PHYSICS
B. Sc (PASS) PART-I
PAPER-I
MECHANICS
MARKS 100
VECTOR OPERATION: Victor in 3 dimensions: introduction; Direction cosines; Spherical
polar coordinates; applications; divergence and curl of a vector and gradient of a scalar their
physical applications of each type; Divergence and flux of a vector field and line integral
(mutual relation): Divergence theorem: Divergence physical importance and applications to
specific case. Converting from differential to integral forms; Stokes theorem.
PARTICLE DYNAMICS: Frictional forces: microscopic basis of this force; Conical
pendulum; the rotor, circular the banked curve; Derivation of kinematic equations x (t), v (t)
using integration. Constant and non consonant forces and special examples; derivation of
time dependent forces using integration method; Effect of drag forces on motion: Applying
Newton’s Laws to obtain V (t) for the case of motion with time dependent drag (various)
forces; terminal velocity. Projectile motion / air resistance; non inertial forms and Pseudo
forces: Qualitative discussion to develop understanding. Calculation of pseudo forces for
simple cases (linearly accelerated references frame). Centrifugal force as an example of
pseudo force: Carioles force: Limitation of Newton’s Laws Discussion.
WORK AND ENERGY: Work done by a constant force, work done by a variable force (I dimension) (e.g. vibration of spring obeying Hooks Law); work done by a variable force (II –
dimension case): obtaining general expression of force and applying to simple cases e.g.
pulling mass at the end of a fixed string against gravity; Work energy Theorem: Qualitative
and Derivation using integral calculus. Basis formula; and applications.
POWER: Reference frames: Energy changes with respect to observe & different inertial
frames.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Definitions of Conservative and non – conservative
forces and examples; work done in a closed path. One dimensional Conservative system:
force as the gradient of potential energy: application to the case a spring and force of gravity:
Obtaining velocity on terms of U and E; stable and unstable and neutral equilibrium. Analytic
solution for x (t); 2,3 dimensional conservative systems: Change in P.E. for motion in 3-d.
force as the gradient of the potential. Work done in 2,3 dimensional motion; Conservation of
energy in a system of particles: law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system.
SYSTEM AND PARTICLES: Two particles systems and generalization to many particle
systems: Centre of mass; Its position velocity and equation of motion; calculation of centre of
mass of solid objects using integral calculus. Calculating C.M. of (i) Uniform rod (ii)
Cylinder (iii) Sphere; Momentum changes in a system of variable mass: Derivation of basic
equation; application to motion of a rocket (determination of its mass as a function of time).
COLLISION: Elastic collisions (one dimension); conservation of momentum during
collision (Two dimensions- oblique collisions); Inelastic collision in centre of mass reference
frame one and tow dimensions and applications: obtaining velocities in c. m. frame.
ROTATIONAL DAYANAMICS: Overview of rotational dynamics: Relationship between
linear and angular variables; scalar and vector forms; kinetic energy of rotation; moment of
inertia: Parallel axis theorem: Prove and illustrate and apply to simple cases: Determination
of moment of inertia of various shapes: Equation of rotational motion and effects of
application of torque; Rotational dynamics of rigid bodies. Combines rotational and
transitional motion (Rolling without slipping).
ANGULAR MOMENTUM: Angular velocity; Definition, conservation of angular
momentum effects of torque. Stability of spinning object: Discussion with examples; The
spinning top: Effects of torque on the angular momentum, processional motion.
GRAVITATION: Review of basic concepts of gravitation; Gravitational effects of spherical
mass distribution: Mathematical treatment; Gravitational potential energy: Develop using
integration techniques; Calculation of escape velocity; Gravitational field and potential:
Develop the idea of field of force; Universal Gravitational law: Motion of planets and
Kepler’s law (derivation and explanation). Motion of satellites. Energy considerations in
planetary and satellite motion, Qualitative discussion on application of Gravitational law to
the galaxy.
BULK PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Elastic properties of matter: Physical basis of
elasticity. Tension, Compression & shearing Elastic Modulus; Elastic limit; Fluid statics:
Variation of pressure in fluid it rest and with height in the atmosphere; Surface tension:
Physical basis; role in formation of drop and bubbles; Fluid dynamics: General concepts of
fluid flow streamline and the equation of continuity; Bernoulli’s equation: Derivation and
some applications such as dynamics lift thrust on a rocket; Viscosity, physical basis:
obtaining the coefficient of viscosity, practical example of viscosity; fluid flow through a
cylindrical pipe (Poiseuille’s law).
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY: Trouble with classical mechanics: Qualitative
discussion of the inadequacy of paradoxes in classical ideas of time, length, and velocity;
Postulates of relativity: Statements and discussion; The Lorentz transformation inverse
transformation: Derivation, Assumptions on which derived; application of the same
transformation of velocities; Consequences of Lorentz transformation: Relativity of time:
Relativity of length; Relativistic momentum: Derivation Relativistic energy: Derive E=mc2
Recommended Book:
R. Resnick, D. Halliday and K.S Krane, Physics Volume I & II, 4th Edition, John Wiley
& sons Ins, New York. (1992).
Note: - Recommended pattern of question paper
a) Numerical problems
b) Theoretical questions
c) Conceptual questions
40%
40%
20%
PAPER-II WAVES, OSCILLATIONS AND THERMODYMAMICS
MARKS: 100
HORMONIC OSCILLATIONS: Simple harmonic oscillation (SHM): obtaining and
solving the basic equations of motion x (t), v (t). Energy consideration in S.H.M. Application
of SHM: Torsional oscillator; physical pendulum, simple pendulum; and uniform circular
motion, combination of harmonic motions; lissajous patterns; equation of damped harmonic
motion. Discussion of its solution; equation of forced oscillation, discussion of its solution.
Examples of resonance.
WAVES: Phase velocity of travelling waves; Sinusoidal waves; Group speed and
desperation; Waves speed (Mechanical analysis): Waves equation (Discussion of its
solution); Power and intensity in waves motion (derivation and discussion); principal of
superposition (basic ideas): Interference of waves, Standing waves. Phase changes on
reflections: Natural frequency, resonance.
SOUND: Beat phenomenon (Analytical treatment); Doppler Effect, Moving source, moving
observer, both object and source moving.
LIGHT: Nature of light; light as an electromagnetic waves: Speed of light in matter:
Physical aspects, path difference, phase difference etc; Interference: Coherence of source;
Double slit Interference, Analytical treatment; Adding of electromagnetic waves using
phasors; Interference, from thin films: Newton’s rings (analytical treatment); Michelson’s
Interferometer. (Michelson’s Interferometer’s use in determining velocity of light); Fresnel’s
biprism and its use; Diffraction: Diffraction at single slit; Intensity is single in slit diffraction
using phasor treatment and analytical treatment using addition of waves. Double slit
interference & diffraction combined. Diffraction at circular aperture; Diffraction from
multiple slit: Diffraction grating: use in spectrographs. Dispersion and resolving power of
gratings; Holography (Qualitative discussion); Polarization: Basic definition, production of
polarization by polarizing sheets, by reflection, by double refraction and double scattering;
Description of polarization states: Linear, circular, elliptical polarization; Rotation of plane
polarization: use of polarimeter.
THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS: Review of concepts:
Temperature, Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, work done on an ideal gas; Internal energy of an
ideal gas: To include the Equipartition of energy: Intermolecular forces (Qualitative
discussion); Van deer Waals equation of state. Statistical Distribution of molecular speeds,
distribution of energies: Maxell distribution and mean values Mean free path and microscopic
calculation of mean free path; Distribution of molecular speeds, distribution of energies:
Maxwell distribution; Maxell – Boltzmann energy distribution; Internal energy of an ideal
gas; Brownian motion: Qualitative distribution. Diffusion, conduction and viscosity.
HEAT: Review of previous concepts: First law of Thermodynamics, Transfer of heat: First
law of thermodynamics and its application to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic, isothermal, cyclic
and free expansion.
ENTROPY & SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Reversible and irreversible
processes, Second law, Carnot cycle, Carnot engines: Definition, Discussion of heat engines,
Refrigerators and second law, Calculation of efficiency of heat engines, Thermodynamic
Temperature scales: Absolute zero, negative temperature, (discussion); Entropy: Entropy in
irreversible process, Entropy and second law. Entropy & probability; Low temperature
physics: Liquefaction of gases: joule- Thomson Effect.
Recommended Book:
R. Resnick, D. Halliday and K.S Krane, Physics Volume I & II, 4th Edition, John Wiley
& sons Ins, New York. (1992).
Note:- Recommended pattern of question paper
a) Numerical problems
b) Theoretical questions
c) Conceptual questions
40%
40%
20%
LIST OF EXPREMENTS PHYSICS (LABORATORY WORK)
B. Sc (PASS) PART –I
Physics lab- I
Marks- 50
Mechanics
1. G by bar pendulum.
2. G by Kater’s pendulum.
3. Moment of inertia of a flywheel.
4. Young modulus for a wire.
5. Coefficients of static and dynamic friction.
6. Viscosity by Stoke’s law.
7. Surface tension of water by Capillary tube.
8. Modulus of rigidity of a rod.
9. Modulus of rigidity by static and dynamic methods.
10. To study the damping features of an oscillating system using simple pendulum of
variable mass.
11. To study the dependence of centripetal force on mass, radius and angular velocity of a
body in circular motion.
Physics lab-II
Marks- 50
Waves, Oscillation and Thermodynamics
1. Waves length by Newton’s rings.
2. Refractive index of glass by spectrometer.
3. Waves length by diffraction grating.
4. Waves length by Young’s fringes.
5. Photoelectric cell and inverse square law.
6. Speed of transverse and longitudinal waves on spring.
7. Variation of frequency of stretched string with length and tension.
8. Resonance in air column.
9. Frequency of a.c main by sonometer.
10. Velocity of sound in rod by Kundf’s tube.
11. Investigation of phase change with position in travelling wave and measure the
velocity of sound by C.R.O.
12. Measurement of velocity of light using LASER and a rotating mirror.
13. Measurement of velocity of specific rotation of sugar by polar meter and
determination of sugar concentration in a given solution.
14. Calibration of thermocouple, metal resistance and thermostat using a digital
multimeter.
15. Specific heat capacity of water by continuous flow method.
16. Thermal conductivity of good conductor by Searle’s method.
17. Thermal conductivity of bad conductor by Lee’s method.
GEOGRAPHY
B. Sc (Pass) NEW SYLLABUS (2011)
B. Sc (Pass) PART-1
Paper- I: Physical Geography
1. Universal concept in Physical Geography
1.1 Earth’s Origin, shape and size, rotation and revelation, composition and structure,
distribution of land water.
1.2 Realms of the physical environment
2. Lithosphere
2.1 internal structure of earth
2.2 Rocks- origin, formation and types: Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary and
Metamorphic Rocks.
2.3 Plate tectonics, mountain building
2.4 Geomorphic processes – endogenic and exogenic processes and their resultant
landforms
2.5 Earthquakes and volcanic activity, folding and faulting.
2.6 Weathering, mass wasting, cycle of erosion, erosion and deposition.
2.7 Landforms produced by surface water, ground water, wind and glaciers.
3. Atmosphere
3.1 Composition and structure of atmosphere.
3.2 Atmospheric temperature and pressure, global circulation.
3.3 Air masses and fronts
3.4 Cyclones and other disturbances
3.5 Atmospheric moisture and precipitation.
4. Hydrosphere:
4.1 Ocean deposits, compositions, temperature, and salinity of ocean water.
4.2 Movement of the ocean water; waves, currents and tide.
5. Biosphere:
5.1 Eco- systems
5.2 Formation and types of soils
Books recommended
1. Christopher, R.W. (2000), Geo- systems, Prentice – Hall, Inc, USA.
2. De Blij, H. J. and Muller, P.O. (1996), Physical Geography of the global
Environment, USA John Wiley and Sons Inc.
3. Gabler, R.E Sager, R.J and Wise, D.L(1997), Essentials of Physical Geography,
Saunders College Publishing, New York.
4. King, CAM (1980), Physical Geography,, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
5. Mcliveen, J.F.R. (1992), Fundamental of weather and climate, Prentice Hall New
Jersey.
6. Miller, G.T. (1996), Living in the Environment, Principles, connection and
solution,, Wadsworth.
7. Monk , house, F.J. (1996), Principles of Physical Geography, Hodder &
Stoughton, London.
8. Scott, R.C. (1996), Introduction to Physical Geography, West publishing Co. New
York.
9. Strahlar, A.N., Strahlar, A.H. (2004), Physical Environment, John Wiley, New
York.
10. Hussain Majid (2007), Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 3rd edition, Rawat
Publications, New Delhi India.
Paper- II: Human Geography
1. Key concept in Human Geography
2. Meaning, Scope and status of Human Geography
3. Basic concept and theories
a) Environmental determinism
b) Possibilism, Probabilism.
c) Cognitive behaviorism
4. Population and its characteristic
a) Population distribution, density and growth
b) Dynamics including fertility, morality and migration,
c) Population composition; rural and urban population
5. Natural resources and human activities
a) Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and quinary
b) Agriculture, mining, forestry, animal husbandry and poultry.
c) Industries: cottage, light and heavy
d) Trade and transport
e) Tourism
6. Settlements
a) Theory of human settlement
b) Type of settlement,
7. Rural settlement
a) Dispersed, nucleated and Ribbon settlement
b) Rural urban contrast
8. Urbanization
a) Introduction to urban structure and theories
b) Land use and land cover pattern
c) Commercial, Industrial and residential, open, green spaces/belts and transport.
d) Presses of urbanization (city size distribution intermediate and primate city
etc.)
