E:\R\BRAIN-be\09_INA\stratospheric ozone- Montreal protocol\National_Report-Belgium-2014_compil_final.docx
National Report of Belgium
for the 9th WMO/UNEP Ozone Research Managers Meeting
Geneva, 14-16 May 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
OBSERVATIONAL ACTIVITIES_________________________________________________________ 6
1.1
Column measurements of ozone and other gases/variables relevant to ozone loss. ___________ 6
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.2
Profile measurements of ozone and other gases/variables relevant to ozone loss ____________ 9
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) _________________________________________________ 6
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) _______________________________________ 6
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB _______________________________________________________ 8
University of Liège ____________________________________________________________________ 9
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) _________________________________________________ 9
University of Liège (ULg) _______________________________________________________________ 9
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 10
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 12
UV measurements_______________________________________________________________ 12
1.3.1 Broadband measurements ____________________________________________________________ 12
1.3.2 Narrowband filter instruments _________________________________________________________ 12
1.3.3 Spectroradiometers __________________________________________________________________ 12
1.3.3.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) _________________________________________ 12
1.3.3.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) _______________________________ 12
1.4
Calibration / Validation activities ___________________________________________________ 13
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
2
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 13
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 13
University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 14
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 14
RESULTS FROM OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS ______________________________________ 14
2.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ____________________________________________ 14
2.2
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) _________________________________ 16
2.2.1 Trend studies of ozone and ozone-depleting substances ____________________________________ 16
3
2.3
University of Liège (ULg) __________________________________________________________ 16
2.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) _________________________________________________ 17
THEORY, MODELLING, AND OTHER RESEARCH ________________________________________ 17
3.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ____________________________________________ 17
3.1.1 Satellite data validation and characterisation _____________________________________________ 18
3.1.2 Trend studies _______________________________________________________________________ 18
3.2
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) _________________________________ 18
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.3
Modelling __________________________________________________________________________ 18
Laboratory experiments ______________________________________________________________ 18
Instrument developments _____________________________________________________________ 18
Ground-based data retrieval algorithm developments ______________________________________ 18
Satellite data retrieval algorithm developments ___________________________________________ 19
Satellite data validation and characterisation _____________________________________________ 19
University of Liège (ULg) __________________________________________________________ 19
3.3.1 Satellite data validation and characterisation _____________________________________________ 19
3.3.2 Instrument developments _____________________________________________________________ 20
3.3.3 Trend studies _______________________________________________________________________ 20
3.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) _________________________________________________ 20
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
Laboratory experiments ______________________________________________________________ 20
Retrieval algorithm developments ______________________________________________________ 20
Satellite data retrievals _______________________________________________________________ 21
Satellite data validation and characterisation _____________________________________________ 21
Trend studies _______________________________________________________________________ 21
4
DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS _______________________________________________________ 22
4.1
Data reporting __________________________________________________________________ 22
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.2
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 22
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 23
University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 23
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 23
Information to the public _________________________________________________________ 23
4.2.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 23
4.2.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 23
4.3
Relevant scientific papers _________________________________________________________ 24
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
5
PROJECTS AND COLLABORATION ___________________________________________________ 36
5.1
Participation in national and international other collaborations projects ___________________ 36
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.2
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 36
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 36
University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 37
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 37
Representation in international organisations ________________________________________ 38
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
6
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 24
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 26
University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 31
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 34
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 38
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 38
University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 39
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 39
FUTURE PLANS ____________________________________________________________________ 39
6.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ____________________________________________ 39
6.2
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) _________________________________ 39
6.3
University of Liège (ULg) __________________________________________________________ 40
6.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) _________________________________________________ 40
6.5
Princess Elisabeth Research Station _________________________________________________ 40
7
NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ____________________________________________________ 41
8
HOW RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 8TH MEETING OF THE OZONE RESEARCH MANAGERS
OF THE PARTIES TO THE VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTEC-TION OF THE OZONE LAYER
(GENEVA, 2-4 MAY 2011 - FROM P. 27-32) ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT ____________________ 41
8.1
Research Needs _________________________________________________________________ 41
8.1.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 41
8.1.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 41
8.2
Systematic Observations _________________________________________________________ 42
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 42
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 42
University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 44
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) ______________________________________________________ 44
8.3
Spectroscopic standards __________________________________________________________ 44
8.4
Data Archiving __________________________________________________________________ 44
8.4.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 44
8.4.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 45
8.4.3 University of Liège (ULg) ______________________________________________________________ 45
8.5
Capacity Building ________________________________________________________________ 45
8.5.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) ________________________________________________ 45
The relocation of the unused Dobson instrument from Uccle to Kyev is explicitly mentioned on p 38 of
the WMO report of the 8th session No. 53. ______________________________________________ 45
8.5.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) ______________________________________ 45
9
CO-ORDINATES OF BELGIAN INSTITUTES AND LEADING SCIENTISTS INVOLVED IN O3 RELATED
RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS ____________________________________________________ 45
1
OBSERVATIONAL ACTIVITIES
1.1
Column measurements of ozone and other gases/variables relevant to ozone loss.
1.1.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
The RMI performs Daily Ozone column measurements with two automated Brewer spectrophotometers. One (nr 16) is a single monochromator, in use since 1983 and the other one (nr 178) is a
double monochromator installed in 2001. Both instruments are operational in Uccle (Belgium).
Measurements with a Dobson spectrophotometer (nr 40) which started in 1971, continued until end
of May 2009. As RMI has two Brewer instruments and a long overlap period with the Dobson
instrument, the Dobson measurements were stopped. In agreement with WMO-GAW the
instrument is now loaned to the University of Kiev (Ukraine) and is operational there.
The observations mentioned above take place at Uccle (50°48’N, 4°21’E, 100 m asl,
complementary NDACC station see (http://www.ndacc.org) and station 053 in the WOUDC list).
In addition RMI started in January 2011 observations at the Belgian Antarctic station Princess
Elisabeth with Brewer instrument 100, which was put at our disposal by KNMI in the Netherlands.
The new Antarctic station is located at 71 deg south, 23 deg East, 1397m asl. It obtained nr 499 in
the WOUDC list, and will be operational during the manned periods in the austral summer.
1.1.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
BIRA-IASB performs ground-based monitoring of the total column of ozone, of ozone depleting
substances and of other ozone relevant species (halogens, NOy, BrO, HCFC, CFC…) for budget,
process and long-term trend studies, at the following 8 stations:

The International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (46.55ºN, 7.98ºE, 3580 m
asl, NDACC Alpine station) (see also 1.1.3): long-term time series of many constituents by
FTIR and SAOZ UV-Visible DOAS instruments. The time series of FTIR column data starts in
the early eighties, while the SAOZ time series of the O3 and NO2 column start in 1990. In the
second half of 2010, an additional MAXDOAS Instrument was installed by BIRA-IASB at the
Jungfraujoch; it monitors the stratospheric vertical distribution of BrO, NO2 and ozone as well
as tropospheric abundances of NO2, H2O, O3, H2CO and aerosols.

Harestua, Norway (60.2°N, 10.8°E, 596 m asl, NDACC Arctic station): UV-Visible DOAS
instruments, measuring since 1994 the column of O3, NO2, OClO, and BrO.

The Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP), France (43.94°N, 5.71°E, 650 m asl, NDACC
Alpine station): UV-Visible DOAS instruments measuring the column of O3, NO2, and BrO
since summer 1998. The UV-Visible DOAS instrument was upgraded with an off-axis
capability (MAXDOAS) in 2000 and since then measures also tropospheric abundances of
NO2 and H2CO.

Ile de la Réunion (20.9°S, 55.5°E, 10 m asl, NDACC Southern Hemisphere tropical station):
FTIR observations (total column abundances and vertical distributions of O3, halogenated and
nitrogenated source and reservoir gases, and more) started in summer 2002. Initially FTIR
observations were made on a campaign basis, in Sept-Oct. 2002, August to November 2004,
and May to November 2007. Since May 2009, the instrument (Bruker 120M) is operated on a
continuous basis. During the first FTIR campaign in 2002, simultaneous measurements at sea
level and at high altitude (2200 m asl) were performed, allowing inferring columns in the
boundary layer/low troposphere, via a differential approach.
The FTIR observations with this instrument were stopped in December 2011, which was
replaced with a new more performant FTIR instrument (see below).
From August 2004 to July 2005, a UV-Visible MAXDOAS instrument measuring O3, NO2, BrO,
H2CO columns and tropospheric abundances, was operated at the same site.
Page 6 of 47

Ile de la Réunion (20.9°S, 55.5°E, 10 m asl, NDACC Southern Hemisphere tropical station):
in September 2011, BIRA-IASB installed a new more performant FTIR instrument (Bruker
125HR) enabling high-precision measurements of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) as well.
This instrument has been operational since September 2011 and it is being switched regularly
between the TCCON Mode (for doing greenhouse gas measurements in the near-infrared)
and the NDACC mode (for doing measurements of ozone and related key species). The
instrument got the official certification of being affiliated to the Total carbon Column Observing
Network (TCCON) in summer 2012. As the evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer is
influenced by climate changes, these measurements are relevant indirectly for understanding
ozone in the future.

Ile de la Réunion (20.9°S, 55.5°E, 10 m asl, NDACC Southern Hemisphere tropical station) :
in February 2013, another Bruker 125HR FTIR spectrometer was installed at the new NDACC
observatory at the Maido site (2200 m asl) for making solar absorption observations in the
mid-infrared, in the NDACC mode (for doing measurements of ozone and related key
species).

Xianghe, P.R. China (40°N, 115°E): BIRA-IASB initiated a ground-based monitoring activity in
China at the occasion of the Olympic Games organized in Beijing during summer 2008. To
this aim a state-of-the-art UV-visible MAXDOAS system was developed at BIRA-IASB and
installed at a few hundred meters from the Olympic station on the roof of the Institute of
Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) in Beijing. The
measurement campaign lasted from July 2008 until April 2009 and was a success. It was then
decided to further develop the cooperation with IAP by setting up a long-term monitoring
activity taking benefit of the existing IAP infrastructure at the sub-urban monitoring site of
Xianghe, situated approximately 50 km East of Beijing. This area is not strongly affected by
local emissions but still largely under the influence of pollutants transported from three
surrounding major cities: Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan. The BIRA-IASB MAXDOAS
instrument was installed in Xianghe in February 2010 and since then continuously operated,
with the local support from IAP. Four years of observations are now available allowing for the
study of a number of trace gases (NO2, O3, H2CO, SO2, HONO, BrO, CHOCHO, and H2O)
and aerosols in the troposphere and/or the stratosphere. These measurements are being
exploited in support of various projects, serving in particular the validation of tropospheric
measurements from recent satellite sensors (GOME-2, OMI, and SCIAMACHY) and various
modeling projects dealing with the determination of trace gas emissions in China.

Bujumbura, Burundi (3°S, 21°E): BIRA-IASB set up a UV-visible MAXDOAS spectrometer
and CIMEL sun photometer at the University campus of Bujumbura in November 2013, for the
observation of O3, NO2, HCHO, glyoxal, SO2, BrO, H2O and aerosols. The first months of data
are available.

Uccle, Brussels, Belgium (50.8°N, 4.35°E, 100 m asl, NDACC Northern Hemisphere Midlatitude station): In April 2011, BIRA-IASB started ground-based monitoring using a
commercial Mini-MAXDOAS instrument from Hoffmann Messtechnik GmbH. This system
provides measurements of tropospheric NO2 and aerosols with a time resolution of
approximately 20 minutes. It is used in support of the Copernicus Atmospheric Service and
for satellite validation purposes.
BIRA-IASB is involved in several satellite missions measuring the total column of ozone and of
ozone relevant species (halogens, NOy, BrO, HCFC, CFC…) for budget, process and long-term
trend studies:

Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), aboard ESA’s ERS-2 platform, measured the
column of O3, NO2, BrO and OClO from July 1995 till the switch-off of the platform in June
2011. BIRA-IASB is a co-proposer of the instrument, plays a key role in scientific
developments, evolution and geophysical validation of the operational GOME Data Processor
for total ozone and NO2 established at DLR (Germany) on behalf of ESA (Lambert et al. 1999,
2000; Spurr et al. 2004; Van Roozendael et al. 2007; Balis et al. 2007; Loyola et al. 2009; Lerot et al.
2010; Van Roozendael et al. 2012; Lerot et al. 2014; Koukouli et al. 2014). OIP Sensor Systems, a
Page 7 of 47
Belgian company specialised in defence, security and space, built the GOME Polarization
Monitoring Devices (PMDs).

Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY), a
tri-national contribution to ESA’s Envisat satellite by Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands,
measured the column of O3, NO2, BrO, SO2, OClO and other trace gases from August 2002
till the loss of contact with Envisat in April 2012. BIRA-IASB is a Co-PI of the instrument, has
followed the technical development of the instrument, is involved in the development and
evolution of retrieval algorithms, and is a Co-chair of the SCIAMACHY Validation and
Interpretation Group (SCIAVALIG). OIP Sensor Systems, a Belgian company specialised in
defence, security and space, built the SCIAMACHY Polarization Monitoring Devices (PMDs).

Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), aboard NASA’s EOS-Aura polar platform, measures
since 2004 the column of O3, NO2, BrO, SO2, OClO and other trace gases. BIRA-IASB has
been active in the development and geophysical validation of ozone, NO2 and BrO data
products from OMI.

Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (EUMETSAT GOME-2), aboard EUMETSAT MetOpA platform since October 2006 and MetOp-B platform since September 2012, measures the
column of O3, NO2, BrO, SO2, OClO and other trace gases. Partner of the EUMETSAT
Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M-SAF),
BIRA-IASB plays a key role in scientific developments, evolution and geophysical validation of
the operational GOME-2 Data Processor for the column of ozone, NO2, BrO, H2CO and SO2
established at DLR (Germany) as part of the O3M-SAF (Loyola et al. 2011; Lerot et al. 2010b;
Lerot et al. 2014; Koukouli et al. 2014).

Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), on board of EUMETSAT MetOp-A
(since 2006) and MetOp-B (since 2012) platforms. BIRA-IASB is involved in the development
of a N2O data product. N2O releases NOx in the stratosphere, which is an Ozone Depleting
Substance (ODS). The steady growth of N2O makes it a threat to the stratospheric ozone
layer in the future. In addition, BIRA-IASB is developing a methane product from IASI.
1.1.3 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB

The Atmospheric Spectroscopy group (Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique) at
ULB is heavily involved in the IASI/MetOp satellite mission, being member of its Science
Working Group (ISSWG-2), under auspice of CNES and EUMETSAT. IASI is a sounder
that measures the thermal infrared radiation of the Earth/atmosphere in nadir geometry
(Hilton et al., 2012), at fairly high spatial (12 km diameter circular pixel on-ground) and
spectral (0.5 cm-1) resolutions (Clerbaux et al 2009). IASI is part of the EPS system, and is
scheduled to operate up to 2020 at least. The first IASI instrument onboard the European
MetOp-A was launched platform in late 2006 and declared operational in July 2007. The
second instrument was launched in 2012. Both are currently in operation. As compared to
UV sounders but also precursor infrared sounders (IMG and TES), IASI has the advantage
of high spatial and temporal sampling, providing global measurements twice daily, once in
the morning and once in the evening. The small pixel allows capturing fine concentration
variations of several trace gases (Clarisse et al., 11). The ULB group has set-up, in
collaboration with the French LATMOS, a near-real time processing chain for IASI. Of
particular relevance here are
o Ozone total columns distributions, which are retrieved global twice a day, in nearreal time using FORLI-O3. The product has already undergone validation against
ground-based measurements and GOME-2 FORLI-O3 should be implemented in
2015-2016 in the EUMETSAT Central Application Facility and is expected to
become the operational processing chain for IASI O3. FORLI-O3 will also be the
reference algorithm for the work to be performed under the O3-CCI project.
o Nitric acid total columns distributions, which have an important role in regulating the
ozone hole, and a sensitive species to monitor its development.
o Aerosols from various types, including volcanic ash and sulfuric acid droplets
(Clarisse et al., 2013)
Page 8 of 47
o
In addition a series of column measurements for tropospheric species, strongly
involved in the ozone budget by being ozone precursors, are provided. These
include in particular CO (e.g. Worden et al., 2013) and volatile organic compounds
(Duflot et al., 2013; Razavi et al. 2011; Stavrakou et al., 2011 and 2012).
1.1.4 University of Liège
ULg is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the FTIR spectrometer installed at the
Jungfraujoch station, Switzerland (46.5ºN, 8.0ºE, 3580 m asl; http://www.ndacc.org). Highresolution infrared solar spectra are recorded year-round at that site since the mid-1980s. The
observational dataset acquired there is unique worldwide in terms of time period covered and
measurement density. Systematic analysis of the spectra allows the determination and extension
of long-term total column time series of numerous species relevant to ozone, i.e. ozone itself,
reservoirs of the NOy (NO, NO2, HNO3, ClONO2) and Cly (HCl and ClONO2) families, chlorinated
source gases monitored by the Montreal Protocol (CFC-11, -12, HCFC-22, -142b, CCl4). See Table
1 for a complete list of the current FTIR target species at the Jungfraujoch.
ULg is further involved in the Canadian ACE satellite mission (Bernath et al., 2005), which includes
an FTIR instrument on operation from space since early 2004. ULg contributes to the validation of
the ACE-FTS data and to their scientific exploitation.
1.2
Profile measurements of ozone and other gases/variables relevant to ozone loss
1.2.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
The vertical distribution of ozone at Uccle is measured three times per week by the means of
balloon soundings with ozone sondes since 1969. These measurements provide ozone profiles of
very high vertical resolution (a few hundred metres). ECC ozone sensors are used since 1997.
Ozone profile data in the period 1969-1997 were obtained with Brewer-Mast sensors. Special care
is taken to ensure the homogeneity of the time series, not only between the two types of ozone
sensors, but also between every single sensor.
1.2.2 University of Liège (ULg)
In addition to total column determinations, analysis of the FTIR spectra with dedicated state-of-theart algorithms provides information on the vertical distributions of most of the target species,
allowing studying and characterizing the state and evolution of the stratosphere and troposphere at
northern mid-latitudes. Derived geophysical parameters then consist in total and partial column
abundances above the site, including related uncertainty evaluations. Table 1 provides the current
list of atmospheric gases routinely studied at the Jungfraujoch. Ozone is among the target gases
as well as halogenated or nitrogenated species (sources and reservoirs) involved in ozone
depletion. In addition, numerous greenhouse gases are also monitored.
Page 9 of 47
Table 1. Molecules currently studied in FTIR solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch
Reference gas:
N2
Minor constituents:
CO2, N2O, CH4, CO, O3
1
Trace constituents:
Halogenated species:
HCl, ClONO2, HF, COF2,
CCl2F2, CHClF2, CCl3F, CH3CClF2, CCl4, CF4, SF6
Nitrogenated species:
NO, NO2, HNO3, ClONO2
Others:
H2O, C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, HCN, OCS, H2CO, H2CO2, CH3OH
Isotopologues of CO, CH4, H2O, O3
1.2.3 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
BIRA-IASB performs ground-based monitoring of the vertical distribution of ozone, of ozone
depleting substances and of other ozone relevant species (halogens, NOy, BrO, HCFC, CFC…) for
budget, process and long-term trend studies, at the following 6 stations:

The International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (46.55ºN, 7.98ºE, 3580 m
asl, NDACC Alpine station): time series of FTIR observations (led by ULg) starting in the early
eighties. BIRA-IASB contributes to the exploitation of the FTIR data for the study of vertical
ozone trends. BIRA is also responsible for the operation of a UV-Visible MAXDOAS
instrument installed in the second half of 2010, from which profiles of stratospheric NO2 and
BrO are retrieved. This MAXDOAS instrument monitors the stratospheric vertical distribution
of BrO, NO2 and ozone as well as tropospheric abundances of NO2, H2O, O3, H2CO and
aerosols.

Harestua, Norway (60.2°N, 10.8°E, 596 m asl, NDACC Arctic station): UV-Visible DOAS
instruments operating since 1994, from which the vertical distribution of stratospheric NO2 and
BrO is retrieved.

The Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP), France (43.94°N, 5.71°E, 650 m asl, NDACC
Alpine station): UV-Visible DOAS instruments operating since summer 1998, from which the
vertical distribution of stratospheric NO2 and BrO is retrieved.

Xianghe, China (40°N, 115°E): UV-visible MAXDOAS instrument operating since February
2010, from which the vertical distribution of stratospheric NO2 and BrO is retrieved.

Bujumbura, Burundi (3°S, 21°E): UV-visible MAXDOAS instrument operating since November
2013, from which the vertical distribution of stratospheric NO2 and BrO is retrieved.

Ile de la Réunion (20.9°S, 55.5°E, 10 m asl, NDACC Southern Hemisphere tropical station):
From the FTIR observations at high spectral resolution, one can derive some limited
information about the vertical distribution of the observed species. In particular, for ozone, one
can derive 5 independent partial columns between the ground and the upper stratosphere.
BIRA-IASB is involved in several satellite missions measuring the vertical distribution of ozone, of
ozone depleting substances and of other ozone relevant species (halogens, NOy, BrO, HCFC,
CFC…) for budget, process and long-term trend studies:

Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), aboard ESA’s ERS-2 platform, measured
solar backscattered ultraviolet radiances from 1996 till the switch-off of the platform in June
2011. Form these radiance measurements several institutes retrieve the vertical distribution of
ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere. BIRA-IASB is a co-proposer of the instrument,
1
Species typed in italic are primarily present in the stratosphere, while the others are tropospheric ...
source gases.
Page 10 of 47
contributes to the evolution of several ozone profile retrieval algorithms through Round-Robin
audits and plays a key role in their geophysical validation. OIP Sensor Systems, a Belgian
company specialised in defence, security and space, built the GOME Polarization Monitoring
Devices (PMDs).

Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY), a
tri-national contribution to ESA’s Envisat satellite by Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands,
measured the vertical profile of O3, NO2, BrO and other trace gases from August 2002 till the
loss of contact with Envisat in April 2012. BIRA-IASB is a Co-PI of the instrument, has
followed the technical development of the instrument, is involved in the development and
evolution of retrieval algorithms, and is a Co-chair of the SCIAMACHY Validation and
Interpretation Group (SCIAVALIG). OIP Sensor Systems, a Belgian company specialised in
defence, security and space, built the SCIAMACHY Polarization Monitoring Devices (PMDs).

Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS), on board of ESA’s Envisat,
measured the vertical profile of O3, NO2, NO3, OClO and other trace gases from August 2002
till the loss of contact with Envisat in April 2012. BIRA-IASB is a co-proposer of the instrument,
an expert support laboratory (ESL) certified by ESA, and has been active in the development
and validation of O3, NO2, OClO and temperature data products.

Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), on board of ESA’s
Envisat, measured the vertical profile of O3, NO2, HNO3, N2O, CO, CH4, H2O, CFCs, HCFCs
and other trace gases from August 2002 till the loss of contact with Envisat in April 2012.
BIRA-IASB has been active in the geophysical validation of O3, temperature, NOy, N2O, CO,
CH4, HCFC and CFC data products.

Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on board
of CSA’s SCISAT-1 launched in 2003, measures via the solar occultation technique the
vertical distribution of many ozone related trace gases and parameters. BIRA-IASB has been
active in the development and geophysical validation of ozone, CH4, CO, N2O, NOy, HCl,
HCFCs and CFCs and temperature data products. Inside the ACE-FTS instrument is a
visible/near infrared imager with two filtered channels at 0.525 and 1.02 µm, chosen to match
two of the wavelengths monitored by the SAGE II satellite instrument. Made by the Belgian
company Fill Factory of Mechelen, the imagers provide an important diagnostic for pointing
and for detecting the presence of clouds in the field of view of the instrument.

Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (EUMETSAT GOME-2), aboard EUMETSAT MetOpA platform since October 2006 and MetOp-B platform since September 2012, measures solar
backscattered ultraviolet radiances, from which several institutes retrieve the vertical
distribution of ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere. BIRA-IASB contributes to the
evolution of several ozone profile retrieval algorithms through Round-Robin audits and plays a
key role in their geophysical validation.

Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) operating on board of MetOp-A since
2006 and MetOp-B since 2012. BIRA-IASB has contributed to the validation of the CO and
HNO3 vertical profile data. It has developed an algorithm for retrieving vertical profiles of the
mineral dust aerosol. It is working on a CH4 vertical profile product. To improve the sensitivity
at the surface, it is working on synergetic SWIR/TIR retrievals of CH4 – with GOSAT data as
test case.

Atmospheric Limb Tracker for the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere (ALTIUS):
national development of a limb viewing satellite instrument responding to the requirements
resulting from the 7th and 8th ORM Meetings in 2008 and 2011, respectively (WMO GORMP
Report No. 51 and No. 53): “Satellite observations of high vertical resolution profiles using limb
viewing for O3 and key molecules are required in order to more accurately understand the
changes in O3 as CFCs decline and climate change occurs.” ALTIUS has now entered phase
B1 (see below in Section 6: Future plans).
Page 11 of 47
1.2.4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Contribution to satellite missions:
 The Atmospheric Spectroscopy group (Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique) at ULB
tackles several chemistry-related activities around the IASI/MetOp satellite mission. The
researchers take active part in the IASI Sounder Science Working Group (ISSWG-2), under
auspice of CNES and EUMETSAT, for IASI and preparation of IAS on EPS-SG. In addition to
providing information on total columns (see above), IASI has also profiling capabilities at least
equal if not superior to most instrument currently in operation. With the FORLI processing chain
set-up at ULB, the following products are available in near-real-time

