web using the conventional databases
(such as the relational databases or object-oriented databases) as back-end, though this causes a concrete
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problem of overhead of data conversion. In this research, we proposed an approach to provide the web
geoprocessing services, using an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) database system as back-end and
the Geography Markup Language (GML) as data encoding standard. Currently there is not yet a formal
standard query language for GML, we demonstrate that the XML Query (XQuery) language can be
extended with spatial semantics to carry out spatial computation upon GML data.
A scenario was chosen, namely the assessment of soil erosion caused by rainfall, to apply the proposed
approaches. After describing and analysing the requirements of an assessment of soil erosion caused by
rainfall, we proposed a suitable system prototype design combining the Model View Controller (MVC)
architectural pattern with Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles. To add robustness and
flexibility to the system, the implemented web geoprocesses were provided through Web service
orchestration. Such system prototype can support the decision-making activities, such as planning the
land use for environmental conservation purposes.
117. Use of the shared frailty model to identify the determinants of child mortality in Rwanda
(pp 89-105)
François Niragire, National University of Rwanda;
Ann Wangombe and Thomas N. O Achia, University of Nairobi-School of Mathematics
Abstract
According to United Nations Development Programme report, achieving the 4th Millennium
Development Goal(MDG) means that Rwanda will have to reduce under-five mortality from 196 to 47
deaths per 1000 live births between 2000 and 2015, UNDP(2003). Even though Rwanda had made very
considerable progress in improving child survival during 5 years preceding the 2005 RDHS, all the
achievements only brought the country indicators around to those of 1990’s, that is before the ravaging
1994 Genocide against Tutsi. Controlling for the effects of unobserved risk factors that would interfere
with child mortality, this study aims to identify and rank order the most important factors that contributed
to child survival in Rwanda between 2000 and 2005 based on the 2005 RDHS data. The key determinants
would be prioritized in order to avoid an eventual misallocation of scarce resources. The analysis of
relevant data showed that frailty effects were significant in childhood with child deaths mostly determined
by socioeconomic and demographic factors such as household socioeconomic status being the most
important.
118. Parallel Vector Fields and Einstein Equations of Gravity (pp 106-114)
By Isidore Mahara
National University of Rwanda
Department of Applied Mathematics
Abstract
In this paper, we prove that no nontrivial timelike or spacelike parallel vector field exists in a region
where the gravitational field created by macroscopic bodies and governed by Einstein’s equations does
not vanish.
In other words, we prove that the existence of such vector fields in a region implies the vanishing of the
Riemann curvature tensor in that region.
To prove this statement, we reduce the 4-dimensional problem to a 3-dimensional one. This enables us to
use a link existing between the Riemann curvature tensor and the Ricci tensor in a 3-dimensional
Riemannian manifold.
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Rwanda Journal ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 19
Series B: Social Sciences, 2010
119. Sustainable Peace and Development in the Great Lakes Region, Africa (pp 5-16)
By Alfred R. BIZOZA
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This paper comprises information from referenced literature and the author’s experience in the study area.
The focus for this paper is to recall some of possible areas of socio-economic areas that can be
reinforced under cooperation between Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
for sustainable peace; leading to sustainable development in the Great Lakes region, Africa. It has been
revealed that although different conflicts that have characterized these countries, there are yet wealthy
opportunities that can jointly be utilized towards sustainable peace and development of the region.
However, the paper shows that, for any sustainable development initiative, there is a well recognized need
for peace makers or “peace holders” to play rightly their roles to allowing potential investors to commit
their capitals to investment in the region. Among these include the role of local leaders and local
population (followers), the International Community, and the civil society and the media. The paper
concludes its reflection with hope that once initiatives are taken in preventing conflicts and its related
consequences, development agents are likely to significantly play their roles towards sustainable
development in the region. Finally, the paper offers areas for deepen analysis of some of the arguments by
further researchers in a multidisciplinary approach and policy intervention to fostering efforts to peace
and hence to development of the region.
120. The Relevance of Humanitarian Intervention in the New International Dispensation: the
Case of Burundi’s Civil Conflict (pp 17-33)
Charles J. Kiiza
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
The end of the Cold War has enabled a fundamental shift in the concept of humanitarian intervention as
well as its practice. The demise of superpower rivalry has to a great extent removed systemic constraints
on intervention in internal affairs of states. On the contrary, international norms and institutions have not
been redefined and reformed to march with international needs and aspirations. In Burundi, the external
interveners while they had chapter VII mandate to use force in an effort to protect civilians they never did
so. However, on the diplomatic/political front, the role of external interveners was extensive. They played
a key role in restoring confidence among Burundians by insuring that the situation in the country did not
degenerate into chaos. Their support towards the peace process ensured the implementation of the Arusha
agreement for Burundi.
La fin de la Guerre Froide a rendu possible un changement fondamental dans le concept de l’intervention
humanitaire aussi bien que dans sa pratique. La fin des luttes entre superpuissances a beaucoup facilité
l’ingérence dans les affaires internes des Etats. Cependant, les normes et les institutions internationales
n’ont pas été redéfinies et reformulées pour être en phase avec les besoins et les aspirations
internationales. Au Burundi, les intervenants extérieurs, alors qu’ils devaient utiliser le mandant du
Chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies, ils s’en sont au contraire abstenus. Toutefois, sur le plan
diplomatique/politique, le rôle de ces intervenants étrangers fut énorme. Ils ont joué un rôle clé en
restaurant la confiance entre les Burundais en s’assurant que la situation dans le pays ne dégénère pas
dans le chaos. Leur aide en faveur des processus de paix assura la mise en œuvre de l’Accord d’Arusha
pour le Burundais.
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121. Well-Being in Central Asia and the Caucasus (pp 34-55)
Professor Pamela Abbott, University of Aberdeen, UK.
Professor Claire Wallace, University of Aberdeen, UK.
Professor Roger Sapsford, National University of Rwanda.
Abstract
This paper deals with four countries that, like Rwanda, suffered economic and social collapse in the early
1990s. It develops a sociologically informed understanding of what influences the well-being of people
living in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Central Asian Republics) and Armenia and Georgia ( the
Caucasus), four of the successor states of the Soviet Union. The focus is influences on the experience of
well-being and what makes a society liveable for all. The Social Quality approach is used to derive
indicators with which to model what makes for a liveable or at least tolerable society, with subjective
satisfaction - how people feel about life in general - as the ultimate outcome indicator of individual wellbeing. Parallels are drawn with the experience of Rwanda and differences pointed out.
122. Job Satisfaction at SAPREF (South African Petroleum Refinery). Pp 56-65
Eugénie BYUKUSENGE
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This research aims to assess the utility of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory in explaining employee job
satisfaction at SAPREF. More specifically, it is aimed at identifying the factors that have a strong
influence on job satisfaction among employees at SAPREF and seeing if there is a difference in job
satisfaction among various grades, ages and genders of employees.
To achieve this goal, a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis techniques
such as multiple regression analysis were used to identify the factors that have a strong influence on job
satisfaction among employees at SAPREF. Then, the Chi-Square test helped to see if there is a difference
in job satisfaction among various grades, genders and ages of employees.
The results of this research have shown that the top factors that led to employee job satisfaction were
working conditions, interpersonal relations, recognition, advancement and growth, achievement and
company and administrative policies. It was also found that employees at SAPREF, in general, do not
differ in job satisfaction factors regardless of their position in the company, age and gender. However, it
can be said that the slight significant differences that emerged from the study were found in terms of the
work itself (repetitive work), responsibility (job well done) and company and administrative policies
(participation in the company policies) for the position in the company. Concerning age, the significant
difference was found in supervision (good method for evaluating individual performance) and salary
(sufficient incentives). In the gender category, the only difference was observed in interpersonal relations
(team culture).
123. Chinese external assistance to Rwanda (pp 66-83)
Vincent Byusa
National university of Rwanda
Abstract
The entry of China as a major actor in the aid system not only presents new opportunities and new
possibilities to Rwanda, but also challenges Rwanda’s long-term development in very fundamental, but
unexplored, ways. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a much needed process of understanding
China’s engagement with Rwanda. Specifically, the study assesses the form and content of Chinese aid to
Rwanda to provide some insights into the potential impact of Chinese aid. Further, the study explores
China’s international role with reference to Rwanda to answer the question whether China can, in fact, be
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considered as true and honest partner and if so how to maximise the benefits from the relationship based
on new empirical research and the collection of new data.
Using a triangulation of methods such as quantitative data, interviews with key stakeholders, and existing
literature; the study shows that China – Rwanda friendship and cooperation is both a source of
investment, jobs creation, and technology transfer. China’s assistance has helped to address some
challenges in key sectors such as roads, agriculture, services, building and construction. The study further
highlights some inconsistencies in China’s assistance policy. Tying its assistance to its own
developmental needs such as advancing Chinese companies interest limits technologies and skills transfer
and minimises the spillover effects of China funded projects. The study suggests that Chinese government
should embark on true friendly and fruitful cooperation with Rwanda by untying its assistance to enhance
its effectiveness and adhere to some of the Paris Declaration Principles.
124. Access to Paid Work and Women’s Empowerment in Rwanda (pp 84-106)
By Jeannette Bayisenge
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This paper explores the issue of women’s empowerment in Rwanda. It sheds light specifically on the
issue of women’s access to paid work. In general, there is a scholarly scarcity of research that looks at the
relationship between women’s access to paid work and their empowerment in the context of Rwanda. In
particular, this paper serves as a contribution in this regard and posits that employability of women in paid
jobs is a contributor to their empowerment and societal growth. This work uses two case studies of
women working in the Cooperative "Abahuzamugambi" (AKM) situated in the rural area and OCIR Café
located in Kigali the capital of Rwanda. The sample constitutes of 48 respondents – namely 8 widows, 8
married women and 8 young girls from each of both cases. In order to collect empirical data, focus group
discussions and semi-structured interviews were carried out. These data collection methods aimed at
exploring perceptions, attitudes and gather individual views of these women who are mostly illiterate and
are often, less inclined of having alternatives in terms of access to paid jobs. The findings of this research
suggest that the majority of women working in AKM and rural area were able to fulfill their needs soon
after getting their job as compared to those of their category who remained in Kigali.
Rwanda Journal, ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online), Volume 18 Series A: Arts and
Humanities, 2010
125. La longueur vocalique en kinyarwanda : statut linguistique et contraintes orthographiques
(pp 4-22)
Alphonse KABANO
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
The law order of kinyarwanda (1985) prohibits the notation of long vowels, on the contrary of the practice
in some other Bantu speaking countries in East-Africa. We look at the potential impact of this order in
consideration of the abundance of long vowels and the linguistic constraints on its variability and
predictability in this language. An approach based on the ability of vowel length recognition by the users
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is advocated to better assess the risk of confusion when long vowels are not marked in contrast to brief
vowels. A highly efficient model is proposed for an economic and non confusing orthography. It is
strongly recommended to review the kinyarwanda orthographic system so as to meet new sociolinguistic,
educational, technological re-quirements and regional integration of Rwanda
126. Etude linguistique chez les Baráshi/Banyaambo du Rwanda (pp 23-40)
Jean Chrysostome NKEJABAHIZI
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Among the main African Languages spoken in Rwanda besides Kinyarwaanda: amashí in the South,
olucigá in the North and ikiráshi/ikinyaambo in the East, only olucigá has been particularly described: J.B. Murekezi (1984), F.-X. Bangamwabo (1989); others are just mentioned in global sociolinguistic
studies: B. Ngulinzira (1981), L. Munyakazi (1984); and figure on Rwandan linguistic maps.
Other studies were about dialects: G. Mudenge (1985), E. Nsanzabiga (1984/85), J. Mukeshimana (1993),
J.-C. Nkejabahizi (2007). Languages and regional ways of speaking of the East part of Rwanda seem to
have been neglected by researchers and linguists. For example, if you want to know what do ikiráshi and
/or ikinyaambo spoken in Rwanda looks like, who are the speakers of those languages, how many they
are, where they are coming from, what is common to those ways of speaking and the kinyarwaanda
lanuage? Baráshi and Banyaambo are they two tribes which are really different or they constitute a unique
community which shares the same culture, the same language, etc? All those questions have never been
dealt with.
These questions which remained outstanding until now pushed us to be interested with the linguistic and
sociolinguistic aspect of this studied region.
127. Les mots pour le dire et les enjeux derrière (pp 41-51)
Evariste Ntakirutimana
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
The term jenoside, which is a direct borrowing from French, will soon be replaced by the term jenoside
y'Abatutsi in the Rwandan Constitution. The terminological instability of this term deserves careful
analysis not only because it signals the desire to improve the terminology to take account of new
elements, but above all because it reveals the difficulty of putting a name to horror in Rwandan culture.
128. «La fille dans l’impasse»: étude socio-sémiotique d’un conte rwandais (pp 52-63)
Jeanne Nyirahabimana
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
“La fille dans l’impasse” is a Rwandan popular tale where the central character is a girl named
NDABAGA. She is an emblematic figure for feminine courage. The expression “ibintu byageze iwa
NDABAGA”, whose literal translation may be “things are now getting at Ndabaga’s”, means that the
situation has extremely deteriorated and that any remedial requires unusual intervention.
The text was chosen for its important interest, insofar as it is part not only of Rwandan, but also of
universal collective unconscious. Indeed, it is articulated on the opposition /masculine/-/feminine/ and we
know how much the opposition governs our everyday actions. It is then interesting to see, through this
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tale, how places and activities are distributed according to gender and how a woman succeeds in
courageously challenging a prohibition to achieve a beneficial feat for men and women in her
community! Aren’t nowadays women struggling to find a place in decision-making circles, kind of
“modern Ndabagas”? Following the example of the heroin in the tale, aren’t they led to deny their
femininity -as defined by tradition- to claim their rights? Ndabaga is a model for temerity and tenacity
that should be followed by any woman committed to a liberation struggle. This way, this tale has a
didactic interest. It may be used in educating and sensitizing people to gender issues of which it is a
beautiful illustration. It is simple, short and easy to understand.
Of a must, my analysis is socio-semiotic. The specific feature of this approach is understanding “the
significance of text-objects on two levels: textual level and contextual level of production” (Semujanga,
1994: 135). Any text is a semantic micro-world, a whole with oriented coherence. Then, it is necessary to
analyze it in its internal organization. To do so, I make use of existing methodological elements according
to the model established by A.-J. Greimas. These methodological elements allow me to account for
internal structures of the text of the tale on the narrative, discursive and logico-semantic levels. It is due to
this immanent analysis that I am able to establish the relationship existing between the said text and its
production context “which guarantees its deeper signification” (Semujnga, 1994:135). This is the more
important that a text like this one I mean to analyze is, as I mentioned previously, a reflection of the
collective unconscious, or even the space for representation of social discourses.
129. La motivation au travail dans un contexte de changement: Cas du ministère de l’éducation
(pp 64-81)
SERUPIA SEMUHOZA Etienne
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Motivation in public services has always been the object of multiple interpellations especially that many
reports by experts have established a link between motivation of staff and their performance and have
highlighted negative effects of lack of motivation on the quality of an organization performance. Being
centered more particularly on a Ministry, this study aims to detect strengths and weaknesses of a public
service, diagnose the situation of public servants and specify the conditions making it possible to obtain
best civil servants.
Within the framework of this study, 230 civil servants from the Ministry of Education filled out a
questionnaire in three sections. The employees and cadres were requested to say a word on their level of
motivation and satisfaction at work, on the leadership style adopted by their line managers and on their
perception of the career. Moreover, additional data on their individual characteristics were collected (sex,
age, occupied post…).
The findings show that the determining factors having an incidence on motivation of civil servants are the
style of leadership of their supervisors and the supervisors themselves, and their positive perception for
the public service. The age and the occupied post also play a significant role in this perception as opposed
to other individual characteristics which do not seem to explain the differences of the degree of
motivation.
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011‐4874 (Print), Volume 17 Series D: Life Sciences
and Natural Sciences, 2009
130. Etude in vitro de l’activité antibactérienne et antifongique de l’extrait hydroéthanolique
des écorces de Maytenus undata (pp 5-13)
By KIMENYI Patrick1, KABAKURA Mwima Godefroy2,
BAJYANA Songa Emmanuel1
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1
Faculté des sciences, Département de Biologie, Université Nationale du Rwanda
Faculté des sciences, Département de Pharmacie, Université Nationale du Rwanda
2
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial and antifungal activity of an extract from
Mytenus undata against different pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococci, Enterococci, Bacilli,
Streptococci and Candidoses). Specifically we were looking for a hydroethanolic extract and fractionate
it, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against microorganisms, assessing the preservation of
the inhibitory activity under different degrees of temperature and pH then assess the effect of proteases on
the extract activity. A hydroethanolic extract which contains tannins was obtained from the Maytenus
undata bark. This extract shows an antibacterial and antifungal activity with respectively minimum
inhibitory concentrations of: 20μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and for negative coagulase
staphylococci, 25μg/ml for Enterococcus faecalis and faecium and the same concentration for
Streptococcus pyogenes. Candida albicans strain was inhibited by a concentration of 16 μg/ml. Bacillus
sp has been proven to be resistant to the extract action up to a concentration of 1mg/ml. The extract
activity is inactivated at 80°C of temperature, but this activity is still preserved at 5, 7 and 9 degrees of
pH. The activity of the extract and its fractions (F2 and F3) obtained by thin layer chromatography and
column chromatography is also conserved after the use of proteases (α-chymotrypsin and papain) of
different specificities. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against different microorganisms in
the study is comparable to those of some antibiotics commercialized at international level. This inhibition
action might be due to the tannic acid action which complex with iron ions and prevents the reduction of
ribonucleotides. It might be due also to the astringency properties of ellagitannins through the inhibition
of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes. The optimum activity conditions (temperature, pH and
proteases) allow the better understanding of the nature of the extract and new applications to be taken
through production and conservation technologies for better use.
131. Evaluation de l’efficacité de l’extrait éthanolique de Maytenus undata (THUMB.)
BLAKELOCK sur les germes responsables des diarrhées glairosanglantes (pp 14-21)
By 1MUGIRANEZA JP., 2NSHIMIYIMANA F., 2BAJYANA E.
