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Structure or way of
behaving that helps
an organism survive
in a particular
environment.
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Adaptive feature
Deme
Gene Pool
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A local population,
partially isolated
from other
populations of the
same species.
The sum total of
When physical
genes in a population barriers separate one
at any one time.
population from
another.
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Geographic isolation
Mutation
Ring Species
Hybrid sterility
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A special type of
cline where the
demes are arranged
in a “circle” so demes
at each end are
unable to interbreed.
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Allele frequency
Isolating mechanism
Directional selection
Genetic equilibrium
A change in a gene
that leads to a new
allele. Rare and
random but the
ultimate source of
variation
Where a hybrid
between two species
is formed but is
unable to reproduce
itself.
The proportion of
each allele of a gene
in the gene pool of a
species .
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A variety of barriers,
eg geographical,
ecological, temporal,
that may ultimately
lead to genetic
isolation
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Natural selection
that favours the
phenotype of one
extreme over the
average.
A process where
When the allele
individuals most
frequencies of a gene suited to their
pool remain
environment, survive
unchanged from
to pass on their
generation to
characteristics to
generation.
their offspring.
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Natural selection
Population
bottleneck
Polyploidy
Temporal isolation
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Where demes or
species are
separated from each
other by timing
differences eg
different breeding
seasons
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When a population is
reduced to a few
survivors whose
gene pool is not
necessarily
representative of the
original.
Having more than
two sets of
chromosomes. May
bring about the
abrupt formation of
a new species.
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Type of speciation
that occurs when
organisms or demes
are living in separate
geographical areas.
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Allopatric speciation
Disruptive selection
Genetic drift
Instant speciation
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Natural selection
that favours both
extremes at the
expense of the
average.
Random changes in
gene pools that can
be highly significant
in altering allele
frequency in small
gene pools.
When an organism is
isolated from its
original species in
one generation by
polyploidy.
How species avoid
direct competition
with other species eg
by exploiting slightly
different food
sources.
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Niche differentiation
Post-zygotic
Autopolyploidy
Fitness
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Refers to isolating
factors that act after
fertilisation
Where an individual
has more than two
chromosome sets
that have arisen from
non-disjunction
within the same
species.
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A measure of how
well suited an
organism is to
survive and
reproduce in its
habitat.
Occurs when a small
number of
individuals colonise a
new area and whose
alleles may not be
representative of he
parent gene pool
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Founder Effect
Microevolution
Phenotype
Pre-zygotic
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The generation to
generation changes
in the frequency of
alleles in the gene
pool of a population.
Physical expression
of genotype which is
acted on by natural
selection
Refers to isolating
factors that act
before fertilisation.
When a species or
group can no longer
breed successfully
with any other
organism but the
members of its own
species or group
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Reproductive
isolation
Stabilising selection
Gene flow
Macroevolution
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The movement of
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Natural selection
genes from one part
that favours the
of a population to
average phenotype
another or from one
at the expense of the population to
extremes.
another, via
gametes.
Large scale changes
in groups of species
or genera over time,
as viewed in the
fossil record
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The proportion of
each genotype in the
gene pool.
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Genotype frequency
Allopolyploidy
Cline
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Sexual
recombination
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The shuffling of
genes by
independent
assortment of
chromosomes and
random joining of
gametes .
Pattern of variation
within a species. A
continuous increase
or decrease in some
characteristic
between adjacent
populations eg from
north to south.
A group of actually or
potentially
interbreeding natural
populations that is
reproductively
isolated from other
such groups.
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Species
Amphiploidy
Artificial Selection
Non-random mating
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Where an individual
has more than two
chromosome sets
that has arisen from
combining two
different genomes
(species) and
generally forms
infertile hybrids.
The doubling of
sterile hybrid
chromosome sets in
plants to create a
fertile plant.
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Sympatric speciation
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Selection by humans, Occurs when
of desirable traits in individuals select a
certain phenotype to
plants or animals.
mate with
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Where species
evolve in the same
area without
geographical
isolation
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