o
Ozone vertical profiles, which are retrieved in 40 layers of 1km thickness starting from
the ground, with 3-4 independent pieces of information. Upper stratospheric, UTLS and
tropospheric contributions are well decorrelated. The maximum sensitivity of IASI to the
ozone profile extends from the mid-troposphere to the lower stratosphere, and the
product is thus of high relevance for monitoring the vertical structure of the ozone hole,
the contribution of tropospheric ozone to climate, as well as the impact of ozone in the
lowest layers on air quality.
o
Nitric acid vertical profiles. The vertical information is low but the retrieval of vertical
profiles improves on the columns measurements by accounting for changes in
tropopause height. Vertical profiles are available in NRT. The maximum sensitivity is in
the upper troposphere. A partial de-correlation between tropospheric and stratospheric
HNO3 is possible in the best cases.
In addition to IASI, the ULB researchers are involved SCISAT-1 ACE-FTS Science Team,
although their active contribution has decreased in the last years due to their large involvement
in IASI. They have contributed to several profile studies with ACE-FTS.
1.3
UV measurements
1.3.1 Broadband measurements
Nihil
1.3.2 Narrowband filter instruments
Nihil
1.3.3 Spectroradiometers
1.3.3.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
UV spectral irradiance measurements at Uccle: both Brewer spectrophotometers are also used to
monitor the UV-B radiation intensities. They perform several scans per day (number depending on
the time the sun is above the horizon).
Since January 2011, also the Brewer in Antarctica performs UV spectral measurements during its
operational period the austral summer.
1.3.3.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
BIRA-IASB operates a UV-monitoring network of 6 stations in Belgium: Mol, Mont Rigi, Oostende,
Redu, Uccle, and Virton. This network monitors global solar spectral irradiance, broadband data,
filter radiometer data, sunshine duration, as well as associated cloud and meteorological
parameters.
Page 12 of 47
In December 2012, BIRA-IASB deployed also its UV-B and UV-A and pyranometer sensors for the
measurement of the global solar irradiation in the UV and visible wavelength ranges at the Belgian
Princess Elisabeth station in Antarctica (71°S, 23°E, 1300 m asl).
All the measured data sets
http://uvindex.aeronomie.be.
1.4
in
Belgium
and
Antarctica
are
available
publicly
on
Calibration / Validation activities
1.4.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
Before the transfer to Ukraine, the Dobson instrument nr 40 was refurbished and calibrated at the
Regional Calibration Centre of WMO in Hohenpeißenberg in 2009-2010. It turned out that the
instrument has been very stable since the last calibration. Therefore no reprocessing of the data
set at Uccle was necessary.
The Brewer instruments 016 and 178 were compared with the travelling reference instrument nr
017 in 2006 and 2008. In 2010 the instruments were calibrated in Uccle together with Brewer #100
(before it was sent to Antarctica) against Brewer reference instrument 158. The cosine response of
Brewer 178 was measured in co-operation with BIRA in 2011. In 2012 Brewers 016 and 178 were
calibrated against reference instrument 158. In 2014 a new calibration campaign is planned (this
time also including the instrument operated in Antarctica). The results of these calibrations were
taken into account for the new ozone observations and also the older data were recalculated.
The ozone sondes are carefully prepared and calibrated with a reference instrument in the
laboratory before launch. A correction procedure is applied to minimise the inhomogeneity that
could have been introduced at the change of the sonde type in 1997. We also took part in the
Ozone Sonde Data Quality Assessment (O3S-DQA) activity, a part of the SPARC-IGACO-IOC
(SI2N) Assessment on “Past Changes in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone”. The goal of the O3SDQA activity is to create a world-wide, homogenized set of ozone sonde data which includes an
uncertainty estimate for every single measurement. The idea is to define Standard Operating
Procedures and corrections for the ozone sonde measurements and to convert all measurements
to these by means of transfer functions. The Uccle dataset (from 1997 onwards) was corrected
according to those standard operating procedures and algorithms and an uncertainty analysis have
been applied to those data.
The UV-B calibration of the Brewer instruments was checked with 1000W lamps in 2006, 2008,
2010 and 2012 during the calibration visits. In 2004 the special comparative observations were
performed with a travelling reference UV instrument of the Joint Research Centre (JRC in Ispra) in
the frame of the Qasume project (Gröbner et al, 2004). All the 1000W calibrations were consistent
with the calibrations based on the monthly tests with 50W lamps within the expected errors.
1.4.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
The ground-based FTIR, zenith-sky DOAS and MAXDOAS UV-visible instruments are all
contributing to the NDACC. As such, they comply with the various NDACC protocols for instrument
certification, measurement, data intercomparisons, data submission and data use.
The MAXDOAS instruments have participated to several calibration/intercomparison campaigns,
e.g., the recent CINDI campaign in Cabau (NL) in summer 2009 (Roscoe et al., 2010).
The calibration of the FTIR instruments at La Réunion is verified on a daily basis by doing HBr (for
NDACC) and HCl (for TCCON) cell measurements. We also participate in the data processing
standardisation procedures that are on-going in the frame of the NDACC Infrared Working Group
and the TCCON network.
BIRA-IASB coordinates cal/val activities for GOME, GOMOS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, ACE-FTS,
OMI and GOME-2.
Page 13 of 47
BIRA-IASB contributes to the international development of a global data quality strategy for the
GEOSS, an effort led by CEOS WGCV in response to GEO Tasks DA-06-02 and DA-09-01. It is
involved in the board establishing the Quality Assurance framework for Earth Observation (QA4EO,
http://qa4eo.org/ At European level it is active in the system engineering for the Copernicus
(formerly GMES) Atmospheric Service (GAS), where it ensures coordination and harmonisation of
the data quality strategy between, on one hand, the GMES/Copernicus pioneering projects ESA
GSE PROMOTE and EC FP6 GEMS, and on the other hand, the EC FP7 projects establishing the
GMES/Copernicus atmospheric core service (MACC-I/II), the GMES air quality downstream
service (PASODOBLE) and the GMES/Copernicus volcanic observatory (EVOSS).
BIRA-IASB coordinates the EU FP7 project Demonstration Network Of ground-based Remote
Sensing Observations (NORS) in support of the Copernicus Atmospheric Service (Nov. 1, 2011 –
Oct. 31, 2014). The project aims at providing NDACC data on a rapid delivery basis (less than 1
month after acquisition) for the validation of the MACC-II products (and in the future the operational
phase of the Copernicus Atmospheric Service products). A Web-based server at norsserver.aeronomie.be automatically generates validation reports on a daily basis. This service is
used extensively for the validation of the MACC-II stratospheric ozone service products. The
intention is to extend the validation tools to the validation of satellite data.
In the EU FP7 project QA4ECV (2014-2017), BIRA-IASB coordinates the development,
implementation and application of a Quality Assurance system for atmospheric Essential Climate
Variables (ECVs). This project aims at developing a robust generic system for the QA of satellite
and in-situ retrieval algorithms and multi-decadal data records that can be applied virtually to all
ECVs in a prototype for future sustainable services in the frame of the GMES/Copernicus Climate
Change Service. Multi-use tools and SI/community reference standards are being developed. More
details on http://www.qa4ecv.eu/
1.4.3 University of Liège (ULg)
Calibration of the Jungfraujoch FTIRs is performed according to NDACC recommendations, in
order to characterize the instrument performance and stability. This is done by regularly recording
HBr cell measurements. Also, N2 (whose vertical distribution and concentration are well known)
absorption features are further used to check the instrumental consistency, in particular for time
periods for which regular cell measurements are unavailable.
1.4.4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
The ULB has become participant in the O3MSAF activities in CDOP2, from 2012. In this
framework, it plays a key role in the implementation of algorithms (including for ozone) at the
EUMETSAT Central Application Facility, and on the quality assurance of the retrieved products.
For ozone this includes comparison with the processing chain operating in parallel at ULB, and
collaboration with validation partners.
The ULB will strengthen its calibration/validation activities within the O3-CCI project for which the
generation of a consistent long-term time series of ozone profile is the major requirement. This will
be further reinforced by dedicated calibration activities in the frame of the EU-QA4ECV project.
2
RESULTS FROM OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS
2.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
Research evolution of total atmospheric ozone and its distribution versus altitude at northern midlatitudes, in particular above Belgium revealed a mean temporal decrease in ‘good’ ozone in the
stratosphere and an increase in ‘bad’ ozone in the troposphere. With the help of model calculations
it was shown that both changes are primarily of anthropogenic origin. Further observations in Uccle
(Brussels) showed that observed levels of harmful UV-B irradiance at ground level anti-correlate
with levels of stratospheric ozone. Initiatives have been taken to warn the general public about
health risks resulting from excessive exposure to the sun in summertime.
Page 14 of 47
The figure below shows the time evolution of the ozone column over Uccle based on the combined
data of the Dobson (1971-1989) and the Brewer Instruments (1990-now). The ozone column
decreased with 3% per decade in the period 1980-1997 and then there is possible sign of recovery
afterwards, although the period is too short to draw firm conclusions. The ozone soundings have
shown us that the decrease occurs in the lower stratosphere, especially during winter and early
spring. In the troposphere, on the contrary, the ozone concentrations tend to increase due to
photochemical reactions in polluted air.
The first ozone measurements at the Antarctic Station princess Elisabeth (January and February
2011) are reported to the WOUDC.
Figure 1: running annual mean of total ozone (in Dobson Units) from Dobson and Brewer
spectrophotometers at Uccle, together with a stepwise regression. The times of major volcanic
eruptions, affecting the ozone layer are also indicated.
The ozone sonde stations at Uccle (Belgium) and De Bilt (Netherlands), separated by only 175 km,
offer a unique opportunity to test the influence of different ozone sonde types and different
correction strategies, as well as to detect the presence of inhomogeneities in the ozone sonde time
series resulting from changes in sounding equipment (solution, radio sonde, ozone sonde,
interface, sounding software, etc.). In particular, we highlighted a 2.5 year period (beginning of
2007 to mid-2009) of anomalous high tropospheric ozone values measured by ozone sondes at
Uccle and compare these with the observations from De Bilt. Because the ozone deviations were
only observed in the free troposphere where ozone concentrations are relatively low, and not in the
boundary layer or the stratosphere, this issue is directly related to the sensitivity of ozone sondes.
Therefore, the effect of every instrumental change, even though small, during this 2.5 year
anomalous period was analysed considering a change in the radio sounding equipment, different
ozone sonde batches, operational differences at the stations, differences on ascent and descent
during the anomalous period; an environmental cause is also examined.
Page 15 of 47
Unfortunately, one single, specific cause for the observed high tropospheric ozone values at Uccle
could not be identified. There are two explanations consistent with the observations and not ruled
out by the analysis: 1) the majority of the ozone sondes used at Uccle between March 2007 and
August 2009 needed longer conditioning of their sensors and, therefore, behaved more accurately
at low ozone concentrations during their descent or when used a second time, and 2) an
environmental origin arising from a local difference in the air mass between Uccle and De Bilt and
between the ascent and descent.
2.2
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
2.2.1 Trend studies of ozone and ozone-depleting substances