1
Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRST), Centre de Recherche en
Phytomédicaments et Sciences de la Vie, Département des Pyhtomédicaments et de Médecine
Traditionnelle.
2
Université Nationale du Rwanda (UNR), Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie.
Abstract
The bark of mature tree species of Maytenus undata’s was tested for antimicrobial activity, with alcoholic
extract and their diverse fractions; we found that extract shows a satisfactory effect against Escherichia
coli, Salmonella B, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexineri, Candida albicans. For antiprotozoal screening,
only ethanolic extract was used. The extract has also been attributed with ability to inhibit parasites`
moblie forms in aqueous solution and an increase of resistant forms.
There was a positive correlation between the clearance rate of mobile parasites and the concentration
used. After absorbing the polyphenols, followed by testing on the same microorganisms, the results lead
us to conclude that tannins and flavonoids (polyphenols) are among bioactive compounds attributed to the
above activities.
132. The antifungal activity of methanol and ether extracts of the leaves of Leonotis
nepetaefolia (pp 22-31)
By T. Muhizi1,*, E. Bienvenu2, J.B. Nkurikiyimfura3, A. Ndagijimana1
1
National University of Rwanda, Department of Chemistry,
2
National University of Rwanda, Department of Pharmacy,
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3
National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Medicine, University Laboratory
Abstract
A survey done on Rwandese traditional healers revealed that Leonotis nepetaefolia has got many
therapeutic uses in Rwanda. This research was carried out on the leaves of this plant to verify its efficacy
in the treatment of antifungal diseases. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaves of the plant
indicated the presence of tannins, flavones, quinones and saponins. The antifungal test of the crude
methanol and the crude ether extracts was realized and revealed that crude methanol extract was more
active than crude ether extract on Candida albicans and Malassezia fulfur growth. The minimum inhibitor
concentration (MIC) of the crude methanol extract were 4.12 mg/ml and 2.38.
mg/ml respectively for the growth of C. albicans and M. fulfur while those obtained from crude ether
extract were 4.95 mg/ml and 3.7 mg /ml respectively for C. albicans and M. fulfur. Phytochemical
screening, physical and biological methods were used to partially characterize the antifungal products
contained in the crude methanol extract. Open column chromatography was used to fractionate these
compounds and led to seven separated fractions and to the test of each fraction for antifungal activity.
Fractions F3 and F7 inhibited completely the growth of C. albicans and M. furfur. The MIC of F3 were
found at 1.45 mg/ml and 2.38 mg/ml respectively for C. albicans and M. fulfur while those of F7 were
1.92 mg/ml and 1.45 mg/ml respectively for C. albicans and M. fulfur. Phytochemical screening revealed
that tannins and quinones compounds are responsible of this activity.
133. Caractérisation physique, chimique et microbiologique de trois sols acides tropicaux du
Rwanda sous jachères naturelles : contraintes à leur productivité. (pp 32-61)
By Jean Jacques M. Mbonigaba1, Innocent Nzeyimana1, Charles Bucagu 2 and Marc Culot3
1
Université Nationale du Rwanda- Département de Sol et Gestion de l’Environnement
2
Université Nationale du Rwanda- Département de Production végétale et horticulture
3
Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux- Laboratoire d’Ecologie
Microbienne et d’Epuration des Eaux
Abstract
The knowledge of cultivated soil properties allows a better choice of the most appropriate land
management practice. Three acidic soils of highland (HL), middle land (ML) and lowland (LL) from
Rwanda were sampled respectively in the experimental stations of Gakuta, Tonga and Cyabayaga, for a
physical, chemical and microbiological characterization in order to make out their productivity
constraints. pH values shows that the soils are strongly acidic in the HL and ML, whereas they are
moderately acidic in LL. The rate of total organic carbon (TOC) is acceptable in Gakuta, but decreases
with altitude. The total nitrogen (TN), the phosphorus and the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC)
follow the same trend, their levels remaining nevertheless weak. Paradoxically, base saturation and
Bray2-P content are weak in the HL and ML, but also they are negatively correlated with the organic
matter (OM) content between the three regions. The Al3+ ion occupies 32 and 18 % of the exchange
complex at Gakuta and Tonga, Al toxicity is, on the other hand, non-existent in LL soils. Microbial
biomass carbon (MBC)/TOC and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN)/TN ratios indicate a weak
ineralization/immobilisation rate in the highly acidic soils, their levels increase with the pH between the
three regions. MBC/MBN ratio values obtained indicate the dominance of fungi in soils rather than more
active organisms like bacterial population; this predicts a poor OM quality. The small proportions of the
assimilate carbon fraction (5 % of TOC at Gakuta) testify also to the OM poor quality. Soil OM quality
and soil acidity seem to negatively affect the metabolic microbial activity, this is confirmed by the basal
respiration (BR) low rate obtained (0.30 – 0.37 μg CO2.h-1.g-1). The addition of glucose as substrate has
remarkably stimulated the metabolic activity which results in low values of respiratory activation quotient
(QR). The strong correlations observed between the two respirometric measurements and Bray2-P (r =
0.99 and 0.85) indicates that P unavailability could constitute microbial activity limitation in tropical
acidic soils. However, there is no correlation between the phosphatase activity and Bray2-P. Even
dehydrogenase and acidic phosphatase activities remain low; the amplitude of their reactions follows the
79 | P a g e
distribution of soil OM between the three zones. The soil acidity remains the principal constraint to land
productivity in the HL and ML regions while soil O.
134. Reclamation of an acidic soil of Rwanda’s central upland by composts based on
natural vegetation biomass (pp 62-79)
By Jean Jacques M. Mbonigaba1, 2 & Marc Culot2
1
National University of Rwanda – Department of Soil and Environment Management
2
Gembloux Agricultural University – Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Waste Water
Treatment
Abstract
A study on total acidity reduction and the exchangeable aluminium neutralization by composts made from
natural vegetation biomass was carried out on an acidic soil of Rwanda. The initial soil analysis showed
that the average pHW (pH measured in water) was 4.4; the average concentration of exchangeable Al and
the total acidity were respectively 3.70 and 4.45 cmole(+).kg-1 of soil. Five types of composts and
NPK17-17-17 fertilizer were applied to the soil under a splitplot experimental design. Two doses of
composts (30 and 60 t.ha-1) were applied while the NPK fertilizer was applied to a dose of 300 kg.ha-1.
The experiment lasted two years and four samplings were carried out to evaluate the impact on pH,
exchangeable aluminium and total acidity. The results at the end of two years show that the pHW
increased by 0.2 units with only the application of the compost at the beginning of the experiment at a
dose of 60 t.ha-1. In addition, the results show that the pH remained low in the control plots and those
received NPK. After only five months, the Al3+ was reduced of 32 and 53 % respectively with 30 and 60
t.ha-1 of compost. At the end of the two years of experimentation, the concentration of Al3+ increased
again but without reaching the initial level except for the plots treated with the mineral manure NPK. The
same trend was observed for the case of the exchange total acidity.
135. Population pressure and farm fragmentation: Challenges facing agriculture in Rwanda
(pp 80-103)
By Claude Bizimana
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Small farmers play a dominant role in rural area in Rwanda according to many researchers. These farmers
have some particular characteristics: most of them have tiny farms, while purchasing and borrowing of
land are frequent. In addition, the size of farms is not only very small but farms are further fragmented
into diminutive size fields due to increasing population pressure. The magnitude of fragmentation has
increased overtime. Effects of population pressure and farm fragmentation are studied based on a survey
of 200 households from Rusatira and Muyira ex-communes in Butare province, Southern Rwanda during
2001. As Rwandan household activities were homogeneous the investigation was limited to these two
communes. Differential impact of population pressure is observed between the two areas in terms of
household characteristics; land use and performance indicators; technology adoption and evaluation of
farm information; land tenure and rights; and credit use and sources. Policies should be implemented to
improve the functioning of land rental markets in order to reduce land fragmentation, improve rural
education and access to relevant information; and strengthen extension facilities to individual farmers.
136. Sustainable Agricultural Development and Environment: Conflicts and Contradictions in
the context of the Rwandan Agriculture. (pp 104-127)
By A. M. Jose
National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Economics and Management
Abstract
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Sustainable agriculture involves not only the identification and application of improved technologies but
the incorporation of ecological and socio-economic considerations. Inevitably conflicts and contradictions
arise. This paper focuses on the inherent conflicts and contradictions which come in the way of
operationalising the concept of sustainable development in the context of Rwandan agriculture. The
importance of this paper emerges from the backdrop of the state, politics and society in Rwanda. As it is
well known, conflicts in Rwandan society had its roots in agrarian issues. This paper, therefore, deals with
the aspects of productivity and stability, sustainability and equitability. It is intended to stress upon the
need for institutional changes that would take into account the organizational lapses in managing
agribusiness in Rwanda. Self-help Groups and Co-operatives are found to be the most appropriate rural
organizations in Rwanda as they can venture into an area where private sector and state are afraid of.
Unless people’s awareness, attitudes and perceptions towards environment are changed, sustainable
agricultural practices as conceived in the present form appear to be a distant dream. The main factors that
may be instrumental in changing the perceptions of the people towards environment and achieving the
objectives of sustainable agricultural development are (i) literacy, (ii) market forces, (iii) technologies and
(iv) institutional changes in terms of agrarian reforms.
137. Growth and quality of Grevillea robusta provenances in Ruhande Arboretum,
Butare, Rwanda (pp 128-137)
By Canisius P. Mugunga,
National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Agriculture
Abstract
Exotic hardwood tree species are very important in Rwandan plantation forestry. They are the primary
source of energy, which makes about 97% of total national energy consumption. They are used as sawn
timber for furniture industry, for construction and packaging. They are essential components of
agroforestry systems where they play a significant role in conservation, species and product
diversification to mention but a few. A trial on Grevillea robusta seed sources comprising of seven
Queensland (Australia) provenances and one land race on an oxisol at Ruhande Arboretum, Butare,
Rwanda was carried out. The species is the commonest on farm tree species in Rwandan agroecosystems
and serves many functions. Wood productivity has been observed to decline when tree germplasm used is
collected from landrace populations of exotic species. This study intends to evaluate the performance of
seven provenances and one landrace of G. robusta in terms of wood yield and quality. Although the
outstanding provenances reported elsewhere are not represented in the Rwandan trial which is very small
and with a design that is not very well designed, useful results were obtained. Significant differences were
observed in tree height and branching pattern at 13 years. All traits indicated strong juvenile-mature
correlations. Trait-trait phenotypic correlation was also found to be strong in all traits. The correlations
were observed to increase consistently with age, indicating the possibility of predicting yield at maturity
by using early tree dimensions. High value germplasm may be produced from seed production areas using
the best provenances from the species’ natural range. Conservation stands are suggested for further
breeding and for seed production using seed from natural Australian sources.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 16 Series Sciences
exactes, naturelles et appliqués, 2008
138. Geology and mineralization of the Gatumba area, Rwanda: Present state of
knowledge (pp 6-24)
Stijn Dewaele1, Luc Tack1, Max Fernandez-Alonzo1, Adrian Boyce2, Philippe Muchez3, Jens
Schneider3, Gavin Cooper4, Kenneth Wheeler4
1
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg
13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
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2
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise
Technology Park, East Kilbride G75 0QF, Scotland, UK
3
Geology, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
4
Metal Processing Association (MPA), PO Box 131, Gisenyi, Rwanda
Abstract
The Gatumba area is characterized by the presence of numerous mineralized pegmatites, which are
related to the so-called “tin granites” that formed at ~986 Ma. The pegmatites are dated at ~968 Ma, of
which some are associated with columbite and cassiterite mineralization. The columbite precipitated
during crystallization of the pegmatites. Also beryl, spodumene, amblygonite and rare phosphates formed
during this crystallization. The pegmatites underwent intense alteration by hydrothermal processes:
albitization, sericitization (i.e., greisenization in the old literature) and muscovitization. The cassiterite
mineralization in the pegmatitic bodies is associated with the two latter alteration stages. Sericitization
and cassiterite precipitation occurred from a H2O-CO2-(X)-NaCl-KCl fluid (ThTot between 240 and
370°C; TmIce between -19.2 and -8.2°C). Based on the structural setting, petrographical observations,
geochemistry of the so-called tin granites, stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry, we propose a
model in which Sn was remobilized from primary magmatic rocks by a hydrothermal system that was
installed after the crystallization of the granites and pegmatites, and precipitated in structurally controlled
locations, together with sericitization/ muscovitization of parts of the pegmatites.
139. The Gatumba rare-metal pegmatites: chemical signature and environmental impact (pp
25-40)
By Bernd Lehmann1, Frank Melcher2, Maria A. Sitnikova2 and Jean Ruzindana Munana3
1 Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal, Adolph-Roemer-Strasse 2a, 38678
Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
2 Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
3 Régie d'Exploitation et de Développement des Mines (REDEMI), B.P. 2195, Kigali, Rwanda
Corresponding author: B. Lehmann, lehmann@min.tu-clausthal.de
Abstract
The Neoproterozoic granitic rare-metal pegmatites of the Gatumba mining district have very low base
metal and sulfide content, and are very low in arsenic, as deduced from bulk-rock and muscovite samples,
as well as from tailings and heavy-mineral pre-concentrates. Columbite-cassiterite concentrates have a
few hundred ppm As, Bi, U and Th which, when calculated back to bulk rock, correspond to a
composition near average continental crust. However, hydrothermally altered country rock around the
pegmatite bodies and along quartz-cassiterite-sulfide veins displays haloes of arsenic (and probably
bismuth) which need more research.
140. Geomorphologic processes in the Gatumba mining area (Pages 41-50)
By Vaillant Byizigiro Rutazuyaza and Michael Biryabarema
Kigali Institute of Education, Kigali, Rwanda
Abstract
The Gatumba mining zone is located in Muhororo Sector of Ngororero District, Western Province. The
area presents a temperate climate with an annual average temperature of 18°C as a consequence of its
altitude (1750 m), in spite of its equatorial latitude. High annual precipitation (1376 mm) and a generally
steepened topography (24°) constitute the major natural factors influencing geomorphologic processes
observed in the region, beside anthropogenic factors (mining and agricultural exploitation systems) which
aggravate erosion processes. On the slopes (zones of sediment production) various forms of erosion result
under the influence of rain fall; creeks are filled with coarse sediments, and rivers take various forms due
to the abundant sediment load.
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141. Properties and quality of soils in the open-cast mining district of Gatumba, Rwanda (pp
51-79)
By Anika Reetsch1, François Naramabuye2, Walter Pohl3, Dieter Zachmann3, Kerstin Trümper3,
Judith Flügge3 and Rolf Nieder1
1
Institute of Geoecology, Braunschweig Technical University, Langer Kamp 19c, 38106
Braunschweig, Germany
2
Faculty of Agronomy, National University of Rwanda, B.P 117, Butare, Rwanda
3
Institute of Environmental Geology, Braunschweig Technical University, Pockelsstraße 3,
38106 Braunschweig, Germany
Abstract
Properties of 20 soils developed in different parent materials, including the Reference Soil Groups
Anthrosol (5), Cambisol (6), Gleysol (2), Fluvisol (2), Nitisol (2), Lixisol (2), and Umbrisol (1) have been
investigated in the Gatumba Mining District in the tropical highlands of Rwanda. The Anthrosols and one
of the Gleysols have developed in coltan mine spoils of different age. Four other soils were more or less
influenced by mining activities. All the investigated soils were cultivated. Soil organic carbon (SOC),
nitrogen (SON), texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available
phosphorus (Olsen-P), and total contents of major, minor and trace elements strongly varied among Soil
Groups and sites.
Contents of SOC in A horizons ranged from 0.5 to 4.4 %. This wide range probably reflects different
degrees of soil erosion. As expected for the Anthrosols, soil organic matter (SOM) contents depended
strongly on the age of the mine spoil. Total N contents in only four horizons de A exceeded 0.2 %,
whereas in all other cases they were equal to or < 0.2 %. Total C and N contents were extremely low in
all subsoils. All soils had low pH, EC, and nutrient contents. The pH (CaCl2) varied from 3.9 to 5.4 in A
horizons, and from 3.7 to 5.1 in B horizons. The EC ranged from 8.4 to 45.2 µS cm-1 in A horizons and
3.3 to 32.9 µS cm-1 in subsoils.
The analysis of major, minor and trace elements in relation to background values showed some trends of
elevated toxic element (e.g. As and Cd) contents in lower slope (interflow-affected, surface-near
Gleysols) and alluvial (Fluvisols) locations. The As content in a Gleysol ranged from 20 to 29 ppm in the
soil fraction <63 µm. Other sites showed elevated contents of 14 to 22 ppm As in the soil fraction <63
µm. The mean content of Cd was 1.2 ppm (soil fraction <63 µm). However, due to the limited number of
observations, it could not be clarified if presently the local population is threatened by extracting drinking
water from wells which are frequently located on Gleysol and Fluvisol sites.
Further research in the Gatumba Mining District is necessary with focus on (i) soil fertility (how best to
increase soil fertility; restoration of mine spoils), (ii) soil and water quality, i.e., identification of “hot
spots” displaying critical toxic element contents (and availability) and their exclusion from cultivation
and drinking water extraction, and (iii) soil-plant interrelationships with respect to the cycling of toxic
elements (food chains).
142. Environmental assessment of stream water and sediments in Gatumba tin and tantalum
mining district, Rwanda (pp 80-97)
By Judith Flügge1, Andrew Muwanga2, Kerstin Trümper1, Dieter Zachmann1, Walter Pohl1
1
Institute of Environmental Geology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany
2
Department of Geology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;
Abstract
Stream waters at Gatumba are not contaminated by dangerous inorganic compounds. According to WHO
guidelines, stream waters are acceptable for lifelong consumption without risk to health. However,
microbial waterborne disease vectors were not investigated. Stream sediments generally have relatively
low contents of most elements that may be derived from pegmatites. Of mine-related contaminants, only
uranium and arsenic exceed their respective average crustal abundance. Both appear to be higher near
83 | P a g e
former mine sites but this is probably not caused by mining. Causes are rather primary hydrothermal and
secondary supergene dispersion, and recent mobilisation because of intensive agriculture. At present, the
welfare of the local population is not threatened. The most serious hazard is human interference with
groundwater by abstracting drinking water either from wells in valley fill or from deeper horizons of the
regolith. Overall, our work suggests that past mining at Gatumba caused little dispersion of deleterious
elements.