9. Environmental issues, causes and remedies
Books Recommended
1. Becker, A, & Secker (2002), Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space, New
York; John Wiley and Sons
2. Blij, H.J.D. (2002), Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space, New York; John
Wiley and Sons
3. Hagget, P. (1997), Geography: A modern Synthesis, London. Harper International.
4. Harper, H.L. (2003), Environment and Society: Human perspectives on
Environmental Issues, New York; Prentice Hall.
5. Knox, P.L. & S.A. Marston (2003), Places and Regions in Global Context: Human
Geography, New York; Prentice Hall.
B.sc (Pass) New syllabus (2011)
B.Sc(Pass) PART-II
Paper –III: Geography of Pakistan
1. The Making of Pakistan
a) Location and geopolitical importance Relations with neighboring states.
b) The genesis of Pakistan.
c) The borders of Pakistan and related problems
d) Administrative setup
2. The land:
a) Physiography .
b) Climate and Climate regions .
c) Soil and vegetation.
3. The People:
a) Population structure, composition and distribution
b) Population change.
c) Urbanization.
4. Economy
a) Agriculture (crops and livestock)
b) Irrigation
5.
c) Power and mineral resources
d) Industries
e) Tourism.
f) Trade
Transport and communication
Books recommended
1. Ahmad Q.S (1964), Geography of Pakistan oxford University press.
2. Burkey J.S (1991) Pakistan the continuing search for Nationhood, Western Press Oxford
UK
3. Davidson, A.P& Munir Ahmad, (2003), Privatization and the crisis of Agriculturlal
Extension The Case of Pakistan (King's Soas studies in Deveiopment Geography Ashgate
publishing
4. Dichter, D (1967), Geography of N-W.F.P oxford University Press .
5. Imperial Gazetteer of India, (1901), North west frontier province, Government of NWFP
printing press Peshawar .
6. Khan F.K(1991) Geography of Pakistan Oxford University press Karachi
7. Tayyeb A.(1966)A political Geography of Pakistan oxford university press
8. Sahibzada, M.A (1960) land use Survey of N.W.F.P, Part-I P and D Department of
Government of Pakistan.
PAPER-IV
ENVIRONMENTAL
GEOGRAPHY
LABORATORY AND FIELD WORK (GEOGRAPHY)
PRACTICAL -1
1. Introduction to maps
a) General Topographical and composite contour maps with the help of given data
and information
b) Weather maps of Pakistan.
c) An introduction to aerial photographs and Remote sensing
3. Map projections General principles, classification, choice of projection, merits and
demerits, construction of graticule and simple graphic methods of the following projections.
a) Cylindrical simple and Equal area and Mercator's (with table)
b) Zenithal; Gnomonic, stereographic and Orthographic (polar cases)
c) Conical, one and two standard parallels.
PRACTICAL –II
1. Simple quantitative techniques and their use in geography.
2. Methods of data collection.
3. Study of frequency distribution.
4. Averages Mean Median and Mode.
5. Mean deviation.
6. Standard deviation.
7. Variance
8. Introduction to basic computing Dos windows word processing and simple graphics.
PRACTICAL-III
1. Preparation of distributional maps with the help of symbols line bars shade.
2. Introduction to basic computing Dos windows word processing and simple graphics
3. Introducation to Global Positioning System (GPS) and its basic functions.
PRACTICAL-IV
1. Instrumental surveying; making of plans with the help of chain plane table and
prismatic compass.
2. Field report based on the study of geographical aspects of a selected area/activity
3.Introduction to Global positioning information system(G.I.S).
4. GIS is modern and Computer based cartography techonology.
Books Recommended for practical I, II, III & IV
1. Robinson, A.N (1999) Elements of cartography New yourk john wiley .
3. Leon A and leon; M.(1999)Introduction to computers
4. Burt ET(1996)elements of statistics for Geographers thematic maps design.
5. Khan J A (1993) weather maps interpretation of Pakistan .
6. Benton JR AR (1992)elements of plane surveying .
7. Avery TE and Berlin
8. Panda B.C (2005) Remote Sensing, Principles and applications, viva book
private limited New Delhi India
Text Books
1 Croxton fe & cowden D.j (1964) applied general statistics prentice –hall inc New
york
2 Ferund j.e &williams f.j (1973), modern business statistice prentices hall inc New
york
3 Wolpole R.f (1982) introduction to statistice macmillan publishing co.in newyork
4 Bancroft G.O sullivan :G(1981)Mathematics and statistics for acconts and business
studies .McGraw hill newyork
5 Dixon W j and massey F.j (1985) introduction to statisticl to statistical analysis mcgra
hill book co London .
6 Yle G.u &kenall mg (1991), an introduction to the theory of statistical Charles griffin
&Co ltd London .
7 Mason R.D lind D A and marchal w .G (2001) statistical techniques in business and
economics mcgraw hill new York .
8 Burden R.L and fairs j.d (2005)Edition Numerical analysis prindle weber and Schmidt
boston.
STATISTICS
PAPER-1
FUNDAMENTAL STATISTICS
SECTION - A
Definition of Statistics ,its scope and limitations, statistical data , nature and
sources of data , Qualitative and Quantitative data , Classification and Tabulation methods
,One way and Two way classification ,Graphs and Diagrams, Frequency distribution ,
Relative and cumulative frequency distributions, Measure of location and Dispersion for
ungrouped and grouped data, Moments ,Measure of Skewness and Kurtosis, Sheppard’s
correlation , Charller’s check.
SECTION –B
Interpolation , Interpolation by graph , Different operators and their properties ,
Newtons forward and backword formulae, Newtons divided difference formula , Lagrange’s
formula , Direct and inverse interpolation , Central difference formula (Gauss,Central,Bessel)
Use of programmers and computers.
FINANCIAL STATISTICS
Progression, Geometric progression, Simple and Compound interest, sinking
funds ,annulties, mortgage, terminal values, discounting application to depreciation and
investment analysis.
TIME SERIES
Components of time series , , Methods of isolation of these components ,
Concepts of cycle , Trends , Seasonal and random movements , Methods of projection and
estimation.Uses of time series data in evaluation of G.N.P , N.N.P inflation and deflation.
INDEX NUMBERS
Type of index numbers , Methods of construction of simple and weighted
index number , choice of base year, type of average to be used , Laspeyer’s Pasche’s Fisher
and Marshal Edgeworth index numbers, Consumer price index ( cost of living index) ,
Shifting of base , text of index numbers ,Uses of index number in daily life and official
statistics.
PRACTICAL -1
1. Presentation of data by diagrams ( simple, multiple, subdivided bars,
rectangles, squares, cubes, circle, Pie diagram, box and whisker, stem & leaf
plots).
2. Graphical presentation of frequency data , frequency polygon, curves
histograms, cumulative frequency curves.
