Name______________________
Date_____
Summer Reading Chapters 1, 6 and 25
Directions: For each question choose the choice of those given that best answers the
question. This will be collected on the first day of school.
1. Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?
a. the structure of cilia
b. the ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems
c. the structure of chloroplasts
d. the universality of the genetic code
e. the structure of the nucleus
2. A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a
a. community.
b. biosystem.
c. population.
d. ecosystem.
e. family.
3. Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological
organization from the least to the most complex level?
a. ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system
b. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism
c. molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere
d. cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle
e. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ
4. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in
common?
a. flagella or cilia that contain microtubules
b. a membrane-bounded nucleus
c. linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein
d. a cell wall made of cellulose
e. ribosomes
5. A type of protein critical to all cells is organic catalysts called
a. metabolites.
b. feedback activators.
c. nutrients.
d. feedback inhibitors.
e. enzymes.
6. The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is
a. light energy.
b. kinetic energy.
c. chemical energy.
d. ATP.
e. thermal energy.
7. Which of the following is a false statement regarding DNA?
a. All forms of life are composed of cells that have a membrane-enclosed
nucleus.
b. DNA is the unit of inheritance that is transmitted from parent to offspring.
c. Every cell is enclosed by a membrane.
d. Each chromosome has one very long DNA molecule with hundreds of
thousands of genes.
e. Every cell uses DNA as its genetic information.
8. Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?
a. schematic biology
b. evolution
c. informatics
d. taxonomy
e. genomics
9. Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things?
a. evolutionary adaptations
b. growth and reproduction
c. energy processing
d. responding to the environment
e. all of the above
10. When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood
glucose level declines. When blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes
glucagon, and as a result blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of blood glucose
level is the result of
a. negative feedback.
b. catalytic feedback.
c. bioinformatic regulation.
d. protein-protein interactions.
e. positive feedback.
11. Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be
secreted?
a. peroxisome
b. vacuole
c. mitochondrion
d. lysosome
e. Golgi apparatus
12. Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
a. peroxisome
b. lysosome
c. mitochondrion
d. vacuole
e. Golgi apparatus
13. Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which
of the following molecules?
a. lipids
b. starches
c. glucose
d. steroids
e. proteins
14. Microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following?
a. contracting of muscle cells
b. formation of cleavage furrows
c. ameboid movement
d. A and B only
e. A, B, and C
15. Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types
of cellular structures?
a. membrane proteins
b. cellulose fibers in the cell wall
c. ribosomes
d. cytoskeletons
e. sites of energy production in cellular respiration
16. Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no
cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?
a. Cell-to-cell communication requires physical attachment of one cell to
another.
b. Maintenance of connective tissue shape requires cells to adhere to one
another.
c. Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get through one, much
less two adjacent cell membranes.
d. Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing
through them.
e. The relative shapelessness of animal cells requires a mechanism for keeping
the cells aligned.
17. Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
a. peroxisome
b. vacuole
c. Golgi apparatus
d. mitochondrion
e. lysosome
18. The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger
than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for
this observation is that
a. animal cells are more spherical, while plant cells are elongated.
b. the basic functions of plant cells are very different from those of animal
cells.
c. plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than
animal cells.
d. plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane
than animal cells.
e. plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
19. The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the
following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in
liver cells?
a. smooth ER
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Transport vesicles
d. Nuclear envelope
e. rough ER
20. Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in
a. lysosomes.
b. vacuoles.
c. chloroplasts.
d. mitochondria.
e. nuclei.
21. Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following
structures in animal cells?
a. desmosomes
b. tight junctions
c. peroxisomes
d. gap junctions
e. extracellular matrix
22. Recent evidence shows that individual chromosomes occupy fairly defined
territories within the nucleus. Given the structure and location of the following
parts of the nucleus, which would be more probably involved in chromosome
location?
a. nuclear pores
b. the nuclear lamina
c. the outer lipid bilayer
d. the nucleolus
e. the nuclear matrix
23. Of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals
between the ECM and the cytoskeleton?
a. proteoglycans
b. middle lamella
c. collagen
d. integrins
e. fibronectin
24. The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
a. light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron
microscopy.
b. light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy.
c. light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
d. A and B
e. B and C
25. A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma
membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
a. an animal, but not a plant.
b. a plant or an animal.
c. a bacterium.
d. any kind of organism.
e. a plant, but not an animal.
26. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from
the cell?
a. lysosomes
b. plasmodesmata
c. Golgi vesicles
d. rough ER
e. tight junctions
27. Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
a. ER
b. Golgi apparatus
c. chloroplast
d. plasma membrane
e. nuclear envelope
28. Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells?
a. mitochondrion
b. Golgi apparatus
c. peroxisome
d. vacuole
e. lysosome
29. All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the
structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in
their composition?
a. plant cell walls
b. microtubules
c. nuclear lamina
d. microfilaments
e. intermediate filaments
30. How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
a. They are brought into the cell from the environment.
b. They are built de novo from cytosol materials.
c. They split in two after they are too large.
d. The cell synthesizes hydrogen peroxide and encloses it in a membrane.
e. They bud off from the ER.
31. Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of
an adjacent cell through
a. plasmodesmata.
b. desmosomes.
c. intermediate filaments.
d. tight junctions.
e. gap junctions.
32. Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a
predominance of free ribosomes?
a. a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
b. a cell that is secreting proteins
c. a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix
d. a cell that is digesting food particles
e. a cell that is enlarging its vacuole
33. Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
a. the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
b. the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells
c. the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes
d. the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function
e. the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume
34. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating
and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle
must be involved in this condition?
a. the endoplasmic reticulum
b. mitochondria
c. the Golgi apparatus
d. membrane-bound ribosomes
e. the lysosome
35. Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
a. wall made of cellulose
b. chloroplast
c. central vacuole
d. mitochondrion
e. centriole
36. The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or more membrane layers. How is the
innermost of these layers different from that of the nucleus?
a. The inner mitochondrial membrane is devoid of nearly all proteins.
b. The two membranes are biochemically very different.
c. The space between the two layers of the nuclear membrane is larger.
d. The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is separated out into thylakoids.
e. The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded.
37. A primary objective of cell fractionation is to
a. crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released.
b. view the structure of cell membranes.
c. separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be
determined.
d. determine the size of various organelles.
e. identify the enzymes outside the organelles.
38. Which of the following contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various
substrates to oxygen?
a. vacuole
b. lysosome
c. Golgi apparatus
d. mitochondrion
e. peroxisome
39. Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids,
and steroids?
a. contractile vacuole
b. ribosome
c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. mitochondrion
e. lysosome
40. Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?
a. bacterial cell
b. muscle cell
c. leaf cell of a plant
d. nerve cell
e. phagocytic white blood cell
41. Recent evidence indicates that the first major diversification of multicellular
eukaryotes may have coincided in time with the
a. melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period.
b. origin of prokaryotes.
c. massive eruptions of deep-sea vents.
d. switch to an oxidizing atmosphere.
e. origin of multicellular organisms.
42. The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse
species, is evidence that
a. in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial in more than
one species.
b. a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is beneficial to all mammals.
c. evolution generally progresses toward some predetermined goal.
d. an unseen guiding force is at work.
e. evolution always tends toward increased complexity or increased size.
43. If two continental land masses converge and are united, then the collision should
cause
a. an overall decrease in the surface area located in the continental interior.
b. the maintenance of the previously existing ocean currents and wind patterns.
c. the extinction of any species adapted to intertidal and coastal habitats.
d. a decrease in climatic extremes in the interior of the new super-continent.
e. a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat.
44. Which is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common?
a. the ability to synthesize enzymes
b. RNA genes
c. a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
d. the ability to replicate RNA
e. a nucleus
45. What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most
recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?
1. origin of mitochondria
2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3. origin of chloroplasts
4. origin of cyanobacteria
5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses
a. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
b. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
c. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
d. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
e. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
46. Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five
factors. Select the exception.
a. an adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another
group uses as food
b. vacant ecological niches
c. colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few
competitor species
d. genetic drift
e. evolutionary innovation
47. Fossilized stromatolites
a. formed around deep-sea vents.
b. resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today
in some warm, shallow, salty bays.
c. contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 2.1 billion
years ago.
d. all date from 2.7 billion years ago.
e. provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around
500 million years ago.
48. Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?
a. 3,500,000 years
b. 5,000,000,000,000 years
c. 6,000,000 years
d. 6,000 years
e. 3,500,000,000 years
49. The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the
following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans
and atmosphere?
a. the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of
prokaryotes
b. the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats
c. the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated
photosynthetic cyanobacteria
d. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest
energy from organic molecules
e. the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from
the corrosive effects of oxygen
50. Fossil evidence indicates that several kinds of flightless dinosaurs possessed
feathers. If some of these feather-bearing dinosaurs incubated clutches of eggs in
carefully constructed nests, this might be evidence supporting the claim that
a. their feathers originally served as insulation, and only later became flight
surfaces.
b. the earliest reptiles could fly, and the feathers of flightless dinosaurs were
vestigial flight surfaces.
c. dinosaurs were as fully endothermal (warm-blooded) as modern birds and
mammals.
d. all fossils with feathers are actually some kind of bird.
e. the feathers were plucked from the bodies of other adults to provide nestbuilding materials.
51. Which gas was least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere, prior to 2 billion years
ago?
a. O2
b. CO2
c. H2O
d. NH3
e. CH4
52. Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because
a. bacteria are not made of cells.
b. bacteria decompose protists.
c. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.
d. protists eat bacteria.
e. protists are photosynthetic.