143. Farming system in the Gatumba area and impact of mining (Pages 98-111)
By Charles Bucagu1, A. Rwakimazi2, Canisius Mugunga3 and Daniel Rukazambuga1
1
Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of
Rwanda
2
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agro-Business, Faculty of Agriculture, National
University of Rwanda
3
Department of Soil Science and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture, National
University of Rwanda
Abstract
Coltan mining in the Gatumba area started in the 1930’s and continued until todate. An investigation on
the impact of mining activities on the farming system was undertaken during season B of 2007. The aim
of the study was first to characterize the farming system of the area and establish indicators for
degradation of cropland productivity attributed to intensive mining activities that took place during the
last 70 years. The study was based on interviews of 84 residents of variably affected farmland. The survey
revealed that agriculture is practiced by 83% of the population surveyed, and remains the main economic
activity in the area. Mining activity comes second with 8%. The mean age among respondents was 44
year. Their education level was very low as 86% did not finish primary school. The average farm size was
estimated at 0.7 ha/household, reflecting a strong pressure on land. Among the crops produced, cassava is
the main crop produced by 88 % of farmers.
Due to poor soil fertility, 78% of respondents applied farmyard manure in their plots, and 54% of
respondents feel that mining has decreased their land productivity. This is in agreement with soil data, as
the soil fertility is lower in mined areas than in non-exploited areas due to low pH values (<5.5), an
indication of a strong soil acidity and likely presence of aluminium toxicity. Similarly total carbon content
is relatively low, ranging from 0.1 to 1.2% in mined zones as compared to 1.5 to 1.8% in non mined
areas; nitrogen content in non mined areas being 0.12 to 0.16%, four times that in mined areas with 0.003
to 0.08%. Low values (<20 ppm) of available P indicate a poor P status of soils in the area. It is critically
important to conduct a detailed study on intervention measures to improve both N and P status of these
soils. Measures such as green manuring, rotation with legumes or fallowing with leguminous shrubs or
trees should be tested and quantified. or test agroforestry technologies that can facilitate adsorption of non
available P through mycorrhizal functions.
144. On farm tree planting for rehabilitation of mining sites in Nganzo-Gatumba area of
Ngororero District, Rwanda (pp 112-122)
Canisius Mugunga 1, A Rwakimazi2,
Charles Bucagu3 and Daniel Rukazambuga3
1
Department of Soil Science and Environmental Management,
2
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-Business,
3
Department of Crop Production and Horticulture,
all at: Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Coltan mining in Rwanda started in the early 1930’s by colonials and was replaced by Government
authorised companies in the 1970’s. In both cases the excavation is manual with very minimal soil
84 | P a g e
conservation practice, leading to serious soil erosion. A study was done in May 2007 to explore the
effects of coltan mining on agricultural production, environment and socio-economics of communities in
the area. The study was carried out using interviews of 84 farmers and focus group discussions in the
NGANZO-Gatumba area. The result indicates that planting of trees is a common practice, however, the
indigenous tree species widely spread all over the area, are being replaced by exotic species (mainly
Eucalyptus and Pinus etc) which are preferred, mainly due to free availability of seedlings for planting,
fast growth and early maturation. The majority of farmers reported that trees are used mainly for firewood
(55%), followed by timber (18%) and construction poles (11%). The role of trees in soil conservation
scored very low (2.4%), although the farmers are aware about soil degradation. Promotion of tree
planting for soil conservation is needed, and evaluation of multipurposed species recommended.
145. Étude de la végétation de la zone minière du district de Gatumba, Rwanda (pp 123-131)
By Pontien Ndabaneze, Ildephonse Habarugira and Candide Muhongere
Kigali Institute of Education, P.O.Box 5039 Kigali Rwanda
Abstract
The vegetation study of the mining zone of Gatumba district is a part of a multidisciplinary research
programme for a sustainable rehabilitation of the artisanal tantalum mining wastelands. The transect
methodology of the “relevé” technique has be applied.
Five sites have been identified to conduct the research programme: Buranga, Nganzo I et Nganzo II,
Nkokwe, Rongi and Nyamisa.The following plant associations have been identified: a Panicum
chionachne Mez and Lantana camara L. shrubby savannah in Buranga, an Eragrostis olivacea K.Schum.
et Bridelia atroviridis Muell. Arg. shrubby savannah in Nkokwe, a Hyparrhenia newtonii (Hack.) Stapf et
Rhus vulgaris Meikle shrubby savannah in Nyamisa and a Nephrolepis sp et Bridelia atroviridis Muell.
Arg. shrubby savannah in Nganzo I. The vegetation of Nganzo II and Rongi site is a grassland dominated
by Eragrostis olivacea K. Schum. The site Nganzo I is highly degradated; its soil is often bare. The
vegetation of the studied sites is not homogeneous according to the results of Jaccard similarity index.The
chemical analysis of the soil showed that the soils are generally acid and poor in carbon, in nitrogen and
in potassium. Pphosphorus is in a high concentration due to the geology of the site.
146. An overview of columbo-tantalite occurrence and mining in Uganda (pp 132-139)
By Wycliff Kawule and Andrew Muwanga
Department of Geology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Abstract
The occurrence of columbo-tantalite ores in Uganda has been known since colonial times. It was during
this time that the British Geological Survey and later, the Uganda Geological Survey and Mines
Department mapped and carried out mineral exploration in Uganda. This was later followed by moderate
exploitation of these ores. Here we provide an overview on columbo-tantalite (Coltan) mining and
occurrence in Uganda from available records. Specifically, three coltan deposits namely Kakanena,
Rwakirenzi and Rwenkanga have their history of mining and state of environment highlighted.
147. Impact des exploitations de coltan dans la région de Kabarore (Nord du Burundi). pp 140149)
By Louis Nahimana et Marcien Sendegeya
University of Burundi, Departement of Earth Sciences, Bujumbura, Burundi
Abstract
Coltan and associated cassiterite are mined in the Kabarore area in northernmost Burundi. The open pit
operations at the Kivuvu and Munege hills are active since 1990 and increased production around 2001
85 | P a g e
due to the high demand of tantalum on the international market. The two quarries are worked with
bulldozers which expose weathered rocks to erosion over an area covering approximately 26 hectares.
The extraction of the ore by "ground sluicing" mobilizes kaolinitic clay in the drainage system. Waste and
eroded rock masses are moved downslope by surface waters during heavy rains, and cover fertile soil in
the Mwogere river valley. The extension of quarries in the upstream area and sediment accumulation in
the valley along 13 kilometers of the Mwogere river creates problems between the mining company and
the local population who previously conducted agricultural activities in the currently destroyed marshes.
148. Le cauchemar de l’exploitation du coltan au Sud-Kivu : cas de Kamituga dans le
territoire de Mwenga, République Démocratique du Congo (Pages 150-164)
By Jean-Baptiste Ntagoma K.
Université Catholique de Bukavu (U.C.B.), RD Congo
Abstract
Although it is important to understand that not all resource extraction operations in the DRC are equally
problematic, some mismanaged activities, including some irresponsible mining practices, among which
we mention the artisanal exploitation of coltan in Kamituga, have lead to a multitude of problems for
local people. Problems include social group dysfunction (communities and families), mining-related
illnesses, human rights violations (which include child labor in the mining industry and abuse of women),
and changes in land use and environmental damage. Moreover, theses activities do not lead to enough
revenue gains to peasants (local people). In order to begin the transformation toward sustainability, it is
essential that the links between environmental, economic and social issues surrounding resource
extraction practices be more clearly understood.
149. Evaluating economic and environmental consequences of long-term projects – tantalum
mining in Central Africa (pp 165-174)
Heike Schenk-Mathes
Technical University of Clausthal
Institute of Management and Economics, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
Abstract
The main characteristics of profitability analysis, cost-benefit analysis and life cycle assessment as
different methods for evalua-ting consequences of long-term projects are presented. We try to find out an
appropriate method in order to analyse tantalum mining projects in Central Africa and discuss problems
of application.
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 15 Series Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 2007
150. Insertion and deletion of segments: the reconstruction of the word for water in Olucíga,
Kinyarwanda, Kiruúndi and Kiswahili. (pp 7-11)
By IGIRANEZA Théodomir
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This is an attempt of analysis of the evolution of the word for “water” in four Bantu languages, Olucíga
“ameízi”, Kinyarwaanda “amáazi”, Kiruúndi “amáazi” and Kiswahili “maji”. It will rely on the regularity
hypothesis used in historical and comparative linguistics.
It is important to notice that this kind of reconstruction is hypothetic; since it is based on the observation
of a non attested and reconstructed word from a presumed mother language. However, it helps to
reconstruct not only the earliest shape of linguistic forms, but also the specific historical developments or
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changes responsible for synchronic alternations in the separate, but related languages under analysis
(Jeffers & Lehiste, 1980:37).
151. Kiswahili nchini Rwanda: Kupanda na kushuka (pp 12-21)
By Evariste Ntakirutimana,
Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda, Butare
Abstract
This paper presents the implementation of Kiswahili language in Rwanda and outlines the problems that
this implementation encountered. It also presents future possibilities regarding the role of Kiswahili
language espe-cially in the Great Lakes Region.
152. QU’EST-CE QUE LE KINYAGISAKA? Contribution à la dialectologie rwandaise (pp
22-40)
Par Jean Chrysostome NKEJABAHIZI
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Kinyarwanda language as it is nowadays spoken is certainly the outcome of interpolation of a set of
different dialects which developed along centuries before giving birth to a more centralised and
standardised speech.
In Rwanda, linguistic and sociolinguistic studies have always minimised the importance of those dialects,
emphasising the unitary character of Kinyarwanda language, what makes that nearly all these dialects are
dying out. Such reality is very unfortunate since dialects constitute a data bank and a source of
information on political, linguistic and cultural development of our country. A testimony to this is this
study on Kinyagisaka dialect.
153. L’enfant de la rue à travers son langage. (pp 41-49)
Par Evariste Ntakirutimana
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Language is an instrument of communication that allows, in many cases, to analyze the vital experience
of speakers in almost all its subtleties. This paper analyzes the street children language in Butare town and
outlines their problems. It also presents some solutions that should be taken by responsibles in order to
eradicate this crucial problem.
154. Les stratégies discursives de représentation de l'Autre dans le grand reportage et le récit
de voyage: L'Afrique du Sud. Cette inconnue d'Andrée Viollis et Des mille collines aux
neuf volcans de Marie Gevers (pp 50-64)
Par Jean-Claude UWIRINGIYIMANA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The travel story and coverage of major events inform the reader, make him/her feel concerned, and carry
him/her in other places towards other people and other cultures. While informing, the reporter and the
traveller must bring to the reader any essential element so that the latter can live and feel the things and
emotions felt during the travel or report. As a report, the travel story seeks to show what the traveller saw
while trying to match the words with things seen, hence the recourse to strategies of representations of the
Other unknown that must be brought to the known in the reader’s eyes. In this study, these strategies of
representations of the Other are analyzed in Marie Gevers’ travel story “Des mille collines aux neuf
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volcans” (Thousand hills with nine volcanoes) and Andrée Viollis’ coverage of major events, South
Africa, this unknown.
155. DE L’AUTRE COTE DU MIROIR. Le symbolisme sexuel en littérature orale rwandaise
(pp 65-85)
Par Jean Chrysostome NKEJABAHIZI
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Rwandans think of themselves as very modest people and are scandalized to hear somebody uttering an
"unsuitable" word or to see somebody, who does not lack anything to get dressed decently, walking with
the navel naked (what the youth call mkondo wazi) or the upper part of the legs licked by the wind (miniskirt fashion or mpenébariimbuké). Enough of hypocrisy! The author of this article exclaims. He reveals
that, in spite of appearances, Rwandans are far from being small saints as their oral literature testifies. The
reality in which the youth live today is not due to a modernity which is misunderstood and therefore badly
lived or the result of foreign bad cultures which invade Africa. It is rather rooted in a cultural and
linguistic substrate for which they have difficulties to integrate. Sexuality is still a taboo despite the
harmful effects of HIV/AIDS which require from the parents a change of mentality in such a way that
they dare discuss openly but without precipitation and with discernement such a topic for the good of
their offspring.
156. L’hétérogénéité des frontières du Rwanda colonial dans Des Mille collines aux neuf
volcans de Marie Gevers (pp 86-104)
Par M. Jean-Claude UWIRINGIYIMANA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Today, the world seems to have embarked on a race of overstepping all kinds of borders. In this regard,
testimonies of literature are of paramount importance. In its representations of the space "border",
literature shows, indeed, that the spirit of the border lies in its time and thus evolves with ages; each
border carrying the mark of its time.
In particular, the travel story which is the core of our subject offers a variety of borders which the
traveller crosses or attempts to cross on the unknown territory. When it comes to a traveller who attempts
to understand the Other culture in a colonial time when the opaque glance collides with ideologies of the
time, borders are heterogeneous. In this study, this heterogeneity of borders is analyzed in Marie Gevers’
travel story, “Des mille collines aux neuf volcans” (Thousand hills with nine volcanoes).
157. UBWIZA (pp 105-122)
Par Jean Chrysostome NKEJABAHIZI
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
In each culture and language, there are ways of expressing the beauty: the beauty of a flower, the
splendour of a landscape, the delicacy of a face, the elixir of a song which intoxicates the soul and drives
you into another world, the perfume of a poem that whispers in your ears the gods’language, etc. Most of
the time, we notice and note the effects of the light hidden in beings, objects and people who beautify
them; but who has ever seen the beauty itself? Who can give an account of it, describe it, and define it?
We talk of art, aesthetics, design and each group has its own criteria; but what is the beauty? Where does
it come from? Yet, today more and more people think that it is the beauty that will save the world.
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Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 14 Series Sciences
naturelles et appliquées, 2007
158. Implementation of the Core Cadastral Domain Model in a Distributed Environment using
Open GIS Standards (pp 7-36)
By Déo R. Rutamu, Andreas Wytzisk, Marian de Vries and Christiaan Lemmen
Abstract
The proliferation of spatial data on the Internet is beginning to allow a much wider access to data
currently available in various GIS’s. However, a major problem today is that important data is scattered
throughout dozens of separately evolved distributed heterogeneous data sources, in a form that makes the
“big picture” become difficult to obtain. Data integration presents a unified virtual view of all data within
a domain, allowing the user to pose queries across the completed integrated schema without knowing the
schemas of the underlying data sources.
The missing possibility of exchanging cadastral information between different countries, and even more
within a country in an efficient way leads to rather complicated procedures of collecting and analyzing
cadastral data in land transactions with multinational parties. In this paper, we propose an approach to
query translation based on the core cadastral model, which serves as connecting piece between various
national cadastral systems.
This research is an effort to a novel approach to design an architecture for data integration and distributed
query. The main goal was to apply and extend available interoperable standards and specifications in
order to support the integration of distributed heterogeneous cadastral databases, particularly how to
execute query in a distributed environment.
159. Water resources and GIS: A Contribution to the development of a decision support
systems for water resources management in Bugesera, Rwanda (pp 37-49)
By Jean Paul DUSHIMUMUREMYI, National University of Rwanda
& Petter PILESJO, Lund University GIS-centre, Solvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Abstract
In most developing countries, water resources (WR) are an import element for the livelihood of the
population. Bugesera is a region located in the Southern Rwanda, an area facing problems linked to water
shortage. With the need to provide decision makers at different levels with the appropriate tools to be able
to manage the available resources for a long-term sustainable utilization, the present study is attempting to
develop an approach for assessment of the situation of available WR, the linkage between water problems
and spatial distribution of the population, and to develop a Spatial Decision support System(SDSS) for
water resources management (WRM) using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote
sensing (RS). At the current stage of analysis, the results show an important decrease of water availability
in time and make it possible to highlight the role of the population increase in that problem. The
degradation of WR is more developed in area characterized by the high increase of population density.
Due to the population pressure on WR, there is currently an increase of population in areas without
enough WR available and that can be the main cause of the frequent periods of famine in the region since
the last decade.
160. Effets de l’action anthropique sur la diversité biologique des zones humides du Rwanda.
Cas des marais de la Nyabarongo et Akanyaru. (pp 50-66)
Par Dr. Charles NTAGANDA*
et Thomas NTAHUMWE+
*
Univerité Nationale du Rwanda
+
Institut Supérieur d’Agronomie et d’Elevage, Busogo
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Abstract
Wetlands constitute high value ecosystems in relation to the hydrological, ecological and biological
aspects. They often host non common species of plants and animals which need specific attention to
escape to be extinct.
Unfortunately, in numerous countries, including Rwanda, these lands are facing today a lot of threats
caused by the need of agricultural lands, drainage and livestock. Therefore, biological diversity and the
services that these ecosystems provide should disappear for ever.
In order to highlight the impact of human activities on wetlands biological diversity, a phytosociological
study has been carried out in the flood plain of Nyabarongo and Akanyaru rivers in the Eastern and
Southern Provinces. These wetlands, located in the head of the Nile Basin, are known for their
hydrological values and their bio-ecological functions. In fact, they occur along the flyway of numerous
migrant species.
The methodology used in this study is from Braun Blanquet as the plant description and analysis is
concerned (Kent and Coker, 2001). Transects perpendicular and parallel at the river has been drawn.
Along them, plots of 25 square metres have been surveyed for plant analysis.
In total, 147 plots have been sampled: 134 of them belong to fallow lands when 13 are from natural area.
Every species in the plot has been recorded and those who are unknown collected for further
identification.
Within the plots, a number of 136 plants species has been recorded. They belong to 36 families of
Dicotyledonous, 8 plant families of Monocotyledonous and 2 families of Ferns. Data collected have
shown that very rich plant diversity occurs in the Nyabarongo and Akanyaru wetlands. Degraded area
located in the border of the flood plain, valley and steep bank indicate high plant diversity with the
species that are common in the fallow lands when non degraded area, covered by papyrus in the flood
plain, are less rich but indicate more floristic originality. Most of the species belongs to the Victoria Lake
Basin group comprising species such as Drosera madagascariensis, Myrica kandtiana (Umusengesi),
Syzygium cordatum (umugote) and Typha domingensis (umuberanya).