3. Preparation of frequency distribution (Discrete and continuous)
4. Calculation measures of location, Quantilies of ungrouped as well as
grouped data , Location of mode and quantiles by graphical method.
5. Calculation of Q.D,M.D,S.D absolute qand relative measure of dispersion .
6. First 4 moments, B1,B2 , skewness, kurtosis by empirical method.
7. Construction of index numbers, simple weighted laspeyer’s, Pasches, Fisher,
Marshal, Edgeworth, application and their test.
8. Extraction of trend,seasonal variation from time series by all four methods ,
Graphical representation of time series data.
9. Interpolation ,forward, backward , graphical and Mathematical applications
of Newton’s formula,Lagranges formulae , central difference formulae,
Gauss, Stirling , Bessel.
10. Computer programs(BASIC)
11. Problems on Financial Mathematics
TEXT BOOKS
1. Croxton, F.E. & Cowden D.J (1964); Applied General Statics. Prentice- Hall Inc,
New York.
2. Freund, J.E and Williams F.J (1973); Modern Business Statics. Prentice- Hall Inc,
New York.
3. Walpole, R.E (1982); Introduction to Statics, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc, New
York.
4. Bancroft G.O Sullivan, G. (1981); Mathematics and Statics for Accounts and
Business Studies, McGraw Hill, New York.
5. Dixon W.J and Massey F.J (1985); Introduction to Statistical Analysis, McGraw
Hill, Book Co. London.
6. Yle, G.U & Kenall, M.G (1991); An Introduction to the theory of Statics. Charles
Griffin & Co. Ltd. London.
7. Mason, R.D Lind, D.A and Marchal, W.G (2001); Statistical Technique in
Business and Economics. McGraw Hill, New York.
8. Burden, R.L and Fairs J.D (2005); 8th Edition; Numerical Analysis, prindle, Weber
and Schmidt, Boston.
PAPER-II
marks
PROBABILITY AND APPLIED STATISTICS
Five Questions to be attempted, at least two from each section
100
Section-A
Definition of Probability. Simple laws of Probability. Combinatorial Problems, Conditional
Probability, Rays Theorem with Proof and Applications. Statistical Independence, (Pair Wise
and Mutual). Discrete Random Variable. Probability Mass Function. Mathematical
Expectation of Random Variable and Simple Functions of Random Variables. Generating
Functions (Recurring Series). Moment Generating Function. Cumulating Generating
Function with their Properties. Discreet Probability Distributions; Binomial Poisson,
Geometric and Hyper-Geometric Distributions, Derivations of Mean, Variance, Moments,
(B1) (B2) of the Above Distributions.
Section –B
Official Statistics, Quality of Statistics, generation of official Statics, peculiarities and
properties of official Statistics limitation of Official Statistics, errors in Official Statistics,
Method of elimination of errors and mistakes. Sources of Official Statistics in Pakistan. Type
of Statistics available, Setup of Major Statically Organizations in Pakistan, (Federal Bureau
of Statistics, Provincial Bureau of Statistics, and State Bank of Pakistan) Agricultural,
Population, Banking, Economics and General Statistics Series. National and International
Classifications.
Sources of Demographics Data. Graphical and Numerical Studies of Demographic Data.
Calculation of Vital Rates and Ratio (Mortality and Fertility). Crude and Specified Rates.
Rates of Natural Increase (Simple and Geometric); Standardized Death Rates T.R.R, G.R.R,
N.R.R, Simple Life Table. Basic Concept of Quality Control and International Quality
Standards, X Bar and R, and X Bar and O, Charts.
Practical- II
marks -50
1. Generation of Discrete probability distribution. Coin tossing, and Dice throwing
experiments through Random number table.
2. Comparison of moments of empirically generated data with their corresponding
theoretical moments.
3. Fitting of Binomial poison, Geometric, Hyper geometric distribution to reserved data.
4. Extraction of information and official publications.
5. Coding and Editing of Schedules.
6. Calculation of mortality rates
7. Calculation of fertility rates
8. Calculation of Replacement Indices.
9. Graphical presentation of census and Registration data for Demographic studies.
Population pyramids.
10. Life table construction.
11. Problem on control charts X bar & R and X bar and O charts.
Text Books:
1. Zarkovich, S.S (1966); Quality of Statical Data; Food and Agriculture Organization,
United Nation. Rome.
2. Md, Fassihuddin (1968); Mathematical Statics, , Vol. I, Library promotion Bureau,
Univ. of Karachi.
3. Walpole, R.E (1982); Introduction to Statics, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New
York.
4. Masoodul Haq (1984); Foundation of Probability & Statics. Tahir Sons Karachi.
5. Federal Bureau of Statics, Various Annual and Quarterly Publication of Federal
Bureau of Statics of Pakistan.
6. Pollard, A.H., Pollard G.N., And F. Yousf (1990); Demographic Techniques,
Pergamum Press.
7. Montgomery, D.C (2009); 6th Edition; Introduction of Statistical Quality Control,
McGraw Hill, New York.
8. Ross, S. (2009); 6th Edition; A First Course in Probability, Maxwell Macnitan Inc.
New York.
CHEMISTRY
B.SC (PASS) PART-1
Paper
Paper – I
Paper – II
Course Title
Analytical Chemistry Theory
Analytical Chemistry Practical
Organic Chemistry Theory
Organic Chemistry Practical
Total
Marks
100
50
100
50
300
PAPER-1
Analytical Chemistry
Marks 100
Course Description
 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
 Measuring Apparatus
 Expression of Quantities and Concentrations
 Basic Approach to Equilibrium
 Errors in Chemical Analyses and Quality of Results
 Chemicals and Reagents
 Use and handling of standards
 Sampling
 Errors
 Precision, Accuracy,
 Statistical Evolution of Data
 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Analytical Chemistry Practical
PAPER- II
Organic Chemistry
MARKS 50
Marks 100
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry the chemistry of carbon compounds: the nature of organic chemistry-a
historical perspective.
Chemical Bonding and Properties of Organic Molecules
Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond
angles, bond lengths, bond energies and shape of organic molecules; dipole moment;
inductive and field effects; resonance; aromaticity; tautomerism; hyperconjugation; hydrogen
bonding; acids and bases; factors affecting the strengths of acids and bases
Classes and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Classification of organic compounds; development of systematic nomenclature of organic
compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons and heteroatom functional groups
Functional Group Chemistry
A brief introduction to the chemistry of hydrocarbons, Cyclohexane, alkyl halides, alcohols,
phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, amines, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Spectroscopy
General introduction to Electromagnetic radiations and modern spectroscopic techniques
Organic Chemistry Practical
Marks 50
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
B.SC(Pass ) Part-I
PAPER-1
PRINCIPLES IN ANIMAL LIFE
100 MARKS
Place of Zoology in Science
A One- World View: Genetic Unity, the Fundamental Unit of Life, Evolutionary Oneness
and Diversity of Life, Environment and World Resources What is Zoology? The
Classification of Animals; the Scientific: The Scientific Method.