BIRA-IASB studies trends in the vertical profile of O3 above Europe, in various layers in the
atmosphere, based on NDACC FTIR observations (Vigouroux, C. et al., 2008; contribution to WMO
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010.). An updated trend analysis up to end of 2013 and
including also stations outside Europe was carried out in the frame of the SPARC/IO3C/WMOIGACO/NDACC (SI2N) initiative on past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone. It will be
published in the SI2N Special Issue of ACP/AMT/ESSD (Vigouroux et al., 2014, http://www.atmoschem-phys.net/special_issue284.html) and included in the 2014 WMO Scientific Assessment of
Ozone Depletion.

Characterisation and documentation of the long-term stability of ozone data records is a
prerequisite to accurate ozone trend studies. In support to the SPARC/IO3C/WMOIGACO/NDACC (SI2N) initiative on past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone, BIRAIASB investigates the accuracy, mutual consistency and potential drifts of about fourteen
satellite ozone profilers having provided, all together, ozone profile data records from 1984 to
2013. The study is based on the integrated use of GAW-contributing ground-based network
data as a reference (WOUDC, NDACC, SHADOZ). BIRA-IASB also ensures the coordination
of the SI2N overview paper reporting on data quality aspects. The results will be published in
the SI2N Special Issue of ACP/AMT/ESSD (Hubert et al., 2014; Lambert et al., 2014,
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue284.html) and contribute to the preparation of
the 2014 WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion.

BIRA-IASB coordinates ESA’s CCI Ozone project, in which it contributes to the refinement of
total ozone retrieval algorithms in view of producing homogenised total ozone data records
from all European UV-visible nadir satellites: GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOME-2A, OMI, GOME2B… A homogenised total ozone data record from GOME, SCIAMACHY and GOME-2A has
been produced and published (Lerot et al., 2014), enabling accurate total ozone trend studies
over 1995-2013 to be published in the coming year.

BIRA-IASB studied trends of stratospheric BrO at several NDACC stations and verified the
consistency with the observed trends from SCIAMACHY. BrO is decreasing since 2001 at a
rate of about -1%/year (Hendrick et al., 2008 and 2009).