161. Contribution à la transformation des fruits par la biotechnologie : Etude de la sélection des
souches de levures performantes impliquées dans la fermentation de jus d’orange. (pp 6778)
Par François LYUMUGABE1, Colman de SOUZA2, Blaise Yaovi AMEYAPOH3
1
Université Nationale du Rwanda
2
Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, TOGO
Abstract
We isolated yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Debaryomyces hansenii during uncontrolled
fermentation of orange juice. The isolated yeast strains were selected by screening based on the
evaluation of diameter of lyses around the colony compared to the size of this one. Controlled
fermentations were carried out to appreciate the performance of the selected strains. The strain of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, called SLYU, presents a factor 3,2 of production of alcohol against 2,5 to 1 for
the other selected yeasts strains. With 77 % of output in fermentation and 93 % of output in alcohol
production, this strain presents an interesting fermentation activity. This strain would be a good candidate
for the production of alcoholic drinks from fruits.
162. Etude de l’influence des impédances parasites sur le comportement d’un Convertisseur
Forward possédant un rapport de transformation élevé (pp 78-99)
Par HABUMUGISHA Didace, Université Nationale du Rwanda ;
André GENON, Université Libre de Belgique ;
Pierre GABRIEL, Université Libre de Belgique et
Jean ARBAN, Université Libre de Belgique
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Abstract
This work deals with the study and the analysis of parasite impedances that affects this working of
Forward converter that is used to convert input power towards a high value of power. Based on the
measurement of the capacity of power of 400Watts, and for an input power of 12 Volts, we have tried to
determine the origin of disruptions that affects electric performance of the circuit in general. In fact,
we’ve had an ability to suggest possible solutions to advocate for having a working more or less reliable.
The analysis has conducted on two assembling working at the switching (cut-out) frequency of 62.5 kHz.
The first works at lower tension and converts a tension from 12 Volts up to 25 Volts, and the second,
converts, from 12 Volts up to 380 Volts. The parasite impedances identification is strictly limited to the
availability of parasite capacitances, and coils lost, found at the level of semiconductors and transformer
windings that constitute the converter. Their influence is amplified with an increasing of parameters such
as switching frequency and ration of converting.
163. Luteolin levels in selected folkloric preparations and the bioavailability of luteolin from
Artemisia afra aqueous extract in the vervet monkey (Pages 100-111)
By Raymond MUGANGA
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
In this study, the level of luteolin was determined in various plant materials: Artemisia afra, Mentha
longifolia, Hypoestes rosea and Hypoestes triflora by HPLC assay. The high level of luteolin was found
in Artemisia afra. The bioavailability of luteolin either in pure or plant form was determined in the vervet
monkey using HPLC assay. The peak levels of luteolin were found 30 min after oral administration of
pure luteolin and luteolin in plant extract form which presented the best bioavailability of luteolin. In both
forms the elimination process of luteolin was fast and similar (Ke = 0.0054 ± 0.0006/min and T½= 132.21
± 15 min.) and the levels of luteolin in urine and faeces samples were low and not significantly different.
164. Infection néonatale bactérienne précoce au CHU Kigali et CHU Butare (pp 112-132)
Par Baribwira Cyprien1. Uwurukundo Marie C2, Muganga Narcisse 1, Gashumba Diane3, Van
den Ende J.4
1
CHU Kigali, service de pédiatrie
2
CHU Butare, service de pédiatrie
3
Hôpital de district de Kibagabaga
4
Institut de Médecine Tropicale d’Envers, Belgique
Abstract
In developed countries, management of a suspect new-born baby of infection is already well codified. It is
based on the germs recognized most frequent at this age of life and their sensitivity to antibiotics is
regularly updated.
In Rwanda, the antabiotherapy in neonatal period is copied on that of the developed countries without
preliminary studies and yet the implied germs are far from being identical
This study was undertaken in order to determine the frequency of the early bacterial neonatal infection
with positive hemo culture, to describe the profile of the bacteria most frequently implied, to determine
the value diagnoses clinical signs and that of the biological tests most frequently found and finally to
propose a protocol of management of the early neonatal infection in Rwanda
In order to reach the objectives, all the new born with one or more signs of infectious risk were included.
Were collected: the obstetrical history, the clinical examination, hemoculture; WBC, blood picture,
numeration of the plates, C-reactant protein (CRP) sampled after H12 of life and the gastric liquid before
H6 of life.
As results, 305 new born was included in the study 16, 4% of the newborns had a germ on hemoculture,
of which more half are Staphylococci. The negative germs gram account for 36% of the germs. All the
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streptococcus ones were sensitive to ampicillin and gentamycin, the listeria remains sensitive to
ampicillin, on the other hand the majority of the enterobacterias are resistant. 28, 5% of the gastric
aspiration contains germs. Compared with hemoculture, only the prolonged ruptured membrane > 18h is
associated at the increased risk of infection.
The clinical signs in the neonatal infection have low sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) except the hoop
nets hemodynamic and the early jaundice which have good sp. On the other hand their positive predictive
values (VPP) are high. The presence of the germs in the gastric liquid has good Se with a good VPP. The
modification of the hematologic formula has good Sp and VPN but not very sensitive. The
thrombocytopenia has good Sp and VPP. CRP has a moderate sensitivity and specificity but a good VPP.
A proposal of the treatment of early neonatal infection is proposed.
We concluded that the factors of risk of neonatal infection found by other authors were also found in our
population of study. The antibiotic association should cover the positive and negative germs gram
resistant to ampicillin.
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 13: Series Lettres et
Sciences Sociales, 2007
165. Assessment of the role of forum theatre in HIV/AIDS behavioral change process among
secondary school adolescents in Butare province, Rwanda (pp 7-27)
By Basinga Paulin*, Bizimana Jean de Dieu*, Munyanshongore Cyprien*
*
Rwanda School of Public Health
National University of Rwanda.
Abstract
Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions most severely
affected by the infection.
In general, theatre is intuitively considered as an efficient sensitization tool that can lead to a sustainable
behavior change. This study evaluates the efficiency of forum theatre in comparison with the classical
HIV/AIDS sensitization method regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices of the youth in secondary
schools.
This research used the “pre-and post-test” assessment method. Two different interventions in two
secondary schools in Butare town were compared.
During the month of May 2005, 3 forum theatre interventions were performed for the students of the
‘‘Groupe Scolaire de Butare’’ (intervention group) and 2 classical sensitization sessions in the‘‘Petit
Séminaire Baptiste’’ (control group). Observation was carried out in the following six months. The final
quantitative assessment was carried out during the month of November 2005. In total, 11 indicators were
selected to serve as a basis for the comparison between the two schools.
Statiscally, the homogeneity test showed no statistically significant diffe-rence between the two schools.
Impact assessment at 6 months could not demonstrate statistically significant differences due to the short
observation period. However, a good improvement trend for most of the indicators was observed in the
intervention group as well as in the control group. Different impacts of both interventions are discussed
and recommendations are made to improve and intensify sensitization campaigns for the youth in
Rwandan secondary schools.
166. Impact de l’aveu dans la lutte contre la stigmatisation et la discrimination des
PVVIH/SIDA (pp 28-55)
Par François MASABO
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
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The stigmatization and discrimination linked to AIDS sickness constitute a major handicap to all
programs of fighting the disease. Many people adopt an irresponsible behavior towards AIDS for the fear
of being pointed at.
The strategies to fight against this pandemic collide with a double challenge: the challenge of taking
preventive measures during sexual relations for fear of being suspected of carrying a deadly virus and the
challenge of being tested for fear of accepting reality especially when the result of the test is positive.
We conducted a survey in which members of associations of persons living with HIV/AIDS and members
of anti-AIDS clubs showed that acceptance of their status constitutes the right way for efficient fighting
against stigma-tization and discrimination against propagation of HIV/AIDS.
167. Networking model towards sustainable agriculture in Gikongoro province, Rwanda (pp
56-80)
By Alfred Bizoza1 and Gerald F. Ortmann2
1
National University of Rwanda
2
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Abstract
This paper proposes a networking model for supporting farmers’ associations in Gikongoro province,
Rwanda. A survey of a random sample of 204 household heads in three districts of the province was
conducted during July and August 2004. The 204 household heads are members of 24 associations of
which 10 are supported by the Development Activity Program (DAP) The associations deal mainly with
farming activities where factors such as lack of inputs, poor soil fertility, low levels of organizational and
managerial skills, limited sources of cash income, and poor technical assistance prevent them from
successfully contributing towards agricultural development. The support available from the DAP in the
study area was limited relative to the number of farmers that need assistance. However, analyses indicate
that DAP supported farmers experience significantly higher yields and household incomes than
respondents not supported by DAP. This study suggests a networking model for supporting farmers’
associations in which a joint role of the Rwandan government, academic and research institutions, NGOs,
and the private sector can lead to sustainable agricultural development in Gikongoro province, Rwanda.
168. Agricultural cooperatives as strategy for rural development in Rwanda: a case
study of COVEPAR (pp 81-92)
By Emma Carine Uwantege
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This study was undertaken in order to see the contribution of COVEPAR (Cooperative for Valorization
and exportation of Rwandan Agricultural Products) in solving problems of agriculture in general and
those of farmers in particular. The main objective was to assess its contribution in poverty reduction in
Butare Province.
A survey conducted with a standardized questionnaire helped to collect primary data. In total eighty-two
questionnaires were used. The results of this research showed that in two years of activities (having
started its acti-vities in April 2003), COVEPAR reached great achievements in the relatively short period
of two years, but it is also facing a lot of problems. The most important are inadequate organization, lack
of financial capital that puts it in an unfortunate situation of bringing about misunderstanding with
members because of delays in payments. Other problems are poor communication and collaboration with
members. In addition, COVEPAR works with so many associations needing financial and technical
means that it can not afford. Therefore, if this situation lasts for long, COVEPAR objectives will not be
reached and it will inevitably share the same fate as other cooperatives that have existed in Rwanda and
failed.
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169. Perceived quality of loan appraisal reports and loan performance. A survey of
selected banks in Rwanda. (pp 93-103)
By Penelope Mbabazi
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
The study examines Loan performance in relation to the Perceived Quality of the loan appraisal reports.
The study is undertaken against the observation that loan performance in Rwanda commercial banks is
weak, with a Non Performing Loan (NPL) rate above the internationally accepted level of 10%. A cross
sectional correlation survey design is carried out using staff within selected four commercial banks in
Rwanda.
The results reveal that on average, the respondents from all the four commercial banks perceive the
quality of the loan appraisal reports as not at best. To some extent the quality of loan appraisal reports is
perceived as unreliable, irrelevant and incomplete. The performance of loans is generally weak. Also it
was found that all variables Capital, Capacity, Character, Collateral and Documentation reveal a strong
positive correlation with loan performance, and this implies that if quality of reports in relation to the
above aspects is reliable, relevant and complete, loan performance may be good. The regression analysis
model revealed that perceived quality of the loan appraisal reports predicted 43% of the variance in Loan
performance.
Basing on the findings above, the study concludes that there is a need to enhance loan performance by
improving the quality of the loan appraisal reports so as to achieve the vision of these organizations. A
specialized unit should be adopted or strengthened, which handles appraisal of loan applicants. Managers
could use track and monitor improvements within their loan appraisals, and there should be verification
(by analysis) of the infor-mation in the reports before using it to draw final decisions.
170. Le Sauvetage de quelques rescapés du génocide des Tutsi dans les communes Gishamvu et
Kigembe au Rwanda (pp 104-141)
Par Kabwete Mulinda Charles
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
This article stresses the way some Tutsi survived from genocide in the former Gishanvu and Kigembe
communes. Given that the two communes are located near the border with Burundi, and that the genocide
started there a bit later as compared to several other regions of Rwanda, the crossing of the border seems
to have been a significant factor for the rescue of many survivors. Therefore, using 22 interviews, this
article uncovers the highs and the lows of the rescue of those survivors and other people who fled with
them. The author realizes that Burundian militaries were the main rescuers of those victims. Other
rescuers include some Hutu neighbours, some humanitarian organizations and the Rwanda Patriotic Front
militaries.
171. Musicothérapie pour la jeunesse scolaire ayant des blessures psychiques conséquentes au
génocide de 1994 (pp 142-168)
Par Beata M. Shyaka et Ignatiana Mukarusanga
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The music therapy program focused mainly on the consequences of the deep weakness and horror
endured during the 1994 genocide. Its objective was to establish a mental equilibrium to the rescued
orphans for the reestablishment of their normal growth. The research initiated the Rwandan traditional
music as the most adequate means in the Rwandan context, with the cognitive music therapy techniques.
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A sample of 63 orphans was taken, representing children having undergone the genocide while aged
between 2 and 9 years. These children presented high symptoms of psychophysical awareness of invasion
and exclusion. In fact, thanks to music therapy sessions, they started changing their behaviour both inside
and outside the group.
This touched the development of the following areas: emotional, social, cognitive, moral and even of
abilities. The Rwandan music and its elements helped us to secure those pupils, to stimulate and express
their emotions, to facilitate their regression, to relax, cool down, organize their personality, and to apply
new behavioural mechanisms.
Participants found not only reasons to change their future, but also recognized the importance of
continuing the music therapy for themselves and for others who are in need. In fact, our research verified
the effectiveness of the cognitive music therapy in the treatment of a psychic wound, and therefore
opened windows for further research on music therapy in the context of Rwandan culture.
172. Pour une pédagogie convergente en milieu multilingue : Recherche-action sur l’intégration
de l’enseignement/apprentissage du français et du kinyarwanda(pp 169-191)
Par Innocent Twagilimana,*
Massumbuko Fikirini* et
Phocas Nkurikiyumukiza*
*
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Vis-a-vis the problem of fall of competence level in French in the Rwandan schools (Twagilimana, 2001;
Uwihirwe, 2005), an Action Research aiming at the introduction of convergent pedagogy (kinyarwanda French) into the secondary education of Rwanda is proposed. That is, for the involved languages, a
teaching approach ensuring a complementary interaction between the knowledge acquired in each type of
language (mother tongue/ second language): procedures of appropriation of the mother tongue being able
to be used as model to develop processes of acquisition of the second language.
The research has three main stages:
methodological training of a group of actors on convergent pedagogy;
experimentation of the method on a sample of secondary schools;
modelling of an approach to be popularized.
During the first stage, methodological workshops were organized and made it possible to the participants
to prepare a document to be used as a "methodological reference frame" and to become agents of
spreading of the method.
During the second stage, the method was tested and its application could produce results confirming the
existence of a really positive impact of convergent pedagogy on learners’ competences in second
language. The research report having to be presented relates primarily to the results of the
experimentation.
As for the third stage, it consists of producing a popularization document to be published.
173. Towards Integrating Television Materials into English Teaching and Learning at the
National University of Rwanda: an Exploratory Case Study of the Second Year English
Course. (pp 192-204)
By Pravda MFURANKUNDA
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This study explores the possibility of integrating television materials into English teaching and learning at
the National University of Rwanda for the benefit of second year English students in the Faculty of Arts
and Humanities. Different research techniques were used to obtain the data for this study. These included
interviews, questionnaires and document analysis. The interviews were conducted with English lecturers
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in the Department of English at the National University of Rwanda. The latter also responded to a
questionnaire. The second year English students, the target group of this study too completed a
questionnaire directed at them. Additional data were collected from the analysis of the content of
academic English programmes in use at the NUR.
The findings reveal that students and lecturers acknowledge the importance of using TV in the English
class and support the integration of television materials into the English teaching and learning processes.
However, the lecturers expressed their disappointment with the lack of facilities to implement this. The
findings also led to the conclusion that students encounter listening difficulties in relation to TV
programmes in English. The main reasons for such difficulties could be the following: unfamiliarity with
various English accents, in particular American accents and lack of exposure to native speakers’ culture
and intonation. This study concludes that TV materials can help students to improve their speaking and
listening skills. Students can acquire these skills through different practical activities such as summaries,
debates and group discussions on topics aired on TV. An examination of the English programmes at the
National University of Rwanda through analysis of the content of selected courses shows that there is
provision for use of television materials in the English class.
174. Présence Africaine, 1947-1967: émergence du discours critique littéraire africain
francophone. Stratégies discursives et cognitives. (pp 205-218)
Par Jeanne Nyirahabimana
Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Established in 1947, the Journal ‘’Présence Africaine”, from its very beginnings, is a place where
literature is done and talked about. It publishes works produced by African writers, as well as the literary
critical discourse which creates and legitimates the new African literary paradigm. Thus, there appears
double emergence: that of a literature and that of a metadiscourse which set it up. This article examines
the Francophone African literary critical discourse which develops in the journal, during the period from
1947 to 1967, by making an analysis of 45 selected texts. The article runs from the principle that a critical
text is argumentative, that it starts from the will to communicate a message and more particularly to
convince the addressee. Attention is focused on the discursive and cognitive strategies used in those texts,
the strategies which imbody the Francophone African literary critical discourse of the old days and which
set it as autonomous and distinct from the French critical discourse which had until then held the
monopoly.
There is no literature without critiques, judges, judgements, standards. (Robert, "La sociologie", 20)
175. Regards croisés sur l’Autre culturel dans la littérature rwandaise coloniale
autochtone et allogène. (pp 219-247)
Par Jean-Claude UWIRINGIYIMANA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
In the course of history of humanity, people from different settings and different nationalities have never
ceased to be in contact for various social or individual reasons such as exotic attraction (or change of
social environment), exploration, search for the Elsewhere (or deterritorialisation), tourist desire,
migration, trade, annexationism and many other reasons which derive or not from the consent of people
who are in contact. In these free or imposed contacts, culture shocks are inevitable, one party finding
itself under the obligation or necessity to understand another party and come out of its shell with aim to
comprehend each other. But given that the embodiment of the understanding of the Other as “I” is not a
set act here and now, the questioning of “I” vis-à-vis the cultural Other often generates the construction of
images, clichés and stereotypes representing the cultural Other in the perspective of differentiation,
strangisation or even exclusion. These repre-sentations of the cultural otherness are particularly at the
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centre of exotic literature of the colonial times. This theme of representations of the cultural otherness in
colonial literature is discussed with focus on the crossing of the perspectives from two different cultural
settings.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 12, Series Sciences
exactes, naturelles et appliquées, 2006
176. Etude chimique des huiles essentielles de Lippia multiflora Moldenke et de Cymbopogon
giganteus chiov. du TOGO (pp 5-14)
Par Léocadie KAMAGAJU1, Kossi KOUMAGLO2, Amegnona AGBONON2, Jean Pierre
NKURUNZIZA1, Justin KABERA 1, JMV SENYANZOBE1.