The Chemical Basic of Animal Life
Atoms And Elements; Building Blocks Of All Matter; Compounds Molecules: Aggregates of
Atoms; Acids, Bases, and Buffer; The Molecules Of Animals; Fractional Account of
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Based on Their Structural
Aspects.
Cell , Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals
Structure and Function of Cell Membranes; Various Movements Across Membranes;
Cytoplasm, Organelles and Cellular Components: Functional Account Of Ribosome,
Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes, Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and
Flagella, Centrioles and Microtubules, and Vacuoles Based and on Their Structural Aspects:
The Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomes and Nucleolus. Tissues Diversity in Epithelia
Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nervous Tissue to Perform Various
Functions. Structural Integrations for Functions in Organs and Organ Systems.
Energy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Force
Energy and The Laws of Energy Transformation; Activation Energy; Enzymes: Structure,
Function and Factors Affecting Their Activity; Cofactors and Coenzymes; ATP: How Cells
Convert Energy? An Overview.
How Animals Harvest Energy Stored In Nutrients
Glycolysis: The First Phase of Nutrient Metabolism; Fermentation “Life With Out Oxygen”
Aerobic Respiration: The Major Source of ATP; Metabolism of Fast And Proteins Control of
Metabolism; The Metabolic Pool.
Cell Division
Mitosis Cytokines, and the Cell Cycle: An Overview: Control of the Cell Cycle Meiosis: The
Basis of Sexual Reproduction, Gamete Formation.
Inheritance Patterns
The Birth of Modern Genetic; Medline Inheritance Patterns; Other Inheritance Patterns;
Environmental Effects And Gene Expression.
Chromosomes and Gene Linkage
Eukaryotic Chromosomes Linkage Relationship Changes in Chromosomes Number and
Structure
Molecular Genetic Ultimate Cellular Control
DNA the Genetic Material; DNA Replication in Eukaryotes; Genetic in Action; Controls
Gene Expression in Eukaryotes; Motions; Applications of Genetic Technologies.
Recombinant DNA
Ecology 1: Individuals and Populations
Animals and Their A biotic Environment Populations; Interspecific Interaction.
Ecology II: Communities and Ecosystems
Community Structure and Diversity; Ecosystems: Ecosystems of Earth; (Terrestrial and A
quite) Ecological Problems; Human Population, Recourse Depletion and Biodiversity.
Animal Behavior
Four Approaches to Animals Behavior; Proximate and Ultimate Causes; Anthropomorphism;
Development of Behavior; Learning; Control of Behaviors; Communication; Behavioral
Ecology; Social Behavior.
Evolution: A Historical Perspective
Pre-Darwinian Theories of Change; Lamarck: An Early Proponent of Evolution; Early
Development of Darwin’s Ideas of Evolution and Evidences; The Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection; Evolutionary Thought After Darwin; Biogeography.
Evolution and Gene Frequencies
The Modern Synthesis: A Closer Look; The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem; Evolutionary
Mechanisms: Population Size, Genetic Drift, natural Selection, Gene Flow, Mutation, and
Balanced Polymorphism; Species and Speciation; Rates of Evolution; Molecular Evolution,
Mosaic Evolution.
Practical’s
1. Tests for Different Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids.
(50 Marks)
(Emphasis on the Concept That Tests Materials Has Been Ultimately Obtained From
Living
Organisim)
2. Study of the Prepared Slides of Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar Epithelial Tissues,
Adipose. Connective, Cartilage Bone, Blood, Nervous, Skeletal Muscle, Smooth
Muscle and Cardiac Muscle Tissues.(Prepared Microscopic and/or Projection Slides
and/or C D Rom Computer Projections Be Used)
3. Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis In Blood.
4. Protien Digestion by Pepsin.
5. Study of Mitosis in Onion Root Tip.
6. Study Of Meiosis Grasshopper Testis (Students Should Prepare The Slide )
7. Problem Based Study of Mendilian Ratio in Animals.
8. Multiple Alles Study in Blood Groups.
9. Survey and Study of a Genetic Favors in Population and Its Frequency.
10. Study of Karyotypes of drosophila /Mosquito.
11. Study of Cytochemecal Demonstration of DNA and RNA in Protozoa and Avian
Blood Cell.
12. Study of Early Stages in the Development of an Echinoderm.
13. Study of Early Stages in the Development of a Frog, Chick and a Mammal.
14. Demonstration Of Social Behaviors (Documentary Film Be Shown).
15. Ecological Notes on Animals of Few Model Habitats.
16. Field Observation And Report Writing On Animals In Their Ecosystem (A
Terrestrial And An Aquatic Ecosystem Study).
PAPER II:
INVERTEBRATES AND CHORDATES DIVERSITY:
(CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION)
1. Introduction
Classification of organisms; Evolutionary Relationship and Tree Diagrams; Patterns of
Organization
2. Animal-Like Protests: The Protozoa
Evolutionary Perspective; Life within a Single Plasma Membrane; Symbiotic Life-styles
Protozoan Taxonomy: (up to phyla, subphyla and super classes, wherever applicable)
pseudopodia and Amoeboid Loco, nation; Cilia and Other Pellicular Structure; Nutrition
Genetic Control and Reproduction; Symbiotic Ciliates; Further Phylogenetic Considerations
3. Reptiles: The First Amniotes
Evolutionary Perspective: Cladistic Interpretation of the Amniotic Lineage; Survey of order
Testudines or Chelan’s Rhynchocephalia, Squamata, and Crocodilian; Evolutionary
Pressures: Adaptations in External Structure and Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive
System, Circulation, Gas Exchange, and Temperature Regulation, Nervous and /Sensory
Function, Excretion and Osmorregulation, Reproduction and Development; Further
Phylogenic Considerations
4. Birds: Feathers, Fight, and Endothermy
Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic Relationship; Ancient Birds and the Evolution of
Flight; Diversity of Modern Birds, Evolutionary Pressures: Adaptation External Structure and
Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive System, Circulation, Gas Exchange and
Temperature Regulation, Nervous and Sensory Systems, Excretion and Osmoreguatyion,
Reproduction and Development, Migration and Navigation.
5. Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy, Hair, and Viviparity
Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic Relationship; Ancient Birds and the Evolution of
Flight; Diversity of Modern Birds; Evolutionary Pressures: Adaptation in External Structure
and Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive System, Circulation, Gas Exchange, and
Temperature Regulation, Nervous and Sensory Function, Excretion and Osmoregultion,
Behavior, Reproduction and Development
PRACTICAL PAPER-II INVERTEBRATE AND CHORDATE DIVERSITY.
Phylogeny and Organization
1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoms, Paramecium as
Reprasasantive of Animal like protects (prepared slides)
2. Study of sponges and their various body forms.
3. Principal of representatives of classes of phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterate)
4. Principal of representatives of classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Representatives of phylum Rotifera, phylum Nematoda.