BIRA-IASB has contributed with HCl and HF measurements at La Réunion to a study of the
inorganic chlorine and fluorine trends on a global scale, involving all NDACC Infrared Working
Group members (Kohlhepp et al., 2012).
2.3
University of Liège (ULg)
The Jungfraujoch FTIR observational data set from ULg now covers 30 years. It is the longest
available worldwide and hence is particularly appropriate for trend determination investigations. We
summarize here below a selection of relevant and recent results.
Since the mid-1980s, ULg has maintained the consistent monitoring of the vertical column
abundances of HCl and ClONO2, which are the main inorganic Cly reservoirs in the stratosphere.
Their sum shows that the rate of increase of Cly has progressively slowed down during the early1990s, and stabilised in 1996-1997, in response to the amended production regulations on O3depleting substances by the Montreal Protocol. Since then, the Cly loading has shown a slow but
Page 16 of 47
statistically significant decrease (-1.1%/yr.) over the 1997-2007 time period, which is
commensurate with the organic chlorine decrease in the troposphere when accounting for a mixing
time of about 3-4 years. However, more recent Jungfraujoch data show an unexpected and
significant increase in HCl over 2008-2011, with a rate of change of + (2.0±0.5) %/yr. (2σ). This is
confirmed in sign and amplitude by ACE-FTS occultation measurements at northern mid-latitudes
(Mahieu et al., 2013).
The check of the evolution of anthropogenic chlorine-bearing source gases such as CFC-11, CFC12 and CCl4 demonstrates the efficiency of the amended Montreal Protocol. Significant rates of
decrease are determined for these three first source gases. In contrast, HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b
whose (partial) regulation started later on are still on the rise (+4.3 ± 0.1 %/yr. for HCFC-22;
+6.5±0.5 %/yr. for HCFC-142b; 2σ over 2000-2012).
Recent trend values computed over the 1995-2010 time interval indicate very small or nonsignificant (at 2σ) recovery of stratospheric ozone for the three stratospheric partial column time
series accessible to the FTIR technique (altitude ranges from 12 to 20 km, 20 to 28 and 28 to 48
km). Trend derived from the total column data set amounts to (+0.10 ± 0.06) %/yr.
Measured rates of increase of the major radiatively active gases that are to be controlled under the
Kyoto Protocol are: for CO2, an average of 0.49 %/year over the 1984-2010 period; for CH4, a
series of contrasted changes, with in particular a trend of 0.36 %/yr. in 1995-1999, 0%/yr. in 20002004 and a re-increase since then (0.2 %/yr. in 2005-2012); for N2O, an average of 0.28%/year
from 1984 to 2009; for SF6, a substantial increase of still more than 4 %/yr. over 2004-2010; for
CF4, a continuous accumulation close to 1%/yr. since the early 2000s (Mahieu et al., 2014).
2.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
In the last years The ULB has been involved in the monitoring of global ozone distributions using
IASI, both in terms of columns and vertical profiles. Time series are available from 2008 onwards.
The ozone products – columns and profiles – have first been analysed and compared to other
available means (for total columns see Anton et al. 2011 and for profiles e.g. Dufour et al., 2012).
Biases have been identified (e.g. in the UTLS wrt to ozone sondes or on the total column wrt to the
UV sounding instruments) but the reasons for them is not yet clearly understood and will need
further investigations. In the last years the comparisons have been extended to the study of the
Polar Regions, for the stratosphere and the troposphere (Scannell et al., 2012, Gazeaux et al., 2013,
Pommier et al., 2012)
The first trends of the Antarctic ozone hole have been obtained and the ability of IASI to capture
the vertical structure of the ozone hole has been looked at ( Scannell et al., 2012). The time series of
O3 at various altitudes over the stratosphere and the troposphere have been investigated over 6years, as discussed in section 3.4.5 below (Wespes et al., in preparation).
Many efforts were devoted to tropospheric O3, including the study of transport, and the relation with
precursor emissions (Wespes et al., 2012, Parrington et al., 2013; Safieddine et al., 2013).
3
THEORY, MODELLING, AND OTHER RESEARCH
3.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
The Brewer data have been analysed for aerosol information in the UV. These AOD data at 320
nm are available now (Cheymol and De Backer, 2003). Special measurements with Brewer 178 (and
later also with Brewer 100 in Antarctica) were started to measure also the AOD at 340 nm (De
Bock et al, 2010).
RMI is also partner in the BACCHUS project. The aim of the RMI contribution is to run the
Canadian regional model for Chemical composition (including ozone) over Europe.
Page 17 of 47
3.1.1 Satellite data validation and characterisation
RMI is partner in the Ozone SAF (Science application facility) of EUMETSAT. The main task here
is the validation of the ozone profiles retrieved from satellite observations.
3.1.2 Trend studies
A study on the effect of trends in ozone and aerosol content of the atmosphere on the trend of UV
radiation received at the Earth’s surface is undertaken in the frame of the BELSPO project
AGACC-II.
3.2
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
3.2.1 Modelling
 Complete 3D modelling of the stratosphere, including transport, chemistry, aerosol microphysics
and a heterogeneous chemistry module.
 Chemical 4D variational data assimilation (BASCOE), in particular of stratospheric O3 and
related species (http://bascoe.oma.be).
 Development and maintenance of the MACC-II Stratospheric Ozone Service
(http://macc.aeronomie.be), delivering in NRT global analyses of stratospheric ozone and
related key species.
 1D box model for process studies, and for interpretation of UV-Visible DOAS observations.
 Studies based on 3D model IMAGES for the troposphere and UT/LS boundary region
 Development of inverse tropospheric modelling methods, to identify emissions (e.g., for CO,
NOx, tropospheric ozone precursors, …)
3.2.2 Laboratory experiments
 Spectroscopic studies in support of remote sensing experiments (optical spectroscopy, ion
chemistry for mass spectrometry applications…)
 Spectroscopic studies in support of investigations concerning global warming issues.
 Radiometric calibration for UV monitoring instruments.
 Studies of reaction pathways and kinetics of atmospheric species, using mass spectrometry.
3.2.3 Instrument developments
 MAXDOAS instruments and associated data analysis algorithms; The MAXDOAS technique has
the capability of determining vertical distributions in the troposphere and low stratosphere.
 BARCOS: a system for remote-control and automatic operation of a Bruker FTIR spectrometer
for monitoring the atmospheric composition (Neefs et al., Rev. Sci. Instr., 2007)
 Optimisation of the FTIR observations for achieving higher-quality measurements, in particular
improved solar tracking technique; adaptation to combined NDACC and TCCON measurements.
3.2.4 Ground-based data retrieval algorithm developments
 Use of inversion algorithms (using the Optimal Estimation Method) for ground-based DOAS and
FTIR remote sensing spectral data, for the retrieval of the vertical distribution of absorbing
atmospheric constituents. The algorithms allow the retrieval of vertical profile information from
the ground-based DOAS and FTIR spectra, at low vertical resolution (worse than 5 km), for e.g.,
Page 18 of 47
NO2, O3, HNO3, HCl, ... For the FTIR data this approach has been optimised for some target
species in the EC project UFTIR (Feb. 1, 2003 – July 31, 2005) coordinated by BIRA-IASB.
Tikhonov regularisation and Information Operator Approach have also been implemented as
alternative inversion algorithms for FTIR measurements; in some cases, these approaches
improve the robustness of the retrievals.
 In the frame of the NDACC Infrared Working Group (IRWG), in the period 2006-2013 when a
BIRA-IASB member was Co-chair, work has been done to homogenize the retrieval strategies
across the network.
 In the frame of NORS and the NDACC IRWG, a large effort has been carried out to develop
harmonised error budget evaluations for the FTIR data products and to implement tools for their
evaluation in the standard FTIR processing code SFIT-4. SFIT-4 is now in its test version.
3.2.5 Satellite data retrieval algorithm developments
 Development, validation and implementation of satellite data retrieval algorithms for ERS-2
GOME, Envisat SCIAMACHY, MetOp-A GOME-2 and MetOp-B GOME-2 total O3, NO2, BrO,
HCHO, SO2…; data processing and dissemination.
 Development, validation and implementation of satellite data retrieval algorithms for aerosols
and trace gases from GOMOS.
 Development of retrieval algorithms for IASI/MetOp for aerosols and CH4.
3.2.6 Satellite data validation and characterisation
 Continuous contributions to the geophysical validation of satellite data for O3, NOy, CH4, CO,
N2O… (GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOMOS, MIPAS, ACE-FTS…) using independent ground-based
network data, collected from NDACC, WOUDC and SHADOZ. These activities will be extended
to upcoming missions like the Copernicus Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 (UVN and IASI-NG
instruments) and their precursor Sentinel-5p TROPOMI.
 A multi-purpose simulator of global measurement systems for atmospheric composition has
been built at BIRA-IASB: OSSSMOSE (Observing System of Systems Simulator for Multimission Synergies Exploration). This versatile environment provides realistic simulations of the
output of real and hypothetic global observing systems and of their data comparison. It
combines various state-of-the-art components, such as multi-dimensional observation operators
mapping in 2D/3D the real sensitivity of a measurement system to atmospheric gradients,
cycles and trends. OSSSMOSE can be used to investigate and quantify smoothing and
sampling properties of ozone measurement systems and of their data comparison, and it has
been applied with success to the validation of Envisat and MetOp to close the error budget of
data comparisons (e.g., Cortesi et al., 2007; Lambert et al., 2012; Verhoelst et al., 2012). It can also
be used for optimisation studies and gap analysis of measurement systems.
 Development of climatologies of some stratospheric species like BrO and NO2.
3.3
University of Liège (ULg)
Most of the research activities reported in the previous Ozone Research Managers Report (2002,
2005, 2011) are continuing.
3.3.1 Satellite data validation and characterisation
ULg has been involved in numerous satellite validation studies over recent years (e.g.
SCIAMACHY, MIPAS, and MOPITT). In particular, ULg has been strongly involved in the
calibration/validation of ACE data products (O3, N2O…), leading the validation for HCl, HF, CCl2F2
and CCl3F.
Page 19 of 47
3.3.2 Instrument developments
Since more than two years, a remote control system has been in control of the Jungfraujoch Bruker
instrument, allowing to complement the observations performed locally and to maximize the
observation time. The system is perfectly working despite the challenging harsh meteorological
conditions encountered at the Jungfraujoch; it has already undergone numerous evolutions to
improve reliability and determination of the instrument status.
In parallel, we have been developing a new acquisition system that, along with total integration
inside the remote control system, will provide improved signal to noise ratio and instrument
throughput as well as the capacity to implement new digital processing methods, leading to
enhanced spectrum quality, improved line shape and therefore better vertical distribution
determinations.
3.3.3 Trend studies
Numerous relevant long-term trend studies have been performed over the period under review
here, on the basis of Jungfraujoch ground-based data (see e.g. section 2.2) or using satellite
products (inorganic chlorine and fluorine, organic chlorine and fluorine, source gases relevant to
ozone (N2O, CH4)…
3.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
3.4.1 Laboratory experiments
The “Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique” has established expertise in the
measurement of accurate absorption line parameters (positions, intensities and widths) for
atmospheric trace gases in the infrared (far-, mid- and near-) and visible ranges, using highresolution Fourier transform spectroscopy. Analysis of spectra is carried out using software written
in the laboratory. The contribution of ULB to international spectroscopic databases remains at the
forefront.
3.4.2 Retrieval algorithm developments
The group has acquired a leading position for the atmospheric radiative transfer modelling in the
thermal infrared and also for the development of atmospheric trace gases retrieval methods. It
owns and maintains sophisticated algorithms, for research and operational applications in
atmospheric chemistry and physics. They include:
 The Atmosphit line-by-line radiative transfer model, which allows simulation of spectra recorded
under various geometries and/or with different instruments. Accurate and versatile, it has been
used in most studies prior to IASI launch, and for IASI local analyses. A module using an
advanced doubling-adding method to account for multiple scattering was coupled to Atmosphit,
allowing simultaneous retrieval of gas and aerosol properties.
 The FORLI series of software specific to IASI (Hurtmans et al., 2012). These rely on fast
radiative transfer calculations using look-up-table (LUT) approaches. The LUT compile
absorbance spectra, pre-calculated on a given spectral range and on well-defined
temperature/pressure/humidity grids. FORLI versions are currently in place for O3, HNO3 of
particular for stratospheric sounding, and in addition NH3 and CO. The FORLI series allow NRT
processing of the huge IASI data flow to provide global distribution of concentrations twice daily.
FORLI-CO, FORLI-O3 and FORLI-HNO3 will become the operational processor for IASI after
their implementation at EUMETSAT-CAF following the agreement signed under the O3MSAFCDOP2
Page 20 of 47
 Radiance indexing schemes for IASI, which are used to track a reactive species, among which
SO2, CH3OH, HCOOH, and aerosols, including volcanic ash (e.g. Clarisse et al., 2012 and 2013;
Van Damme et al., in preparation).
3.4.3 Satellite data retrievals
 Development, upgrade and maintenance of a NRT IASI processing chain. Processing starts
with the receiving of the calibrated L1C radiances from Eumetcast, which are transformed in
suitable format and quality-flagged using available ancillary information (e.g. cloud coverage).
The retrievals are performed on a cluster of PCs, which currently has 190 CPU’s and 24TB of
storage capabilities. Retrieved products from FORLI include O3, HNO3, CO and NH3 profiles on
the global scale (cloud-free data). Additional products from the offline processing are based on
the calculation of hyperspectral radiance indices for several reactive species, which are
converted to columns using appropriate look-up-tables.
3.4.4 Satellite data validation and characterisation
 Contribution to the validation activities of IASI and ACE-FTS chemistry products, in particular
CO and O3 but also (on-going) NH3, HNO3, CH3OH.
 Continued cross-comparisons between satellites, in particular CO and O3
 Contribution to the validation activities of IASI chemistry products, in particular CO and O 3 but
also (on-going) SO2, NH3, HNO3, CH3OH.
 Continued cross-comparisons between satellites, in particular CO and O3
3.4.5 Trend studies