1
IRST/ CRP&SV, Butare-Rwanda
2
Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé-Togo
Abstract
Our study concerned the chemical composition and the effect of the drying on the return and the
indication of refraction of the essential oil of Lippia multiflora and the Cymbopogon giganteus of TOGO.
The p-cymene is the major constituent of the essential oil of Lippia multiflora studied, whereas the major
constituent of the essential oil of Cymbopogon giganteus is the Limonene. The return in essential oil is
strongly influenced by the drying in the case of Lippia multiflora, and this one is maximal at the fifth day
of drying. In both case, the indication of refraction is not influenced by drying.
177. The extraction, fractionation and evaluation of compounds from the leaves of Leonotis
leonorus for anticonvulsant activity (pp 15-30)
Par T. Muhizi1, I.R. Green2, G.J. Amabeoku3, E. Bienvenu4.
1
Department of Chemistry, National University of Rwanda,
2
Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
3
Department of Pharmacology, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
4
Department of Pharmacy, National University of Rwanda.
Abstract
In this study the bio-guided method has been used to partially identify the active compounds isolated
from the leaves of Leonotis leonorus for anticonvulsant activity. To do this, tonic seizures were
chemically induced in mice using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ: 95mg/kg, ip). Different extracts of the plant
material such as hexane, methanol, and water were tested for anticonvulsant activities. The crude
methanol extracts (100-400 mg/kg, ip) significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures induced by PTZ
(95 mg/kg, ip) with 100 mg/kg (ip) of the crude methanol extract of plant material collected from the
Cape Flats Nature Reserve protecting 50 % of the mice against seizures. The crude hexane and aqueous
extracts obtained from the residue after methanol extraction did not significantly affect the onset of
seizures elicited by PTZ (95 mg/kg, ip) or alter the incidence of the seizures in all doses used. All plant
material used in the above investigation was collected during the summer months. Doses of 100-400
mg/kg (ip) of crude methanol extract of plants collected during the winter months also significantly
delayed the onset of PTZ (95 mg/kg, ip) elicited seizures in mice but did not affect the incidence of the
seizures to any significant extent. Additionally, 100-400 mg/kg (ip) of isolated fractions in the crude
methanol extract significantly delayed the onset of PTZ (95 mg/kg, ip)-induced seizures while 200-400
mg/kg (ip) of the fraction significantly reduced the incidence of the seizures. Phytochemical analysis
revealed that the plant contains chemical constituents such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and quinones.
The terpenoid lactones and quinonoid components possess the antiepileptic properties of Leonotis
leonorus.
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178. Etudes ethnobotanique, écologique et propriétés antifongiques de mondia whitei (hook.f.)
should
Abstract
This work is a contribution to a best knowledge of M. whitei, used in traditional medicine for its
aphrodisiac properties. The part of the used plant is the root. Its supply on Lomé markets is coming from
many villages of the interior of the country and some surrounding markets, those from neighbouring
countries like Ghana even. Its trade provides some substantial financial income to women who have the
monopoly of this activity. M. whitei is a liana found in IV and V ecological area in semi deciduous and
deciduous riparian forest respectively. The speces frequently associated to M. whitei belong to 92 genera
and 51 families.
The root hydroethanolic extract of M. whitei had remarkable inhibitor activity towards Candida albicans
and Microsporum gypseum with a MIC of 4mg/ml.
179. Effect of seed dressing with Imidaclopride on the control of aphids transmitting
bean common mosaic. (pp 44-56)
Par WALANGULULU M.1,; A. KARANGWA1 and P. LEPOINT2.
1
Faculté d’Agronomie, Université Nationale du Rwanda.
2
Projet d’Appui au Secteur Semencier du Rwanda (A.S.S.R.).
Abstract
Beans are key to Rwandan nutrition; they supply two thirds of their protein and a third of their calories.
Among disease constraints to production is the bean common mosaic, a seed- borne disease transmitted
by aphids, mainly the black aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli.
In order to keep bean plants free of aphids until at the flowering stage, this study has investigated the
efficiency of Imidaclopride (Gaucho), a contact and systemic insecticide, by seed dressing with 0, 2, 4,
and 6 g a.i./kg of seeds.
Results revealed that 4 and 6 g a.i./kg of seeds of Imidaclopride protected bean plants from aphid
infestation until six weeks after sowing date and a lower percent (1.1%) of plants showing mosaic
symptoms one month after sowing date. The insecticide also proved to prevent attacks from cutworms,
chrysomelids and bean stem maggots, pests of bean seedlings.
180. Evaluation des clones de manioc en essai avancé de rendement pour la résistance à
l’acarien vert du manioc Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina, Teranychidae) au
Rwanda. ) pp 57-72)
Par J. M. WALANGULULU1, D. MUTUMWINKA1 et L. R. MAYALA2
1
Faculté d’Agronomie, Université Nationale du Rwanda
2
Programme Manioc de l’Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (I.S.A.R.).
Abstract
Among biotic constraints to cassava production, third food production in Rwanda after banana and sweet
potato, are pests and diseases. Cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) remains the most
important pest and the most encountered in Rwanda.
Against this pest, host plant resistance is the most sustainable and economic strategy, compatible with
other control methods.
This work aimed at screening in the field cassava clones in an advanced yield trial in order to identify
resistant ones to cassava green mite, clones to be considered for the continuation of the breeding program.
This work was carried out at Rubona and Karama, two of breeding sites of Cassava Program, I.S.A.R.
Results revealed that cassava clones MM96/5725, MM96/4363 and MM96/6588 at Rubona and AbbeyIfe and MM96/6625 at Karama performed as well as Gakiza and Creolinha used as resistant checks in
Karama and Gakiza and Mulundi in Rubona, as for incidence, severity of attacks and green mite number
on leaves during the dry season. They scored medium severity, meaning 5-50% of chlorosis on the leaf
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lamina and were not defoliated during the dry season. They can be selected for the continuation of the
breeding program.
181. PCR à partir d’ADN proviral extrait du sang desséché sur papier filtre comme technique
alternative pour le diagnostic du VIH chez des nourrissons au Rwanda. (pp 73-83)
Par MURINDAHABI M. Marilyn1, GONZALES Luis Phelipe2 et BAJYANA Songa Emmanuel1
1
Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Université Nationale du Rwanda.
2
Columbia University/ Mailman School of Public Health.
Abstract
A comparative study of proviral DNA extraction from Dried Blood Spot (DBS) and peripheral
mononuclear blood (reference method) has been done to evaluate the sensibility of the PCR diagnosis of
the HIV-1 in children between 0 to 18 months.
The preliminary results showed that the sensitivity of PCR Roche is 98%, acceptable sensitivity compared
with the reference test. The specificity of 100% was noticed. The filter paper allowed an extraction of
proviral DNA after 1 day birth at newborn baby and allows discriminating the positive cases of negative
ones.
182. Growth and Quality of Five Plantation Pines in Rwanda (pp 84-95)
Par Canisius P. MUGUNGA,
Dept. of Soil and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture,
National University of Rwanda.
Abstract
Five pine species namely Pinus caribaea, P. kesiya, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. tecunumanii
established as provenance trials in 1980’s were assessed for their suitability as plantation species in
Rwanda. P. patula is a primary commercial plantation species followed by P. caribaea, while the other
three are newly introduced for testing purposes in the country. A general comparison indicated that P.
maximinoi produced the highest volume followed by P. tecunumanii. P. kesiya produced the lowest
volume followed by P. caribaea. P. patula produced intermediate yield between the two groups. Due to
varying stand densities, lack of thinning in some trials, differences in survival and volume equations not
readily available, comparison was also done based on mean annual diameter and height increments.
Results were still consistent with those obtained based on yield, except for P. caribaea whose volume was
poorer than that of P. patula but its mean annual diameter and height increments were observed to be at
par with those of the latter.
Etudes Rwandaises ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 11, Actes de la Deuxème
Conférence Anuelle de la Recherche Scientifique, 2006
183. Etude préliminaire de la régénération en forêt de montagne du Rwanda: cas de huit
espèces d’arbres illégalement exploitées en Forêt de Nyungwe. (pp 7-21)
Dhetchuvi M.M.J.B. & Gakwavu R.J.
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Preliminary study of the regeneration in mountain forest of Rwanda: case of eight tree species illegally
exploited in Nyungwe Forest.
Our study aims to determine the impact of illegal tree exploitation on the biodiversity of trees in
Nyungwe Forest. The concerned species are Entandrophragma excelsum, Podocarpus latifolius, P.
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falcatus, Faurea Saligna, Strombosia scheffleri, Newtonia buchananii, Ficalhoa laurifolia et Symphonia
globulifera, which were illegally exploited before 1994.
After the choice of five study zones and survey plots established, seedlings and young plants < 130 cm
were counted to know their abundance.
The results for the 8 species indicates that Nyungwe Forest was affected by illegal timber making
activities around Uwinka, Kitabi and Gisovu at which species Entandrophragma excelsum, Ficalhoa
laurifolia and Podocarpus latifolius have become rare. Our study also demonstrates that Podocarpus
falcatus has not regenerated in all study zones. Meanwhile, the regeneration curves are globally normal in
Nyungwe Forest.
184. Physiological adaptation to moderate altitude in Butare. (pp 22-41)
By Jean Bosco Gahutu1,
Justin Wane2,
Jeanne d’Arc Uwambazimana3,
Désiré Midonzi3,
Théogène Twagirumugabe3,
Jules Minega Ndoli3
1
Unit of Normal and Pathologic Physiology, Department of Medical Biology
2
Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Biology
3
Department of Anesthesiology
Butare University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Blood gases were analyzed in Rwandan students in Butare (1,768 m), with the objective to illustrate the
blood gas and acid-base adaptation in Central African highlands and establish local reference intervals.
Radiometer blood gas analyzer and hemoximeter were used for analysis of arterial blood sampled from
the radial artery on healthy young adults in basal conditions. The results from 170 males and 98 females,
presented as mean ± SEM with reference interval (mean ± 2 SD) in brackets are as follows: pH: males:
7.408 ± 0.002 (7.367-7.448), females: 7.419 ± 0.003 (7.360-7.477); PaCO2: males: 34.7 ± 0.3 (27.9-41.5)
mm Hg, females: 31.8 ± 0.3 (25.7-37.9) mm Hg; PaO2: males: 83.0 ± 0.5 (69.9-96.1) mm Hg, females:
84.5 ± 0.8 (68.6-100.4) mm Hg; arterial hemoglobin concentration: males: 154 ± 1 (133-174) g/L,
females: 130 ± 1 (110-149) g/L; oxygen saturation: males: 97.0 ± 0.2 (93.0-100) %, females: 94.7 ± 0.3
(89.1-100) %; bicarbonate: males: 21.6 ± 0.2 (17.3-26.0) mmol/L, females: 20.4 ± 0.3 (15.2-25.7)
mmol/L; total CO2: males: 22.7 ± 0.2 (18.1-27.3) mmol/L, females: 21.4 ± 0.3 (16.0-26.9) mmol/L;
standard bicarbonate: males: 22.8 ± 0.1 (19.5-26.0) mmol/L, females : 22.0 ± 0.2 (17.6-26.4) mmol/L;
base excess: males: -2.1 ± 0.1 [(-6.0)-(+1.8)] mmol/L, females: -2.9 ± 0.3 [(-8.2)-(+2.3)] mmol/L. The
low PaCO2 and bicarbonate and the negative base excess, with normal pH, indicate a slight chronic
respiratory alkalosis with complete metabolic compensation. Nevertheless, the relatively low PaO2
permits a normal oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentration is not increased.
185. Coinfection VIH/SIDA et Paludisme placentaire chez la femme enceinte au decours de
l’accouchement: cas du Centre hospitalier de Kigali, au Rwanda. (pp 42-56)
Dr. Musemakweri André1, Dr. Mambo Muvunyi Claude4,
Dr. Musango Laurent3, Dr. Urujeni Rosine1, Dr. Twagirumukiza Marc1
Dr. Vyankandondera Joseph2
1
CHUB 2CHUK 3Ecole de Santé Publique/ UNR 4Hopital Roi Faycal Kigali
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of the dual infection malaria and HIV on the
outcome in pregnant woman just after delivery, in particular it was aimed to assess repercussions of those
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two infections on the term and the birth weight.
It’s a prospective, analytical study that was conducted on 491 parturients who came for delivery at the
District Hospital of Muhima which is under supervision of Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK).
The findings show that the malaria prevalence was 11,8 % at delivery (11,4% maternal peripheral
parasitemia, 10,6% placental malaria and 4,3% in the cor) and the HIV infection prevalence among
Women at delivery was 14,5%. The study of the morbidity factors associated with dual infection shows
that the dual infection by HIV and malaria parasites is an added risk for low birth weight and
prematurity. In the other hand HIV infection alone has no repercussion on prematurity and was not
statistically associated with high prevalence of placental malaria during delivery.
186. Perceived Barriers and Opportunities to the Linkage of Research, Education and
Extension in Rwanda. (pp 57-69)
By Callixte Gatali, National University of Rwanda
And Frank Brewer, Michigan State University
Abstract
This study investigates perceived barriers and opportunities to link research, education and extension in
Rwanda. Many issues confronting the Rwandan extension services are still unsolved such as low
educational level, poor training and lack of adequate means of transportation and demonstrations for
extension personnel; lack of farmer participation in decision-making; and weak linkages between
research, education and extension with each service operating separately what can limit their efficiency to
contribute to development. Developing collaborative approaches among different institutions and farmers
is likely to create synergy in building a more effective and responsive system to address the issue of food
security, poverty reduction, improving farmers’ livelihood and development of country.
187. Analysis of the Rwandan extension system: the relationships between the Extension field
workers and the farmers for information delivery. (pp 70-81)
By BIZIMANA Jean-Claude
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Despite the fact that agriculture is a vital sector for Rwandan economy, it did not contribute significantly
to the improvement of farmers’ livelihoods for many decades. This study sought to analyze the Rwandan
agricultural extension system specifically the collaboration between the beneficiaries (farmers) and the
service providers (extension agents) for an efficient agricultural information delivery.
A survey methodology was chosen to collect data between June and August 2002 in 3 provinces of
Rwanda: Byumba, Gikongoro and Kigali-Rural using a personal interview questionnaire. Forty-seven
people participated in this survey. The majority of the respondents comprised the farmers (individual and
in associations) and extension agents. Directors of Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry at the Province level,
as well as the assistant-mayors in charge of economic affairs were among the respondents to get a more
thorough view on extension service.
It was evident that individual farmers received a less number of visits by extension agents compared to
farmers in associations. Moreover, the information dissemination such as meetings announcement
through local authorities was much easier for farmers in associations than individual farmers. Therefore,
the perception of extension field workers was better for farmers gathered in associations than individual
farmers. The lack of enough transportation means and in-job training were limiting factors for extension
agents to perform well their duties. As such the farmers were advised to join associations and benefit
more from extension agents services and thus overcome the problem of reduced number of extension
agents. More training in participatory extension approach are needed for extension agents and farmers in
order to have the same vision geared towards a market-oriented and food-security agriculture in Rwanda.
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188. Molecular Characterization of Disease Resistance in Local Rwandan Bean Varieties.
(pp 82-95)
By Gérardine Mukeshimana1*, James D. Kelly2,
1
National University of Rwanda,
2
Crop and soil sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824
Abstract
Disease resistance genes present in ten local Rwandan varieties were evaluated using molecular markers.
The evaluation consisted of assessing the presence or absence of markers linked to genes conditioning
resistance to Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV),
Anthracnose, Angular leaf spot (ALS), common bacterial blight (CBB), and rust. The Rwandan cultivars
possessed a considerable number of markers linked to genes conditioning resistance to diseases tested.
Varieties RWV 167 and G 2331 had important DNA markers linked to genes conditioning resistance to
anthracnose. Importantly variety RWV 167 possessed markers linked to the CO-4 2 gene that conditions a
broad resistance to all known races of anthracnose. Cultivars RAB 487 and RWK 10 possessed the I gene
conditioning resistance to BCMV and BCMNV while other varieties were susceptible to these viruses.
The I gene in RAB487 and RWK10 needs to be protected with the bc-3 gene for these varieties to be
useful in Rwanda where prevails the BCMNV
189. Stratégie d’internationalisation des entreprises de tourisme et performance.
«Illustration par l’industrie hôtelière». (pp 96-145)
By Védaste BUTERA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to prove that the strategy of internationalization can get better the
performance of touristic enterprises. So a great theory based on transaction cost theory, eclectic theory
and synthetic theory is necessary to explain the internationalization of enterprises in touristic industry
illustrated by hotel industry. Indeed, following the example of the enterprises of services, the
internationalization of hotel industry, has caracteristics unknown in industrial enterprises: a necessary
proximity between enterprise and customer and an intensity of relationship between producers and
consumers. In the second place, the performance has to be defined. Lastly a qualitative pratical
experiency will be made with the help of professional of hotel business to confirm our problematics.
190. Les problèmes de transport et transit dans les pays sans littoral de l'Afrique subSaharienne. (pp 146-171)
Par Félicien Usengumukiza
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The landlocked developing countries particularly those of the African continent are facing the challenge
of transport and transit due to their geographical localisation. Indeed, as today world economy is
characterized by globalisation and liberalisation of exchanges, access to the sea is, in somehow,
synonymous with acces to the world market. Geographic localisation is one of the factors which can
decide on the position and the international trade of a country or a region. This article tries to analyse the
african landlocked coutries specific problems linked to the international economic relations. We also try
to provide solutions to these problems especially in the context of the globalisation process.