6. Principal of representatives of classes of phylum Mollusca
7. Principal of representatives of classes of phylum Amelida
8. Principal of representatives of classes of phylum Arthropoda
9. Representatives of hemichordate and invertebrate chordate (Echinodermata)
PAPER III: ANIMAL FORM FUNCTION;
A COMPERATIVE PERSPECTIVE
1. Protection, Support, and Movement
Protection: The Integumentary System of Invertebrates and Vertebrates; Movement and
Support The Skeletal System of Invertebrates and Vertebrater; Movement Non-muscular
Movement; An Introduction to Animal Muscles; The Muscular System of Invertebrates and
Vertebrates.
2. Communication I: Nerves
Neurons: Structure and Function; Neuron Communication: Introductory accounts of Resting
Membrane potential, Action Potential (Nerve Impulse) and Transmission of the Action
Potential Cells; Invertebrate and Vertebrate Nervous Systems: The Spinal Cord, Spinal
Nerves, The Brain, Cranial Nerves and The Autonomic Nervous System
3. Communication II: Senses
Sensory Reception: Bar receptors, Chemoreceptor’s, Georeceptors, Hygroreceptors,
Photoreceptors, Photoreceptor, Proprioceptors, Tactile Receptors, and Themoreceptor’s of
invertebrates; Lateral-Line System and Electrical Sensing, Lateral-Line System and
Mechanoreception, Hearing and Equilibrium in Air, Hearing and Equilibrium in Water, Skin
Sensors of Damaging Stimuli, Skin Sensors of Heat and Cold, Skin Sensors of Mechanical
Stimuli, Sonar, Smell, Taste and Vision in Vertebrates
4. Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers
Chemical Messengers: Hormones Chemistry; and Their Feedback Systems; Mechanisms of
Hormone Action; Some Horrmones of Porifera, Cnidarians, Plartyhelminths, Nemerteans,
Nematodes, Molliscs, Annelids, Arthropods, and Echinoderms invertebrates; An Overview of
the Vertebrae Endocrine Systems of Birds and Mammals
5. Circulation, Immunity, and Exchange
Internal Transporter and Circulatory Systems in Invertebrates: Characteristics of Invertebrate
Coolomic Fluid, Hemolymh, and Blood Cells; Transport Systems in Vertebrates;
Characteristics of Vertebrate Blood, Blood Cells and Vessels; The Heart and Circulatory
Systems of Bony Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; The Human Heart:
Blood Pressure and the Lymphatic System; Immunity; Nonspecific Defenses, The Immune
Response; Gas Exchange; Respiratory Surfaces; Invertebrate and Vertebrate Respiratory
Systems Cetaceous Exchange, Gills, Lungs, and Lung Ventilation; Human Respiratory
System: Gas Transport
6. Nutrition and Digestion
Evolution of Nutrition: The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in Heterotrophy; Digestion; Animal
Strategies for Getting and Using Food Diversity in Digestive Structure of Invertebrates and
Vertebrates; the Mammalian Digestive System; Gastrointestinal Motility and its Control, Oral
Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine: Main Site of Digestion; Large
Intestine; Role of the Pancreas Inn Digestion; and Role of the Liver and Gall bladder in
Digestion
7. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation
Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact of Temperature on Animal Life; heat
Gains and Losses; Some solutions to Temperature Fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in
Invertebrates Fishes Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; heat Production in birds and
Mammals; Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion) Invertebrate and
Vertebrate Excretory Systems; How Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation; Vertebrate Kidney
Variation; mechanism in Metanephric Kidney Functions
8. Reproduction and Development
Asexual Reproduction in Invertebrates; Advantages and Disadvantage of Asexual
Reproduction; Sexual Reproduction in Invertebrates; Advantage and Disadvantages of Sexual
Reproduction; Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates; Reproductive Strategies; Examples of
Reproduction among Various Vertebrate Classes; The Human Male Reproductive System;
Sperm transport and Hormonal Control, Reproductive Function; The Human Female
Reproductive System; Folliculogenesis, transport and Hormonal Control, Reproductive
Function; Hormonal Regulation in gestation; Prenatal Development and Birth Events of
prenatal Development: The Placenta; Milk Production and Lactation
9. Descriptive Embrylogy
Fertilization; Embryonic Development: Cleavage and Egg Types; The Primary Germ Layers
and their Echinoderm Embryology; Vertebrate Embryology: The Chordate Body Plan,
Amphibian Embryology, Development in Terrestrial Environments, Avian Embryology, The
fate of Mesoderm
PRACTICAL PAPER-III ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION:
A Comparative Perspective
1. Study of insect cuticle, fishscales, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and
mammalian skin.
2. Study and notes on skeleton of labeo, Rana Tigrina Snake, Fowl and Rabbit, e.g.
student are required to examine the snake skeleton, identify the parts, and write notes
on its adaptive features.
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa Catla or Lebeo or any
othr local fish, Frog Pigeon and rat or mouse or rabbits are representative animals for
study in dissection.
PRACTICAL PAPER IV: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION:
A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
1. Study of insect cuticle, fish scales, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and
mammalian skin
2. Study and notes on skeleton of labeo, Rana Tigrina, Snake, Fowl and Rabbit, e.g.
Students are required to examine the snake skeleton, identify the parts, and write
notes on its adaptative features
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catla Catla or Labeo or
any other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat o mouse or rabbits are representative animals
for study in dissections.
4. Study of models or preserved brings of representative animals and notes on
adaptations
5. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish ( Dissection is required )
6. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a mammal ( Through models )
7. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear ( Modeis / slides )
8. Study of heart, principal arteries and principal veins in a representative vertebrate (
Dissection of representative fish / mammals )
9. Study of respiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate representative
(Model)
10. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Model)
11. Study of nutritive canal in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Dissection)
12. Study of male reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Dissection)
13. Study of Female reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate
representative (Dissection)
14. Study of hormonal influence of a reproductive function (model)
15. Study of preserved advanced stages of avian and mammalian development for
amniotic membranes and placentas (Model)
BOOKS FOR LECTURES
Principal reference Book:
1. Miller, A.S and Harley, J.B, 1999 & 2002 ZOOLOGY, 4th & 5th Edition
(International) Singapore: McGraw Hill.
Additional Readings:
2. Hickman, C.P, Roberts, L.S and Larson, A, 2001 INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF
ZOOLOGY, 11th Edition (International) Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Peacenik, J.A 2000 BIOLOGY OF INTERVEBRATES, 4th Edition (International)
Singapore: McGraw Hill
4. Kent, G.C and Miller, S, 2001 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES,
New York: McGraw Hill
5. Campbell, N.A. 2002 BIOLOGY, 6th Edition, Menlo Park, California: The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc
BOOKS FOR PRACTICAL
1. Miller, S.A. 2002 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUL 5th Edition
(International) Singapore: McGraw Hill
2. Hickman, C.P and Kats, H.L, 2000 LABORATORY STUDIES IN
INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, Singapore: McGraw Hill.