53. Which free-living cells were the earliest contributors to the formation of Earth's
oxidizing atmosphere?
a. chloroplasts
b. cyanobacteria
c. mitochondria
d. seaweeds
e. endosymbionts
54. A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had
a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?
a. Fungi
b. Archaea
c. Protista
d. Eukarya
e. Animalia
55. A filamentous organism has been isolated from decomposing organic matter. This
organism has a cell wall but no chloroplasts. How would you classify this organism?
a. domain Eukarya, kingdom Plantae
b. domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi
c. domain Archaea, kingdom Bacteria
d. domain Eukarya, kingdom Protista
e. domain Bacteria, kingdom Prokaryota
56. Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification which stated
that organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they
possess
a. inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the
local environment.
b. non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment.
c. inheritable traits that decrease their survival and reproductive success in
the local environment.
d. non-inheritable traits that enhance their reproductive success in the local
environment.
e. non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success
in the local environment.
57. The half-life of Carbon-14 is approximately 5,600 years. Using this information
scientists have been able to determine the age of some artifacts left by humans.
Suppose that a scientist wanted to know approximately how old a piece of wood was
that she found on the floor in an old cave that had recently been discovered. She
removed the wood (with permission) to her laboratory. Her wood sample contained 2
grams of Carbon-14. If the age of the wood was determined to be 22,400 years old,
how much Carbon-14 originally existed in this piece of wood?
a. 32 grams
b. 16 grams
c.12 grams
d. 8 grams
e. 4 grams
58. Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For
example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into
a. carbon dioxide and water.
b. the potential energy of chemical bonds.
c. oxygen.
d. kinetic energy.
e. the energy of motion.
Refer to the following to answer question 59 & 60.
59. The steps shown here represent
a. The Miller-Urey experiment
b. An example of the bubble hypothesis
c. The endosymbiotic theory
d. Origin of the archaebacteria
e. The heterotroph hypothesis
60. The steps shown here explain
a. The origin of prokaryotic cells from protobionts
b. The similarities mitochondria share with prokaryotes
c. The origin of all eukaryotic organelles
d. That chloroplasts may live independently of cells
e. The importance of a reducing atmosphere
61. Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?
a. cilia
b. centrioles
c. flagella
d. A and C only
e. A, B, and C
62. In what way were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago
different from those on today's Earth?
a. Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris.
b. Less ultraviolet radiation penetrated Earth's early atmosphere.
c. Only early Earth had an oxidizing atmosphere.
d. Only early Earth had water vapor in its atmosphere.
e. Earth's early atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone.
63. Why is it important that an experiment include a control group?
a. The control group is the group that the researcher is in control of; it is the
group in which the researcher predetermines the nature of the results.
b. A control group assures that an experiment will be repeatable.
c. The control group provides a reserve of experimental subjects.
d. Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result
is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor.
e. A control group is required for the development of an "if, then" statement.
64. Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological
organization from the least to the most complex level?
a. molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere
b. ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system
c. cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle
d. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ
e. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism
65. What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins?
a. It includes a series that shows the gradual change of scales into fur.
b. It shows that mammals and birds evolved from the same kind of dinosaur.
c. It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.
d. It indicates that mammals and dinosaurs did not overlap in geologic time.
e. It is a good example of punctuated equilibrium.
66. An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial
photosynthesis was to
a. prevent the formation of an ozone layer.
b. change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing.
c. make life on land difficult for aerobic organisms.
d. cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize).
e. make it easier to maintain reduced molecules.
67. Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
a. Its structure is not derived from the ER.
b. It only has two membrane layers.
c. It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope.
d. It is not involved in protein synthesis.
e. It has too many vesicles.
68. The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions
likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?
a. in the cytoplasm
b. on the inner nuclear envelope
c. on the inner mitochondrial membrane
d. on the inner plasma membrane
e. on the endoplasmic reticulum
69. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)?
a. DNA is an enzyme that puts together amino acids to make a protein.
b. Each deoxyribonucleic acid molecule is composed of two long chains of
nucleotides arranged in a double helix.
c. DNA is a code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
d. DNA is composed of chemical building blocks called nucleotides.
e. Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid.
70. Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the
domains?
a. Archaea and Monera
b. Bacteria and Protista
c. Bacteria and Archaea
d. Bacteria and Eukarya
e. Eukarya and Monera
71. If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which
organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?
a. microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli
b. all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands
c. limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction
d. sperm, larynx, and trachea
e. egg cells (ova), uterus, and kidneys
72. Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of
a plant cell?
a. lysosome
b. Golgi apparatus
c. mitochondrion
d. peroxisome
e. vacuole
73. All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
a. a plasma membrane.
b. an endoplasmic reticulum.
c. a cell wall.
d. DNA.
e. ribosomes.
74. Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into
proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to
track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic
cells. What is its most likely pathway?
a. ER → Golgi → nucleus
b. nucleus → ER → Golgi
c. ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
d. Golgi → ER → lysosome
e. ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
75. Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy?
a. Golgi bodies
b. leucoplasts
c. peroxisomes
d. mitochondria
e. chloroplasts