191. Investment Climate and Foreign Direct Investment Flow to Rwanda. (pp 172-188)
By Fred Mugisha
National University of Rwanda
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Abstract
This study was undertaken against the observation that Rwanda still registers low levels of Foreign Direct
Investment inflows despite the fact that there have been remarkable improvements in her investment
climate. The purpose was to analyze the relationship between investment climate factors and FDI inflow
to Rwanda. Besides that, the researcher assessed the investment climate in Rwanda in comparison to other
Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries.
The researcher used three hypotheses to make comparisons between SSA countries and Rwanda’
investment climate, and to find the relationship between investment climate and FDI inflow to Rwanda.
Out of 48 SSA countries, 22 were sampled, a selection based on availability of data in the period 19852002. The researcher used secondary data. A multiple correlation coefficient and multiple coefficient of
determination were established. The researcher used a Student t-statistical test in data analysis.
The main finding was that, in terms of inflation, Rwanda has a better situation than other SSA countries
(on average). Economic growth is more or less similar. It, however, has a smaller market size and her
economy is less open (in comparison to average in SSA). There is a strong relationship between
investment climate and FDI, though not significant at a 95% confidence level. The major conclusions to
be taken from this study are that Rwanda’s market size, openness of economy, inflation and economic
growth do influence FDI inflows. The main recommendation is that the country should intensify the
image building efforts. Besides, more efforts are needed to increase market size, and openness of
economy.
192. The Relationship of Willingness-to-Pay and Demographics for Agricultural Information
Delivery Technologies - A Case Study from Rwanda. (pp 189-201)
By Sharon Haba
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This study was designed to identify the factors influencing the willingness to pay for agricultural
information delivery technologies among the farmers in the Abahuzamugambi Coffee Growers
Cooperative located in Butare, Rwanda. Three hundred and six farmers responded to a questionnaire that
included questions about their demographic characteristics and accessibility to agricultural information
technologies. Results were computed using the mean and standard deviation. T-tests and analysis of
variance were conducted to determine the relationship between farmers’ demographic characteristics and
their willingness to pay for selected agricultural information delivery technologies. Findings indicate that
there are some delivery technologies available to farmers who depend on technologies offered by the
government. The findings also indicate that there was not a statistically significant difference between
farmers’ willingness to pay for agricultural information delivery technologies, length of time spent as a
cooperative member, income derived from agribusiness and yearly expenses based on expenditures.
193. The role of local non governmental organizations in poverty reduction in Rwanda: a case
study of Butare Province. (pp 202-220)
By Ezechiel Sentama
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Chronic poverty has always been described as one of the greatest structural problems facing Rwanda. The
objective of the study was to examine to what extent local NGOs play and/or should play a role in poverty
reduction in Rwanda. The field survey was conducted on four local NGOs, operating in Butare Province,
namely URWEGO, HUGUKA, HAGURUKA and DUTERIMBERE.
The study design was qualitative, focusing on personal/individual interviews as well as focus group
discussions. The study used descriptive and analytical approaches, while interview, documentary and
observation tools were used as techniques of data collection.
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The findings indicate that local NGOs play or/and may play a crucial role - to a large extent - in poverty
reduction in the sense that they are often participatory, responsive notably to local needs and able to
mobilize communities and support poor communities. Local NGOs have the potential to facilitate the
effective participation and self-reliance of the poor communities. They support the poor in breaking out of
their condition of poverty. However, the study revealed that local NGOs are still weakened by many
constraints, notably their creation (foundation) from outside, poor management, inadequate laws and
especially the dependence burden.
The study recommends that the creation of local NGOs should be initiated by people themselves. Local
NGOs must progressively replace the “outstretched-hand” technique to foreign institutions with selfinitiatives undertaking sustainable actions through local potential and resources.
194. The Dynamic Aspect of Some Traditional Institutions in Precolonial Rwanda. (pp 221-231)
By Charles Kabwete Mulinda
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This research aimed at understanding the process whereby the traditional institutions in precolonial
Rwanda have been dynamic. In this respect, the history of the Ubwiru, Ubuhake, Ubukonde, Igikingi and
Ingabo institutions has been uncovered. This study emphasized the reforms, the innovations, the
adaptations and the shifts of those institutions in time and space.
195. L’engagement anticolonialiste en littérature africaine : Fin d’une époque. (pp 232269)
Par Jean Chrysostome Nkejabahizi
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
When one reads some works on African literature produced in the 1960s - 1970s, which are very critical
of colonization and for which African people’s poverty was absolutely brought forward by the White
people, one realizes that, 40 years afterwards, Africans continue to brandish the same talk. The African in
general, and the Negro in particular, continues not to be at peace with himself, and thinks that the rich
countries in Europe and Northern America should care for him by helping him to eradicate poverty which
seems to stick to him like a limpet. Eradicating poverty can be achieved through debt relief and Marshall
Plan for Sub-Saharan African countries. The African feels entitled to claim the fair prices for his exports
and compensation for the extortions undergone during the slave trade engaged by the Europeans in the
16th and 19th centuries.
I am not Afro-pessimistic and my intention is not to deny that sad historical reality or play down the role
of colonial powers in the hardships faced by African countries. But there is one thing which cannot be
overlooked : if Africans really want to eradicate poverty and drive off the inferiority complex that still
dominates them, they should change the method and be aware of their responsibilities in the cultural and
economic development of their continent.
For the above reasons, I have chosen a novel of the 1970s which seems the most popular at least in the
Francophone world. This is “Les Soleils des Indépendances” by Ahmadou Kourouma. The content of the
novel is still very topical with regard to what happened in Rwanda in 1994 or to the political imbroglio
that Côte d’Ivoire, the native country of the author, is struggling against.
196. Dual-Medium Language of Instruction Policy and Practices in Rwandan Higher
Education : A Case Study of the National University of Rwanda. (pp 270-289)
By Faustin MUTWARASIBO
National University of Rwanda
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Abstract
The paper explores the workings of a language policy in a Rwandan educational context with special
emphasis on higher education. More specifically, it proposes to examine how the dual-medium language
policy, i.e, teaching and learning through both English and French, is integrated in classroom practices in
the National University of Rwanda.
From the data, it was found out that most lecturers value the role of multilingual interaction in the
classroom but while Francophones disapprove of the use of Kinyarwanda (or any other indigenous
language) in the foreign language classroom, Anglophones view the practice as a way of facilitating
communication and accommodating one another. Another finding was that while assessing written works,
lecturers tend to blame only students on their inability to write effectively in either French or English.
The study concludes that in order to reconcile the dual-medium language policy and classroom practice,
teachers should encourage communicative activities in the classroom and strive to evaluate the knowledge
and skills displayed by learners in English and French and not simply what they fail to do.
197. Towards English for Academic Purposes in the Rwandan Context: The Case of the First
Year of the Management Faculty -National University of Rwanda. (pp 290-310)
By Anne Marie KAGWESAGE
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This study investigates the extent to which the one-year English course that the National University of
Rwanda equips Francophone students with the linguistic tools they need in order to cope with content
subjects offered through the medium of English.For the purposes of this study, the focus fell on students
in the Management Faculty. Different research techniques were used, namely, interviews and document
analysis. The findings revealed that the course failed to develop the study and academic skills that
students need in order to function effectively in English as medium of instruction. The investigation
concluded that English teachers should be empowered to design their own materials, which meet their
students’ needs.
198. Rwanda, à l’aube du génocide de 1994 : emergence d’une socio-psychopathologie. (pp 311326)
Par Jean Mutabaruka
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The motivation for this article stems from the following observation: The emergent and autoorganisational nature of Genocide (in general and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in particular) is less
tackled in Scientific Literature than the aspect of its process.
To underscore this nature, an Auto-organisational, Systemic method was used.
The aim of this study was to explain the Systemic and Auto-organisational processes that led to the
emergence of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.
Analysis showed that, at the dawn of the Genocide:
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• The Rwandan society was in a crisis, and was socially and culturally disorientated. This generated
latent and overt antagonisms, which themselves led to frustrations, aggressions and the formation of
scapegoats. These elements acted in a retroactive dynamic system.
• Concerning Beliefs; the endogroup had a feeling of proximity (closeness). The exogroup on the
other hand, had a feeling of detachment.
• Concerning Ethics; the endogroup exhibited complementary rites and norms underpinned by
Unity. Vis-à-vis the exogroup the rites exhibited were antagonistic and the norms underpinned by
detachment.
• Concerning Community environment (ambiance); the endogroup lived in a surrounding of Unity
and fusion, whereas vis-à-vis the exogroup, the life led was that of loss of contact.
• A Phenomenon: Denial forms a lightening conductor (paratonnerre). The criminals try to erase
the marks of their acts and to put the responsibility on others than themselves.
The auto-organisational nature of these elements led to the emergence of a Socio-Psychopathology, the
explosion of the society: the Genocide.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 10, Série Sciences
exactes, naturelles et appliquées, 2005
199. Caractérisation des huiles essentielles d’Hyptis spicigera Lam., Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC.
et Laggera aurita (L.F.) Benth. Ex. C.B. Clarke, plantes aromatiques tropicales. (pp 7-18)
Par J. Kabera1, M.G. Ingabire2, K.H. Koumaglo3, L. Kamagaju4, L Ntezurubanza5
1, 2,4
IRST-/Centre de Recherche en Pytomédicaments et Sciences de la Vie (Butare -Rwanda)
3
Laboratoire d’extraits végétaux et arômes naturels (LEVAN), Université de Lomé (Togo)
5
Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
Abstract
In West Africa Region, Hyptis spicigera leaves are use as spray to keep and protect crops from various
insect attack; well Pluchea ovalis and Laggera aurita are use as medicinal plants. Thus, in regard to our
studies over aromatic and oils essentials plants, the while plants of Hyptis spicigera, Pluchea ovalis and
Laggera aurita have been extracted by steam distilled. For all these plants, the yield of essential oil is
low:
Hyptis spicigera (0.04%), Pluchea ovalis (0.02%) Laggera aurita (0.007%). The essential oils obtained
were characterised through their refraction indice and chemical composition. The analysis had been made
by GC (gaz chromatography). The result of had demonstrated that the major constituents of Hyptis
spicigera were: -Terpinene (38.9 %), - pinene (18.9 %), -pinene (8,9%), and p-cymene (7.5%); for
Pluchea ovalis : limonene(18.9%), p-cymene(11,7%), ß-maaliene (7.4%), ß-phellandrene (7.3 %) ,
isocomene (6.2 %) and Laggera aurita: 2,5-dimetoxy-p-cymene (21.2 %), ß-caryophyllene (16.58 %),
-cadinene (5.9 %), -cadinol (4.2 %).
200. Leucaena leucocephala, source prometteuse d’un nouveau réactif pour l’analyse du fer
ferrique dans les pays en developpement. (pp 19-36)
Par Ismael Musafiri Mulali-Wazo 1, Théophile Mbema Fundu D.L2. et
Jean-Baptiste Rulinda Rwagaju 3
1
Assistant à l’Institut Supérieur des techniques médicales de Bukavu.
2
Professeur à la Faculté des sciences, Université de Kinshasa, R.D. Congo.
3
Professeur à l’Université Nationale du Rwanda, B.P.117 Butare.
Abstract
Investigations on Leucaena leucocephala showed that its seeds contain a water-soluble factor absorbing
around 280nm and complexing Fe3+(max=530nm). Testing hydrochloric extract on about 25 cations, it
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appeared that only Fe3+, Mo6+ et Ce3+ give characteristic reactions, purple colour with Fe3+, yellow with
Mo6+ and a yellow or a brownish precipitation with Ce3+. With a sensitivity of around 2x10-7 g.ion ml-1,
the Fe3+ complexation seemed to be the most useful reaction for analytical applications. Up to 20gFe/ml,
a calibration curve was obtained.
201. Caractérisation physico-chimique de l’huile de ricin (Ricinus Communis) des deux variétés
rwandaises (pp 37-49)
Par Placide RUKUNDO 1 et
Emmanuel BAJYANA SONGA 2
1
Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR), Rubona, Butare
2
Université Nationale du Rwanda, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie,
Département de Biologie, Butare, Rwanda
Abstract
Two Rwandese varieties of Ricinus communis have been studied: The output of castor oil (for whole
seeds) is of the order of 37.35% for variety A, and of 37.475% for variety B. Considering only the kernel
(peeled seeds), the output is respectively 49.40% and 50.09% for both A and B varieties. Physicochemical analysis mainly show that extracted oil is part of nonsiccative oil categories with viscosity
which is higher than 300 mpa.s.
202. Values of serum electrolytes and proteins in Rwandan Students in Butare. (pp 5068)
By Jean Bosco Gahutu1 and Justin Wane2
1
Unit of Physiology,
2
Unit of Clinical Chemistry,
Department of Medical Biology,
Faculty of Medicine, National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This is a study on serum electrolyte and protein parameters in students of the National University of
Rwanda in Butare, at an altitude of 1,768 m and with a barometric pressure of 629 mm Hg. The analytical
methods used were based on molecular absorption photometry, flame photometry and ion-sensitive
electrodes.
The results, mean and reference interval (mean ± 2 SD), of analyses of serum from venous blood are as
follows: total proteins: 7.3 (6.3-8.4) g/dL for males and 7.3 (6.2-8.4) g/dL for females; albumin: 4.3 (3.15.5) g/dL for males and 4.1 (3.1-5.2) g/dL for females; globulins: 3.1 (1.8-4.4) g/dL for males and 3.2
(2.0-4.4) g/dL for females; chloride: 104.4 (96-112) mmol/L for males and 106.1 (98-114) mmol/L for
females; phosphates: 1.13 (0.64-1.61) mmol/L for males and 1.17 (0.75-1.59) mmol/L for females. For
sodium and potassium, the median and reference interval (centile 2.5-centile 97.5) are as follows: sodium:
138 (130-147) mmol/L for males and 139 (132-153) mmol/L for females; potassium: 4.0 (3.1-5.0)
mmol/L for males and 4.0 (3.1-5.0) mmol/L for females.
The values of serum proteins and electrolytes do not seem to be much influenced by the moderate altitude
in Butare but slight differences relative to classical reference values are observed. These biochemical
values are valuable as an estimation of protein and electrolyte reference values in a Rwandan student
population.
203. Hematocrit and red blood cell count values in Rwandan Students in Butare. (pp 69-80)
By Jean Bosco Gahutu1 and Justin Wane2
1
Unit of Physiology,
2
Unit of Clinical Chemistry,
107 | P a g e
Department of Medical Biology,
Faculty of Medicine, National University of Rwanda
Abstract
This is a study on two hematological parameters, the red blood cell count and hematocrit, in students of
the National University of Rwanda in Butare, at an altitude of 1,768 m and with a barometric pressure of
629 mm Hg. It evaluates any hematological impact of the Butare moderate altitude. Hematocrit was
determined by the micromethod using hematocrit capillaries. The red blood cell counting was done by the
manual method with a Neubauer haematimeter, by microscopy, objective X 40.
At the moderate altitude of Butare, the results in venous blood are as follows: hematocrit [median and
reference interval (centile 2.5-centile 97.5)]: 49 (43-54) % for males and 43 (36-48) % for females; red
blood cell count [mean and reference interval (mean ± 2 SD)]: 5.01 (4.21-5.81) X 1012/L for males and
4.31 (3.70-4.92) X 1012/L for females.
At the moderate altitude of Butare, the red blood cell count is not elevated relative to sea level values.
However hematocrit shows a slight increase in males. These data are also valuable as an estimation of
hematological reference values in a Rwandan student population, particularly at Butare altitude, which
had not yet been done.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 9, Série Lettres et
Sciences Humaines, 2005
204. Les récits du peuplement du Rwanda et la manipulation identitaire. (pp 7-37)
Par Faustin Rutembesa
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
It could be quite difficult to understand the origin of the ideas underlaying the behaviours of exclusion
and extreme violence unless the accounts about the population settlement in Rwanda are taken into
consideration. Those accounts constitute the ground roots for the process of racialisation of the Rwandan
society. To explain this process, we have chosen to take the "population settlement issue" as the base and
then proceed with the localization of the connotations that have been associated with it in history
curricula, in the political leaders’speeches and in the press. This article shows how each of these
instances, has used "the population settlement issue" as an argument to rationalize or justify hatred and
violence.
205. Mythes et croyances au coeur du génocidede 1994 au Rwanda. (pp 38-68)
Par Jean-Marie Kayishema
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
It is difficult to apprehend the phenomenon of the genocide as a whole and the approaches which are
made about it remain inevitably partial. Among these approaches, the identity crisis and the rejection of
others which it spreads, consequence generally from the dismantling of myths founding of a national
harmony, remain in the eye of the storm.
Our study attempts to show that in Rwanda, before the genocide - massive massacres, there was initially a
cultural "genocide" spread out over half a century. During colonization period and the two republics
which followed it, the founding myths of Kigwa and Gihanga as well as the fundamental beliefs in Imana
(God), in the royal authority, mediations between the divinity and the people of Rwanda, in taboos and
other social pacts were subjected to a devastating chipping away. The result was a traumatic ideology of
the rejection of the tutsi group, its diabolisation, its animalisation and finally its reification. The genocide
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is a direct consequence of this vacuum of the values consciously created with the purpose to be achieved
for the success of a racial and criminal political ideology. Therefore, the nation could be rebuilt only by
revisiting the myths and the founding beliefs to restore what can still be so and reorientate the remainder
of values for the promotiom of peace, unity and reconciliation.
206. Les fonctions des récits de chasse dans le génocide au Rwanda. (pp 69-102)
Par Josias Semujanga
Université de Montréal & Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
This article intends to show the link of the propaganda and ideology and the traditional ritual of collective
hunting. First of all, by analyzing two foundational narratives about Hutu Power ideology - The
Manifesto of Bahutu (1957) and the Ten Commandments of the Hutu (1990) - I argue that the genocide is
connected to how this propaganda considered Hutu as indigenous or native and Tutsi as alien or enemy.