BOTANY
Paper I
1
(Diversity of plants.)
B.S c (Pass) Part
Paper II
1
(Plant Systematies & Anatomy and Development)
B.S c (Pass) Part
Paper III
II
(CellBiology and Genetics)
B.S c (Pass) Part
Paper IV
(Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology)
B.S c Part II
B.Sc (Pass) PART- I
PAPER – I
DIVERSITY OF PLANTS AND PALEOBOTANY
Comparative study of life from and structure, ecological relationships, physiological
reproduction and economic significance of:
a) Prion, Prion replication mechanism, prion diseases and diseses of viruses.
b) Viruses (RNA & DNA) types with special reference to TMV.
c) Bacteria (with specific reference to biofertilizers, pathogen city and industrial
important)
d) Algae ( Fresh and Marine)
e) Fungi (Moulds, Mildews, Rusts, Smuts and Mushroom with their implication on
crop production and industrial application)
f) Bryophytes
I.
Marehantia
II.
Funereal
III.
Anthoceros
g) Pteridophytes.
a) Psilopsida (Psilotum)
b) Evolution of leaf and Evolution of seeds.
c) Lyeopsida (selleginalla, cycopodium)
d) sphenopsida (equastum)
e) Pteropsida (Andianum. Marsilea)
h) Palo botany
Introduction to Paloobotany
a) Fossils and Fossilization
b) Geological time scale
c) Palaeopalynology
i) Gymnospenus.
a) Origin of Gymnospenus
b) Distribution of Gymnospenus
c) Morphology and classification of Gymnospenus
d) Distribution of gymnospenus in Pakistan
e) Economic importance of gymnospenus
f) Angiosperms
g) origin distribution, morpphology and classification pollination,
fertilization in angiosperm.
Overview of Angiosperms
Practical:
Culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of micro organisms. Study of the
morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theory papers. Fossil study
with general survey field study of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperm. Identification
of various types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh collection. Collection of diseased
specimens of plants and their identification
Book recommended:
1. Agrios, G.N (2004). Plant pathology. 8th ad Academic press London.
2. Alexopoulos C.J., Mims G W & Black well, M. (1996) Introductory Mycology. 4 th ad
John Wiley & sons New York U.S. A
3. Andrew, H.N. (1967) studies in Paleobotnay John Willy & Son Inc. New York
4. Bold H.C, Morphology of plants. 2nd ad Harper & Row, and New York
5. Ingrouille, M (1992). Diversity and Evolution of land plants
6. Lee. R E. (1999). Psychology. Cambridge University Press, UK
7. Prescol, L M, Harley. J.P & Klein, A D (2004) Microbiology, 3rd ad WMC Brown
U.K
8. Raven, P H, Evert RE & Eichorn, S.E (1999). Biology of Plant W H. Freeman &
company U.K.
9. Ross F C (1994). Introduction to microbiology. John Willy & Son Inc. New York
U.S.A
10. Shukla, T N, (1981). Essential of Paleobotany McGraw Hill Book Co. New York
U.S.A
11. Taylor. (1981) Introduction to Paleobotany. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York U.S.A
12. Vashishta B R (2000). Botany for degree students. S.Chand & Company. Ltd New
Delhi India.
PAPER -II
(I)
PLANT SYSTEMATICS, & ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
Plant systematizes
1. Introduction to plant systematizes aims, objectives and importance.
2. Classification importance, brief history, introduction, various systems of
classification (Brief account of all systems)
3. An Introduction to nomenclature, importance of Latin names and binomial systems
with an introduction to international Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
4. Morphology and photography. A detailed account of various morphological
chnmclerts of root , stem, Leaf, Inflorescences, flower Placenta ion and fruit types.
5. Diagnostic characters, economic importance and distribution pattern of the following
families.
1. Ranunculaceae
2. Brassicaceae ( Crucifer)
3. Fabacone (Leguminoseo)
4. Rosaceous
5. Euphorbinceae
6. Cucurbitaceous
7. Solunaceae
8. Lamiaceae (Labiates)
9. Asteraceae (Composite)
10. Lalinceac ( Sen. Lato)
11. Poaceae (Gramineao)
Practical
1. Identification of families given in syllabus with the help of Taxonomy keys.
2. Technical description of common flowering plants belonging to families mentioned
in theory course.
3. Field trips should be undertaken to study and collect local plants. Students should
submit 50 fully identified herbarium specimens.
Books recommended.
1. Lawrence, G.H.M, (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. McGraw Hill Company
U.S.A
2. Benson, L (1962) Plant Taxonomy method & principle. Renold Press Company
New York
3. Moore, R.C., Clarke W.D & Vodopich D.S (1998). Botany McGraw Hill Books
Co, New York U.S.A
4. Davis, P.H & V.H. Hey Wood (1965) Principle of Angiosperm Taxonomy. D.Van
Nor strand Company New York.
5. Raven, P H, Evert R.E & Eichhorn, S.E (1999). Biology of Plants. W.H Freeman
& company U.S.A.
6. Jones, S B & A E Luchsinger (1979) Plant Systematies McGraw Hill Book
Company New York.
7. Panday, B P (2004). A textbook of Botany (Angiosperms). S.Chand & Co New
Delhi India.
8. Rajput M T M Hassney S.S & Khan K.M (1996). Plant Taxonomy Oxford
Publisher Limited Karachi Pakistan.
9. Stacee, C.A. (1980) Plant Taxonomy & Bio Systamatics University Park Press
Baltomore U.S.A.
10. Stuessy, T F (1990). Plant Taxonomy Columbia University Press, U.S.A.
(II) ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
A) Anatomy
1. Cell structure, Cell wall cell membrane, cytoplasm with organelles and
nucleus.
2. Concept, structure and function of various tissues e.g.
i.
Parenchyma
ii.
Collenchyma
iii.
Sclerenchyma
iv.
Epidermis (including stomata and trichomes
v.
Xylem
vi.
Phloem
3. Meristematic, types, Stem and root apex.
4. Vascular cambium
5. Struerture and development of root, stem and leaf, primary and secondary
growth of dicot stem, peridern
6. Characteristics of wood porous and ring- porous, sap and heart wood, soft
and hard wood. Annual ring.
Practical:
Practical will be done covering the main nears taught during lectures.
B) Development ( Embryology)
1. Early development of plant body capsella bursa-pastoirs
2. Structure and development of anther.
Microsporogensis
Microgametophyto
3. Structure of Ovule
Magasporogenosis.
Megagametogenesis
4. Endosperm formation
5. Parthenocarpy
6. Polyembryony in Angiosperm
Practicals:
Practical will be done covering the main areas taught during lectures.
Book recommended
1. Fahan, A (1990) Plant Anatomy, Pergamun press, Oxford UK.
2. Essu, K (1960). Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley, New York.
3. Meheshwari, (1980) Embryology of Angiosperms recent addition
McGraw Hill Company U.S.A
4. Panday, B P (1990) E
5. mbryology of Angiosperms. S.Chnad & Company Ltd, New Delhi,
India
PAPER III
B.S c. (PASS) PART II
CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Cell Biology
1. Structures and functions of bio-molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
2. Cell. The physic-chemical nature of plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
3. The ultra structure of plant cell with a brief description and functions of
the following organelles
i.
Endoplasmic reticulum
ii.
Plastids
ii.
Mitochondrion
iv.
Ribosome
iii.
Dictyosomes
vi.
Vacuoles
iv
Micro bodies (glyoxysomes + Poroxysomes)
4. Nucleus: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, ultra structure and morphology
of chromosomes karyotype analysis.
5. Reproduction in somatic and cmbryogenic cell. Mitosis, cell cycle.
6. Chromosomal aberration.
7. Changes in the number of chromosome. Aneupoloidy and cuploidy.
8. Changes in the structure of chromosomes, deficiency, duplication,
inversion and translocation.
Practical:
1. Study of cell structure using compotind microscope and elucidation of
ultra structure from electron micro photographs
2. Measurement of cell size
3. Study of mitosis and meiosis by smear/ squash method and from
prepared slides.
4. Study of chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome
number.
5. Chemical tests for the following cell constituents.
i.
Starch
ii.
Cellulose
ii.
Lignin.
iv.
Proteins
Practical will be done covering the main areas taught during lectures.
Genetics
1. Introduction, scope and brief history of genetics. Mendelian
inheritance, laws of segregation and independent assortment, back
cross, test cross dominance and incomplete dominance.
2. Sex linked inheritance, sex linkage in Drosophila’s and man (colour
blindness). XO, XY, WZ, mechanmism, sex limited and sex linked
characters, sex determination.
3. Linkage and crossing over: definition, group linkage, constitution of
linkage maps, and detection of linkage.
4. Molecular genetics: DNA replication – Nature of gene, genetic code,
transcription, translocation, and protein synthesis, regulation of gene
expression (e g. Iacoperon)
5. Transmission of genetic material in Bacteria: Conjugation and gene
recombination in each transduction and transformation.
6. Principle of genetic engineering/ biotechnology: Basic genetic
engineering techniques
7. Application of genetics plant improvement: Induction of genetic
variability (gene mutation, recombination), physical and chemical
mutagens, selection, hybridization and plant breeding techniques,
establishment of varieties, and release of new varieties.
8. Introduction of genetic conservation
9. Over view of genetic conservation.
Practical:
Practicals will be done covering the main areas taught during
lectures.
Book recommended
1. Carroll, S B, Grimier, J K & Welnerbee, S D, (2001) from DNA to
Diversity Molecular genetics and the Evolution of animal Design.
Black well Science.
2. Dyonsage, V.R., (1986) Cytology and genetics. Tata and McGraw
Hill Publication Co. ltd New Delhi
3. I loelzel, A.R., (2001) Conservation genetic Kluwar. Academic
Publishers U.S.A
4. Lewin, R, (1997). Principles of human Evolution Black well Science.
5. Lodish H, (2001). Molecular cell Biology. W.H Freeman & Co.
London. U.K
6. Sinahh U & S. Sinah, (1988). Cytogenesis plant breeding &
Evolution, Vini Sinah U & S. Sunita. (1990) Vikas publishing House
PVT, New Delhi India.
7. Strick berger, M.V., (1988) Genetics, Mac- Millan Press ltd, London,
U.K
PAPER- IV
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Plant Physiology
1. Water relation (water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential,.
Absorption and translocation in plant. Stomata regulation.
2. Mineral nutrition: Soil as a source of minerals.
Passive and active transport of nutrients
Essential mineral elements, Role and deficiency symptoms of
macronutrients
3. Solutions and Colloidal system
4. Ascent of Sap.
5. Translocation of food
Pathway of translocation, source and sink interaction, materials
translocation mechanism of phloem transport, loading and unloading
6. Photosynthesis: introduction, Mechanism: Light reaction(electron transport
photo phosphorylation) and dark reaction (Calvin cycle)
7. Respiration: Definition and respiratory substrates Mechanism. Gloycolysis
Krebs cycle. Anaerobic respiration quotients
8. Leaves and Atmosphere.
Transpiration and its kinds factors Affecting on Transpiration, Gaseous
exchange, mechanism of stomata movement (photoactive opening and
closing and opening). Factors affecting stomata movement
Practical:
1. Preparation of solution of specific normality of acid/base, salts, sugars,
molar solutions and their standardization.
2. Determination of uptake of water by swelling seeds when placed in
chloride solution of different concentrations.
3. Measurement of leaf water potential by the dye method.
4. Determination of the temperature at which beet root cells lose their
5. Determination of the effects of environmental factors on the rate of a leafy
shoot by means of potometer / by chloride paper method
6. Experience of chlorophyll from the leaves and separation of component
pigments on a paper chromatogram. Study of absorption spectra using
spectrophotometer.
7. Estimation of oxygen utilized by respiring plant by Winkler’s method.
PRACTICALS
(50 MARKS)
1. Study of Euglena of amoebeo entomoebo trypanosome paramecium.
2. Study of sponges and their various body forms .
3. Principal representatives of classes of phylum cnidaria (coelenterate )
4. Principle representative of classes of phylum plat helminthes
5. Representative of phylum rotifer phylum mollusce
6. Principal reprehensive of classes of phylum mollusce
7. Principal representatives of classes of phylum annelid
8. Principal representatives of classes of phylum arthropodea
9. Reprehensive of hemichordate and invertebrate (Echinodermata)
10. Representative groups of class fishes
11. Representative groups of class amphibian
12. Representative groups of class repteliea
13. Representative groups of class ayes
14. Representative groups of class mammalian
15. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the followings .
Text Books
croxton fe &cowden D.j (1964)applid general statistics prentice –hall inc new york
ferund j.e &williams f.j (1973)modern business statistice prentices hall inc new york
wolpole R.f (1982) introduction to statistice macmillan publishing co.in newyork
bancroft G.O sullivan :G(1981)Mathematics and statksstics for acconts and business
studies .McGraw hill newyork
5 Dixon W j and massey F.j (1985)introduction to statisticl to statistical analysis mcgra
hill book co London .
6 Yle G.u &kenall mg (1991)an introduction to the theory of statistical Charles griffin
&Co ltd London .
1
2
3
4
7 Mason R.D lind D A and marchal w .G (2001) statistical techniques in business and
economics mcgraw hill new York .
8 Burden R.L and fairs j.d (2005)Edition Numericl analysis prindle weber and Schmidt
boston.
MATHEMATICS
B.SC(PASS) PART-1
( FIRST YEAR)