In those texts we read an ideology of resentment with a past to be avenged, even though this past is more
of a propagandist construction than a sociological datum. In this, Hutu Power is a racism differentiating
the three social groups in Rwanda (Hutu, Tutsi and Twa) according to an essentialist categorization of
individuals. In this case, being born Tutsi, Hutu or Twa is frozen in time and place. From this, it follows
the negation of common membership to the Rwandan nation, for example by rejecting the founding
narratives making the Rwandans (Hutu, Tutsi and Twa) as the sons of Kanyarwanda or Gihanga, the
mythical eponymic ancestor.
Second, I argue that the genocide enterprise to be successful, large-scale mobilization was necessary to
legitimate the killing of Tutsi as the common «enemy» considered as an animal which would be hunted
and killed. Indeed, the organizers of the genocide used both the modern state mechanisms such as the
individual identification by the card on which was written the ethnic group of it’s holder and the Rwandan
traditional of collective hunting. In the rural regions, the organization of the hunting and killing the Tutsi,
this traditional hunting was used with it’s own rituals: to sound the assembly of beginning of hunting
before, the organization by equip of hunters and assembly after hunting. Like in traditional hunting,
during the Rwandan genocide some rituals were accomplished: sharing the booty after hunting in festive
assembly with the supervision of the responsible of hunting (Interahamwe militia or political
administrator) in which people told thank you to ancestors by giving them this opportunity of abundance.
In conclusion, I notice that the link of traditional and modern practices in the Rwandan genocide shows
that all genocides are realized by the modern state mechanisms, even each genocide is realized with the
local cultural dimension specific on the area in which it takes place.
207. Eléments pour une grammaire du massacre. (pp 103-127)
Par Jacques Semelin
Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI) - Paris
Abstract
The aim of this text is to show how social sciences could contribute to prepare the ground for a
problematic reflection on that issue, which could be called a grammar of massacre.
208. Préservation de la mémoire du génocide : rôles, actions et stratégies. (pp 128-147)
Par Célestin M. Kanimba
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The present contribution sets the memory of the genocide of the Tutsi in its historical context in order to
correct the widely spread ideas by negationists. It shows that genocide which is far from being a
spontaneous action by the population results from a meticulous preparation implemented by the
government’s organs and by Hutu extremists. The execution of the extermination scheme has been
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accelerated by an indoctrination comforted by a culture of impunity instituted since the beginning of the
First Republic as well as by the silent accomplice of the international community.
Moreover, it displays how the memory fits in with the policy of rehabilitation of the country, the policy of
reconstruction of the national unity and reconciliation of Rwandan people. In this regard, it specifies the
actions and major strategies. As we cannot tackle memory without thinking about forgetting, we have
raised various dangers of forgetting and obstacles against the good preservation of the memory.
209. Mémoire des sites et sites de mémoire au Rwanda après 1994. (pp 148-162)
Par Augustin RUDACOGORA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
It’s only after the April-July 1994 genocide that the remembering culture became an important aspect of
Rwanda society. Happy celebrations were since replaced by mournful commemorations. Memorial sites
of genocide constitute an evident foundation of genocide memory: they are “reminders” (souvenir,
anamnesis), they are history tellers (and storytellers) via their location, their architectural aspects and the
writings they carry. This article describes and analyses these three important aspects of the new visual
environment of Rwandans after1994. It’s necessary to study these sites because they represent an order to
remember.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 ‐4874 (Print), Volume 8, 2004, Série spéciale
210. An assessment of soil microbial biomass and microbial activity as means to evaluate soil
fertility. (pp 9-18)
Par Donat Nsabimana
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the size and activity of the soil microbial community as
indicators of soil quality, soil fertility and effects of land use and management practice. These were
investigated by measuring soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration
rate, microbial quotient, metabolic quotient and soil enzyme activities. Soil samples were taken from the
top layer of the soils from different agricultural managements in South Africa (Cedara agricultural
institute, in Kwazulu-Natal). The results showed that annual cultivation is responsible for a decrease in
soil organic carbon, microbial biomass C and microbial activities. Conversely, pastoral activity and trees
plantation increased appreciably the amount of organic C and consequently promoted the size and activity
of the microbial biomass in the soils.
211. An Evaluation of Conventional and No-Tillage Systems on Soil Physical Conditions (pp 1949)
Par Innocent NZEYIMANA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The use of no-tillage (NT) system has increased in the past few years in South Africa, but its effects on
soil physical conditions have not been adequately documented. This study was undertaken to ascertain
these effects, as compared to Conventional tillage (CT) system. NT generally increased bulk density in
the topsoil and this altered total porosity and pore-size distribution. Differences in bulk density between
tillage systems with soil depth did not clearly indicate where soil compaction had occurred. Water
retention, organic carbon and aggregate stability were increased under NT. Organic C and aggregate
110 | P a g e
stability were positively correlated with each other. Significant differences in soil compaction between
treatments were, however, illustrated by changes in soil penetration resistance (SPR), especially at the
150 mm depth, resulting in the formation of a compacted layer at that depth. Depending on the soil type,
SPR was greater in the topsoil under NT than CT. In clay soils, this has also resulted in subsoil
compaction. The formation of compacted layers caused major changes to pore size distribution and
continuity and this resulted in substantially reduced hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, air-filled
porosity and air permeability. It was concluded that compacted subsoil layers need to be broken up prior
to conversion from CT to NT, and that compaction in the surface soil under NT has occurred and, in some
cases, this will be a limitation to crop production. The use of minimum tillage systems should be
considered and researched in these cases.
212. Factors influencing sprout growth in potatoes. (pp 49-67)
Par Charles BUCAGU
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The high cost of potato certified seed is a major constraint in potato production. One of the approaches to
overcome this problem may consist of setting up strategies that may allow farmers to use less amount of
seed material per unit of land. In this perspective, the effects of seed size and plant growth regulators were
examined in two separate experiments. The study was carried out in temperature controlled dark rooms.
Sprouts from seed pieces of 1 and 3g in mass were of the same length as the sprouts from 8g seed pieces.
The sprout dry mass and sprout dry mass per unit length increased in proportion to seed mass. Strong
elongation of the sprouts growing on small seed pieces suggests that amount of assimilate is not the only
factor involved in growth process. Growth promoting substances are naturally present in potato tubers and
may play a role in transfer of reserve material from tubers to sprouts. This was investigated in a separate
experiment in which gibberellin (GA) and paclobutrasol (antigibberellin) were applied on potato seed
pieces. GA increased sprout length and sprout dry mass but decreased sprout dry mass per unit length.
The pattern of sprout growth on GA treated seed pieces resemble that of sprout development on small
seed pieces, suggesting that long and thin sprouts on small seed pieces are partly associated with
induction of wound-induced GA in small seed pieces.
The experiments clearly showed that sprout growth is a complex process with the length and thickness of
the sprouts not only determined by the amount of carbohydrates available in the seed piece but also by
hormonal substances that are induced in wounded seed. The implication of these findings resides in the
fact that small seed pieces may be successfully used to increase vigor of sprout growth after planting
allowing rapid growth and better establishment of the plant. This may be of economical benefit for
farmers in countries where availability of certified seed is still problematic.
213. Formulation and Evaluation of Tablets manufactured from Dodonaea Angustifolia Plant
Material. (pp 68-85)
Par Egide Kayitare1 and James A. Syce and Rafik Bapoo2
1
Department ofmPharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology
2
School of Pharmacy, University of the western cap, R.S.A
Abstract
The present study concerns a preformulation study done on raw plant material from the leaves of
medicinal plant « Dodonaea angustifolia » in order to assess their suitability for tablet formulation and
tablet manufacturing, followed by evaluation of tablets containing plant material. The tablets were
prepared using plant material from the leaves of two types of D. angustifolia. A decoction from this plant
is most currently used in traditional medicine. A solid dosage form was proposed because it should enable
to overcome some problems associated with the liquid dosage form which is commonly used in
traditional medicine. The primary goal of this study was to formulate and produce tablets using dried
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aqueous extracts of the leaves of D. angustifolia. Therefore, dried aqueous extracts (dry extract 1 from
broad leaf plant and dry extrac 2 from narrow leaf plant) of D. angustifolia were prepared. The results of
preformulation study showed that the two forms differed by different particle size, different solubility, the
index of compressibility. The tablets containing these plant materials were formulated and manufactured
by the direct compression. The final proportions of plant material per tablet were 65% for dry extract 1
and 70% for dry extrac 2. The physical properties of the tablets were assessed, all the final tablets had
acceptable physical properties. However, the tablets containing the dry extracts showed slow
disintegration and low dissolution rate.
214. Holographie et restitution numérique des images. (pp 86-110)
Par Célestin MAGEZA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
In this study, the reproduction of objects’images by digital holography is successfully achieved by means
of Charge-Coupled Device Camera (CCD), and the use of mathematical methods based on a computeraided reconstruction of images. The methodology that is exploited here is « Speckle’s Interferometry ».
A complex amplitude of the light wave produced by a Laser-lit object is recorded on the surface of the
pixels of a CCD camera, which allows to sample that complex amplitude in a desired plan of the
hologram. Then, thanks to a computer program based on Temporal Phase Measurement Interferometry
and Fast Fourier Transform theory (FFT), the image is digitally reconstructed, thus obtaining :
* The phase map : The phase of the object-wave is coded and then a series of five images are taken
(HARIHARAN’s technique) from the same position of the camera, but by varying the phase of the
reference wave.
* The light intensity map : The reference wave is blocked and the computer calculates the module of the
complex amplitude in the position of the camera, as a square root of intensity.
This article presents holography-based digital reconstruction of the image of an object, which is totally
diffused reflecting of a coherent light.
215. Diagnostic coprologique versus sérologique d’Entamoeba histolytica et Entamoeba dispar:
étude comparative dans une zone endémique. (pp 111-131)
Par Nkeramihigo Emmanuel¹, Van Esbroeck M2, Clerinx Jan³, Verweij J4, Poldeman A4,Van den
Ende Jef5
¹Département de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Butare, Faculté de
Médecine, Université Nationale du Rwanda.
2
Department of Parasitology, Institute of tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium.
³Departement of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium.
4
Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Leiden, Pays-Bas.
5
Departement of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Kigali, Rwanda.
Abstract
The diagnosis of amebiasis by microscopic identification of parasite in stool is insensitive and unable to
distinguish the invasive parasite Entamoeba histolytica from the commensal parasite Entamoeba dispar
because the cysts of these two species are morphologically indistiguishable.
In our study we have compared the microscopic results, the results got by the use of serology and
antigenic tests with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The analysis of the results was mainly focused
on the correlation between the titres of antibody to the immunofluorescence at the patients with E.
histolytica versus E.dispar and the results of PCR. We have also studied the relation between the
symptoms and E. histolytica/E. dispar cyst carrier status.
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Among 98 samples carrying E.histolytica/dispar cysts, only 5% were positive for E.histolytica by PCR.
The highest rates of the antibodies on immunofluorescence were in relation with the presence of E.
histolytica while the cases of E.dispar had a negative serology or a titre not exceeding 1/200.
No correlation between the clinical findings and the presence of carrier of E.histolytica /dispar cysts was
found. The use of the indirect immunofluorescence as additional test is helpful to differentiate the two
forms of amoeba; therefore this will reduce the unnecessary treatment of E.dispar cysts carriers.
216. Kibilizi Child Survival Program: Knowledge, Practice, and Coverage Baseline Survey. (pp
132-145)
Par Ntaganira J1, Phuong P2, Fjord A3, Munyanshongore C1, Dushimimana A1 Gahan B3.
1
School of Public Health, National University of Rwanda
2
Payson Centre of, Tulane University
3
Concern Rwanda
Abstract
In order to improve the prevention and treatment of priority health problems in Kibilizi Health District,
the School of Public Health, in close collaboration with Concern Child Survival Program (CSP) and the
Kibilizi District Health Team designed and implemented the Knowledge, Practice, and Coverage (KPC)
Survey. The survey’s primary objective is to obtain baseline information on KPC from mothers of
children less than 24 months related to CSP’s four intervention areas: HIV/AIDS, malaria, nutrition, and
maternal and newborn care. The study’s results emphasize that knowledge, practice, and coverage on
basic survival behaviors are low and need much strengthening. These findings will facilitate the
development of Concern CSP’s program planning, implementation, and evaluation.
217. La protection des intérêts économiques des consommateurs dans le cadre du libéralisme
économique en droit rwandais. (pp 146-163)
Par Dr Alphonse NGAGI
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 90s, the time when Rwanda introduced an economic policy of liberalism, the
consumer did not really benefit from the system, considered to be the best, if not, at the very least, the less
vicious. Far from making the consumer the king of the system, as favoured by the proponents of
liberalism, he rather became the victim of the system.
Even if developed countries were thought, since long time, to have monopoly on protection of consumers,
our research was conducted to demonstrate how possible it is to initiate a policy of consumer protection
for lower income groups. The research shows that consumer protection policy is essential to developing
countries, victims of abuse, mostly from economic dealers which may ordinarily make profit by taking
advantage of liberal economies where the state keeps itself in the background.
The research starts from a deep analysis of the Rwandan domestic market structure, underlining all factors
that justify the establishment of a consumer protection policy in Rwanda. Further still, we carried out an
evaluation of Rwandan Law rules ensuring a direct or indirect protection to Rwandan
consumers’interests, having in mind that the market supposes a balance of rights and obligations of
parties involved in the process, especially in some areas like contracts where we find much abuse from
professionals. Finally, this research aims at proposing mechanisms likely to improve the protection of
consumers ‘economic interests in Rwanda. Apart from the fact that the first step shall consist of
establishing ways of guarantying the consumers’ satisfaction of essential needs; it will also be necessary,
and for most, to adapt legal and institutional mechanisms to the country’s reality.
In conclusion, liberalism shall not be considered as synonymous with non-control of economy, as the
state’s intervention in the establishment of a balance between the rights and obligations of contracting
parties cannot be an interference with the due process of market rules.
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218. The Role of Social Work in the Socio-Economic Development of Rwanda: A comparative
sociological analysis of South Africa and Rwanda. (pp 164-188)
Par Charles Kalinganire
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Nowadays, different socio-economic actors throughout the world especially in developing countries are
more than ever committed to improving the quality of life of people and particularly to alleviating the
pain of the vulnerable. The present article makes a close examination of the case of Rwanda and
compares it with that of South Africa. It demonstrates how these countries will be succeeding throughout
their development process if they take every time into consideration their realities and rely on indigenous
resources.
An in-depth literature study as well as the findings of the qualitative research undertaken, proved that for
the best social transformation and the social development success, a grassroots participation in decisionmaking and an effective empowerment of all groups have first and foremost to be promoted. In this case,
it was shown that community work, mainly based on community development model, is one of the vital
pillars and thus a very suitable method in the achievement of major policy initiatives.
219. Pertinence et équité de l’éducation non formelle. Que deviennent les compétences des
femmes rwandaises déscolarisées, mal scolarisées et non scolarisées au Rwanda postgénocide? (pp 189-213)
Par Massumbuko FIKIRINI
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The problem of lack of qualification and recognition of competences among descolarized Rwandan
women, badly provided education for and not provided education for arises more and more with acuity in
Rwanda post-genocide. The questioning which emerges from this phenomenon is as follows: "What
become competences of the descolarized Rwandan women, badly provided education for and not
provided education for in Rwanda post-genocide?".
To tackle such a question of research requires an effort to identify the category essential of needs felt by
the targeted Rwandan women. Reference made on the two main categories of needs expressed by the
women in Africa and in Rwanda, the results of certain research highlight two types of needs to know onthe-job training for a short duration and generating activities of incomes.
In this article, our efforts are directed more towards the first type or category of needs for formation, the
on-the-job training connected with the functional formation. Indeed, this formation, to be of quality, it
will have to take its base on relevant, equitable and competitive programs. Once that the tools for
evaluation of these indicators are highlighted, the researcher will be able to identify the scientific model
of treatment. This article starts from a theoretical research which exploit the cybernéque model likely to
be used as stake interesting for the satisfaction of the socio-economic needs and socioculturels among not
qualified and illiterate adult Rwandan women.
A flexible but suitable methodology would leave the documentary techniques supported by a guide
maintenance and the accounts life, to constitute a data base much more qualitative. The validity and the
relevance of the cybernetic model would be justified by its effectiveness in the treatment of the variables
and sociocultural and socio-economic methods arisen of this data base. The complementary use of the
documentary and analytical techniques adequate enabled us to highlight our results of research.
Being based on the systemic approach, the use of this ideal model of formation by the actors of
institutions aiming at the development of the targeted Rwandan women will make it possible to face the
challenges effectively and to hope for prospects promising only by exploiting the adhocratic configuration
for the social organizations.
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220. Les violences sexuelles sur les enfants au Rwanda. (pp 214-224)
Par Ignatiana MUKARUSANGA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The consequences of genocide of April 1994 are multiple. The social situation got worse further to the
combination of several economics factors.
Our study intends to show to what extend sexual assaults on under age children are related to
destructuring of society and loss of rules caused by the genocide. Several documents have been used in
the Review of Litterature on history of Rwanda and sexual violence.
The concepts used are :
- the typology of sexual offenders
- the justice
- the allegations.
Our cross section is made up of sexual offender having minors. They are currently staying the central
prisons of Rwanda.
We used semi-directive interview, which allowed us to collect biographical information on offenders
about :
- their criminal past history
- their current offences
- the family connection between victims and assaillants
- their awareness about the seriousness of their acts
We used the genogramme to learn about the personal history of every subject
Statements :
The sexual offenders know victims and live in their neighbourhood.
The sexual offenders are unstable (8/10) and illeterate persons.
The offenders deny trivialize the crime.
The sexual offenders see themselves as victims and don’t feel guilty.
Every interviewed offender has stayed in displaced people or refugee camps.
Our search remains exploratory and will be deepened in a later study.
We hope that we can study a wider cross-section, in order to include victims and offenders.
The use of personality test will allow us cleary the typology of offenders.
221. Justice et Gacaca : L’expérience rwandaise et le génocide. (pp 225-243)
Par Angéline RUTAZANA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The 1994 genocide has put Rwanda before a terrible and unique experience in the history of humanity. In
spite of the judicial system annihilation, tens of thousands of genocide suspects have to be tried. Two
organic laws have been successively put in place: the organic law of 1996 introducing specialized
chambers, and the one of 2001 creating Gacaca courts. However, all those efforts tried are constantly
creating difficulties. On the one hand, the organic law of 1996, with all its limits, did not succeed to
resolve the huge contentious stemming from genocide. On the other hand, gacaca courts, regarded as the
unique occasion to put an end to the difficult task resulting from the 1994 genocide, are confronted with a
number of difficulties. They constitute, however, a necessity for Rwanda.
222. Problématique des Soins Palliatifs au Rwanda. (pp 244-252)
Par Jean Pierre DUSINGIZEMUNGU
Université Nationale du Rwanda
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Abstract
The present article reports results of two studies which have been initiated in relation with the course of
thanatology in the department of Clinical Psychology of NUR . The thanatological science, dealing with
the death, dying and life after death, is of great interest for the Rwandan future psychologists clinicians in
training. These ones will soon be battling against the problems that past or imminent death arises in the
everyday life.
Both researches focus on the psychological aspects of the help brought to the HIV / AIDS patient in
terminal phase of the disease. The results show that the palliative care, which are active care in a global
approach of the person affected by evolutionary or terminal serious illness, are far from being
institutionalized in Rwanda. Means are missing to make them operational in structures whithin which the
training of executives is not sufficient.
Results also underline the lack of a national policy, a legal frame defining palliative care in Rwanda.
Various recommendations are formulated to face these problems
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 7: Série Lettres et
Sciences Humaines, 2003
223. Construction d’une mémoire : Fest’Africa2000 et le génocide de 1994au Rwanda. (pp 7-49)
Par Augustin RUDACOGORA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The present article discusses the construction of the 1994 genocide memory in Rwanda through a cultural
event: FEST' AFRICA, its 2000 edition and publishing. A group of writers expressed the need " to write
out of a sense of duty of memory", came to Rwanda in 1998 for a stay of writing, then returned in 2000
with romantic, poetic works, story of journeys for their exhibition to the Rwandan public. The festival of
2000 had a success in Rwanda and elsewhere, but were there presented works, with regard to the memory
of the genocide and to the history of Rwanda? Do these works establish marks in the composition of a
memory? Were they as high as their objective? Did not they transform of facts or testimonies into pure
and simple fiction? What do they restore of the Rwandan society visited during the stay of writing?
It is this set of apparently harmless questions that tries hard to answer this paper, because it’s no use to
make of literature on an event if we do not understand it at first, and if then we cannot reach the
acceptable, without trivializing it! To trivialize, it is indeed against the objective of writing for memory.
We analyse the aim and the base of the attempt to write on genocide that is known as indescribable.
According principles of sociocritics in literature, this work is limited to four novels stemming from this
Pan-African festival to examine the higher evoked questions.
224. De L’Écart comme une réécriture de La nausée. (pp 50-76)
Par Albert Rubera
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The contrasted reading of L’Écart (The Gap) and La nausée (Nausea) allows to find visible intertextual
and dialogic dimensions in both novels. This comparative approach consists of studying the practice of
Romantic rewriting which is observed in La nausée and L’Écart. It is shown how L’Écart recycles on its
own way the construction of the existentialist novel, in general, and of Sartre’s novel, in particular. This
will only be achieved by foregrounding different intertextual practices. On the whole, it will be shown
that the narrative and discursive construction of L’Écart subscribes to the Sartrian Romantic ‘tradition’.
The general question of this study is the following: How does Mudimbe’s Romantic writing rework that
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of Sartre? Apart from this rewriting, how does Mudimbé construct in L’Écart the postcolonial aesthetics
as a flagrant manifestation of African subjectivity?
225. Evolution du phénomène de l’emprunt lexical en kinyarwanda. (pp 77-116)
Par Straton RURANGIRWA
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Today can we make the same statement as our fellow countryman who, a quarter of a century ago, said
that the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing did make Rwandans and Kinyarwanda lose their « cultural
personality » as regards lexical creation? This research intends to restart this debate initiated by some
Rwandan researchers, more than thirty years ago, but which is still topical nowadays especially with this
move of deep sociolinguistic changes in Rwanda.
In this first article, my intention is not to explore in depth the phenomenon. This study is considered as a
get in touch with the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in Kinyarwanda in general, through a description
and analysis which show the evolution of this phenomenon and the sociolinguistic situation of Rwanda
since the introduction of Swahili as the first foreign language. In collaboration with other researchers, we
shall deepen this phenomenon in a bid to study other aspects such as the “relevance” of some borrowed
elements and the “necessity” of the management of this phenomenon which is likely to suppress other
means of internal lexical creation of Kinyarwanda which is believed to be the guarantor of the Rwandan
culture and one of the important factors of national unity. This wouldn’t be, may be, a minor challenge to
reconcile the old chauvinism of Rwandans and their legendary hospitality.
226. La dimension mythico-rituelle de Huis-clos de Jean-Paul Sartre. (pp 117-137)
Jean-Marie Kayishema
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The production of art is impregnated with myth and rite through all the civilisations in the world. The
western cultures are not an exception to the rule in despite of their pretention of having escaped the
mythic thinking. Productions like “Huis clos” of Jean-Paul Sartre offer an unambiguous model of that
presence of the myth and the rite that constitute, in fact, an archetypical fund, residual but deep-rooted
resisting to all sociohistorical transformations even if it is constantly transformed by them.
The scene of “Huis clos” is the hell, one of the most important mythic places of the judeo-christian
symbolism. But Sartre seizes the myth to transform it and make of it the pretext for an existential
confrontation leading to his famous expression: “The hell is the others”.
227. Langue et Culture : les wellérismes du Rwanda. Approche ethnolinguistique. (pp 138-164)
Par Jean-Chrysostome NKEJABAHIZI
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Oral literature in Rwanda has been subjected to various studies. Some literary genres such as tales,
proverbs and riddles are very popular and somehow constitute a tree that hides a forest. Other genres
remain unknown, forgotten, neglected or confused with the above-mentioned categories.
This study sets out to rehabilitate what it calls rukinamubikômeye or wellerisms of Rwanda.
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Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 6: Série Lettres et
Sciences Humaines, 2002
228. Le nouvel essor de la culture du texte - Opportunités pour l’Afrique. (pp 5-17)
Par Robert Sebisaho
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Text virtualisation has brought about a veritable cultural revolution which is operating under our eyes. In
fact, a new text culture is emerging: the alphabetical text is progressively giving way to the numerical one
and the hypertext is slowly but surely substituting for the linear text.
Undoubtedly, this new development of the culture text offers unexpected opportunities to Africa in the
conservation, the transmission as well as the spread of a “continent memory”. But the African cannot
hope to optimize the exploitation of these opportunities without mastering the internal logic underpinning
the virtualisation phenomenon. This article aims thus at contributing to this development by describing
two typical features of virtualisation, namely numeralisation and hypertextualisation.
229. African languages can be used for teaching Scientific and Technological concepts. A
contribution to the rehabilitation of African languages education. (pp 18-29)
By Théodomir Igiraneza
National University of Rwanda
Abstract
Many researchers in language education are unanimous that mother tongue is the primary code for the
perception of reality and serves as a reference point for categorizing and arranging thought (Prah,
1995:45). Therefore, one can wonder if the assertion that African languages can never be used for
teaching literacy has actually any kind of sense.
This work objects to the assertion in two sections. The first section sets out the overview of the available
research works language education. The second deals with my own position in relation to the statement
and the eventual ways of rehabilitating African mother tongues education.
230. L’argumentation dans le discours sur le SIDA: le cas de conseils aux personnes
séropositives et aux personnes atteintes. (pp 30-66)
Par Evariste Ntakirutimana
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
When you have to communicate, you must be careful to choose properly the words to use and the
audience to address to. Otherwise, the message will be incomprehensible and will have no effect.
The HIV discourse that I’m analysing in this paper doesn’t pay full attention to those fundamental
elements, that’s why it seems to be purely speculative.
231. Les conflits internationaux en Afrique des Grands Lacs et les esquisses de leur résolution.
(pp 87-105)
Par Anastase Shyaka
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The Great Lakes region is one of the most affected regions, in Africa and in the whole world, by deep
rooted conflicts and violence. But why do these conflicts between identity groups in the Great Lakes
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region have radical tendencies leading to mass killings and genocide and why are they so resistant to
peace- building efforts?
This thesis tries to answer these questions and others related to this problematic. It discusses the
international conflicts in the Great Lakes Region and puts forward exit strategies.
In this respect, a model of conflict resolution in the South, particularly the Great Lakes region of Africa is
developed. This model is based on four parameters linked to one another: Democracy, Human Rights,
Development and International Solidarity (DDDS).
232. Etude de la dévalorisation des repères identitaires chez les jeunes rwandais. Approche de
reconstruction par l’ecole. (pp 106-123)
Par Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The present dissertation is panoramic. The situation derives from a twofold intention:
 To make a diagnosis based upon the devalorisation of identity marks of the youth enrolled in
upper secondary school classes ( this implics an anamnesis first of the colonial and post-colonial
situation, then of the genocide and massacre period; and a semiology of the contemporary post
traumatic status.
 To point out initiated reconstruction clues and to suggest research programs on mental health
development, parentality education, reconciliation with history, consideration of a “psy”culture.
This work is at the same time a quantitative study referring to social psychopathology, a development
program linking to school psychology and education, and a critical essay pertaining to public and political
psychology.
The results confirm not only the scope of devalorisation of identity marks, but also the valorisation of pair
groups among the youth prefiguring their resilience and capacity to express narrative unity in their life
and to restore that of their country.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 5: Série Sciences
exactes, naturelles et appliquées, 2002
233. ANOVA sous le modèle de la matrice normale ayant une matrice de covariance
particulière. (pp 5-19)
Par Raphaël M. Byakagaba
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The normal matrix’s model which has a particular covariance matrix W (pq x pq) is defined and imposed
to an experimental design where three crossed factors A, B and L intervene: A and B fixed factors
(interest factors) and L random factor (or factor of repetition). Under this model, a sufficient condition is
established namely W is partially of H type if it can be factorized in direct product of two covariance
matrix of type S W1 (p x p) and W2 (q x q). So, under this condition, it is indicated the way to carry out
the ANOVA concerning on the one hand, the establishing of hypothesis exact tests which can confirm the
validity of null hypothesis related to the absence of interest factors effects (A and B) and of their
interaction, and on the other hand, the inference on the correlation coefficients 1 and 2 of the covariance
matrix: hypothesis tests of their nullity and a proposal of their estimators.
234. Validation d’un modèle d’estimation de l’irradiation solaire par voie photovoltaïque. (pp
20-39)
Par Casmir Museruka et F. Habyarimana
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Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
In this paper, an incoming solar radiation and daily solar energy’s estimation model has been developed
by use of an analysis of the relationship between the solar cell photovoltaic output and the incident
photons flux.
Measurements have been conducted over 25 days period of long wet season and dry season on the
RUHANDE site (2.5° South and 29°7 East).
Results’ analysis showed that the mean solar radiation equals 439 W/m2 while the mean daily solar
energy is about 5.27 kWh/m2.
Finally, in order to undertake the model’s validation, a comparison between the above results and the
available satellite data proved that the relative gap is not more than 4%.
235. Comparaison de différents types de compostages de matières organiques diverses non
valorisées par les paysans au Rwanda (pp 40-55)
Par Jean Jacques Mbonigaba, M.Colot et J.D. Maniraguha
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
A study on the evolution of different types of composting was undertaken. The biomass of divers wild
plant species has been composted with or without household refuse and/ or farm manure. Composting
was done either in ditches or on the ground (in piles), with the main objective to trace the evolution of
physical and chemical parameters within composts of different composition.
Compost with an input of household refuse and / or manure had the highest content of total Kjeldahl
nitrogen all along the composting. The compost n 3 which received some additional household refuse and
manure presents best results for all analyzed parameters.
Composting in ditches (composts n 1 and n 5) provoke lower C/N ratio than for composts in piles (C/N =
22 at five months old for the two composts in ditches vs. C/N = 29, 28, 40 respectively for composts n 2,
3, and 4 in piles at the same age). However, the composts in piles tend to have a better chemical quality
(i.e. N, K, Ca, Na et Mg content) than the ones in ditches.
236. Effets des divers types de matières organiques en comparaison avec une fertilisation
minérale sur les propriétés et la productivité d’un sol acide au Rwanda. (pp 56-74)
Par Jean Jacques Mbonigaba, M. Culot et R. Bizimana
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
A study about the effects of organic matter in comparison with mineral fertilisers (NPK) on acidic soils
fertility was carried out at Tonga station.
Laboratory soil analysis before the application of the different types of fertilisers indicated that soils in
Tonga are acid, sandy, permeable, with a low CEC and low levels of nutrients. Four test plants have been
used (maize “Zea mays”, bean “Phaseolus vulgaris”, cabbage “Brassica oleracea” and carrot “Daucus
carota”).
The study showed that after harvest the level of nutrients was lightly up in all experimental plots except
for the control. Variance analysis shows that, among the fertilisers and for all soil parameters considered,
cow manure gave the highest improvement in soils fertility, followed by compost and then by mineral
fertiliser. Manure superiority is also observed on other agronomic parameters of cultures.
237. Evolution de la mosaïque africaine du manioc en rapport avec les dates de plantation du
manioc. (pp 75-84)
Par Masamba Jean Walangululu, G. Gashaka et Rutikanga L. Mayala
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Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Among biotic constraints to cassava production, third food crop in Rwanda after banana and sweet
potatoes, are pests and diseases. African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) is the most important and the
most encountered.
In the absence of resistant material, cultural control can be applied. It consists of planting material free of
disease at a moment that severity and incidence of ACMD are low during the growth of the crop. The
present work aimed at examining the effect of planting time on the incidence and severity of ACMD.
Results revealed that two months after planting which occurred at the onset of the rainy season (March),
the incidence of ACMD was 30 % and severity ranked medium (3 on a scale of 5). These decreased with
cassava age. By planting at the end of the dry season, the incidence and severity of ACMD were lower,
but sprouting of cuttings can be affected.
238. Etude comparée et transformation des amidons extraits des tubercules de manioc et de
patate douce. (pp 85-93)
Par Valentine Uwamaliya et Jean baptiste R. Rulinda
Abstract
The study of sweet potato and cassava starch has shown that the extraction yield was about 25.7% for
cassava and 22.8% for sweet potato. The content in starch was about 99.14% and 97.59% respectively for
cassava and sweet potato.
The transformation by partial hydrolysis gave syrup, sugar and dextrose. The content in glucose was
about 35% , 82.4% and 91.4% for cassava and 29% 77% and 88.7% for sweet potato.
Etudes Rwandaises, ISSN 1011 - 4874 (Print), Volume 2: Série Sciences
exactes, naturelles et appliquées, 2000
239. Construction d'une matrice de covariance partiellement de type H. (pp 4-17)
Par Raphaël M. Byakagaba
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
Sufficient and necessary conditions are established for a covariance matrix when factorized direct product
of two or more covariance matrix as to be H type of partially H type. These conditions impose to matrix
which intervene in factorization to be respectively spherical and S type. The main interest of this paper is
to present a possibility to conceive, in stage of modelisation for an experimental design, the case for
which the covariance matrix of observed variables is partially H type.
240. La libration de l’Argument de Laplace dans le système galiléen de Jupiter. (pp 18-37)
Abstract
In the galilean satellites motion, the angle λ1 -3 λ 2 +2 λ 3 librates around the value π, and its amplitude is
very small. Some theories have been elaborated to give a critical interpretation of the so-called laplacian
resonance. The aim of this paper is to determine the period of libration of Laplace’s argument. We take
into account probable scenario of capture into resonance of these satellites tidal effects. We suppose that
the amplitude of libration of Laplace’s argument may have been large in the past. For this reason, we
would like to develop a theory without assuming that this later amplitude is small. We use the Lie
transform method. We determine the libration period from a complete libration equation. The results will
comparate with others Sampson (1921), Ferraz-Mello (1979), Lieske (1981) and D.T.Vu (1986).
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241. Linear programming in the presence of fuzzy and random data. (pp 38-72)
Par Luhandjula M. Kalonda
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
This paper copes with the problem of extending applicability of Linear programming models to situations
where the two main categories of uncertainty namely vagueness (fuzziness) and ambiguity (randomness)
are in the state of affairs. At the very core of the paper lies the concept of fuzzy random variable that is to
our best knowledge, the richest mathematical apparatus for taking an intellectual step into problems
where fuzziness and randomness co-occur. Fuzzy random variables enjoy nice mathematical properties
which are rehearsed. These properties are fully exploited, with good reason, to grapple with linear
programming with fuzzy and random data. The paper ends with some concluding remarks along with
lines for further developments in this field still at a stammering stage.
242. Etude des possibilités d’utilisation des roches volcaniques pour fertiliser les sols. (pp 73-82)
Par Apollinaire Munyaneza et Jean Baptiste Rulinda
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
A Physico-chemical study and conditioning of volcanic rocks from the North-West of Rwanda, has been
carried out.
Physico-chemical analysis have led to the following results: total nitrogen: 0.15%; total Phosphorus:
914ppm; available phosphorus: 156ppm; potassium: 3.97%; calicium: 0;39%; Magnesium: 0.44%;
Carbon: 0.29 %; exchangeable cationic capacity: 19meq/100 g; pHH20 : 8.66; pHKCl: 8.05; total acidity:
0.425meq/100g; silica: 44.25%.
Mechanical and chemical conditioning has shown possibilities to increase the concentration of plants
nourishing elements.
243. Etude de valorisation des déchets ménagers par biométhanisation. (épluchures de pomme
de terre, haricot et riz) (pp 83-94)
Par Christian B. Sekomo et Jean Baptiste Rulinda
Université Nationale du Rwanda
Abstract
The valorization of wastes from the NUR restaurant by the anaerobic digestion process had produced a
burning gaseous mixture, which will be used in cooking foods. The analysis of the effluent produced by
the anaerobic digestion showed a augmentation in concentration of phosphorus and calcium. These
elements are important in the growth of plants. This effluent can be used as a fertilizer system in
agriculture. Some system parameters like the concentration in dry materials, the determination of a C: N
ratio, the pH and the temperature must be controlled to provide optimum conditions for the biological
process of digestion.