The time series of O3 at various altitudes over the stratosphere and the troposphere have been
investigated by fitting constant, annual and semi-annual terms, solar flux (SF) and quasi
biennial oscillation (QBO) proxies to the IASI time series (Wespes et al., in preparation). The
ozone time development estimation (“trends”) has been quantified based on the six full years of
the IASI observation in four selected layers. The results suggest interestingly a significant
positive trend in the upper stratosphere possibly pointing out a recovery of upper stratospheric
ozone while a significant negative trend is observed in the troposphere in the mid-latitudes of
the N.H. during the summer, probably linked to decreased emissions of ozone precursor.
Page 21 of 47
Figure 2: Five years' time series of ozone vmrs from IASI, looked at separately in the
stratosphere, the UTLS and the troposphere (Wespes et al., in preparation)

First time-series of HNO3 in the troposphere and the stratosphere have been gathered and first
analyses performed

Time series of SO2 and volcanic ash from volcanic eruptions have been obtained (Clarisse et al.,
2012).

First time series for CO columns from IASI and contribution to a decadal record by combination
to MOPITT data (Worden et al., 2013). These activities will be strengthened in the frame of the
EU-FP7 QA4ECV project.
4
DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
4.1
Data reporting
4.1.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
The ozone data (columns and profiles) are regularly deposited in the WOUDC of WMO. Uccle is
also affiliated to NDACC. Therefore the data are also made available in that network. In near real
time the data are also distributed via NILU, where the data can be used for campaigns (e.g. Match
campaigns to determine ozone losses in the polar and sub polar winter atmosphere, see Streibel et
al, 2005). The data are also stored and used in databases for the validation of satellite data
(ENVISAT and EUMETSAT). Total ozone values are exchanged daily with the WMO ozone
mapping centres in Canada and Greece for the production of daily ozone maps. The ozone profiles
corrected according to the recommendations of the O3S-DQA activity are also distributed to this
panel.
Page 22 of 47
4.1.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
NDACC FTIR and UV-visible (MAX)DOAS data are submitted on a regular basis to the NDACC
Data Host Facility (DHF) established at NOAA NCEP (http://ndacc.org) Key data and results will be
reported in the WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 and the SI2N joint special
issue of ACP, AMT and ESSD.
Spectral UV data are available from http://ulisse.busoc.be/
4.1.3 University of Liège (ULg)
Time series of NDACC-relevant molecules (e.g., HCl, ClONO2, HF, COF2, HNO3, NO2, NO, O3,
CFC-12, HCFC-22) from 1989 onwards are being archived routinely at the NOAA Data Host
Facility (Washington, DC, USA), with the ozone data mirrored to the WOUDC archive in Toronto.
Pre-1989 data are available upon request. More and more data are now also available in hdf file
archives which provide the available vertical information on the retrieved products.
In addition, important results deduced from Jungfraujoch observations have been included in
successive editions of the scientific assessment of ozone depletion (UNEP/WMO), with ULg
scientists involved as co-author or contributors in all recent volumes. This remains true for the
upcoming report (WMO2014).
4.1.4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)





Dissemination in scientific literature
IASI CO distributions of profiles are distributed in NRT to ECMWF in the frame of GMES
atmosphere service MACC (http://www.gmes-atmosphere.eu/) (Inness et al., 2013). The data
are also archived at the French ETHER datacenter (http://ether.ipsl.jussieu.fr) and available
upon request. O3 distributions have been distributed for preliminary validation to a series of
research groups. They are now similarly available upon request.
Future operational dissemination of the IASI CO, O3, HNO3 and SO2 products from IASI will
occur within the O3SAF (data to processed at EUMETSAT-CAF and disseminated through
EUMETCAST system). This will start in 2015 with CO and SO2, followed by O 3 and HNO3 in
(tentative years) 2016.
Archives of O3 profiles will be generated in the frame of the O3-CCI and made available to the
community.
Spectroscopic information obtained by the “Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique” is
disseminated through various channels.
4.2
Information to the public
4.2.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
Daily UV forecasts are produced and disseminated with the weather forecasts. They are also
available at the internet (www.meteo.be).
Ozone and UV data of Uccle were also used in yearly reports on the environment (successive
MIRA reports).
4.2.2
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
Relevant information is available on different web pages hosted by BIRA-IASB:




UV radiation and indexes monitoring: http://uvindex.aeronomie.be
NORS leaflet: http://nors.aeronomie.be
AGACC brochure: http://agacc.aeronomie.be
NDACC Satellite Working Group website, with catalogues and relevant information on
atmospheric composition satellites: http://accsatellites.aeronomie.be
Page 23 of 47


Ozone monitoring and research activities on the BIRA-IASB website:
http://www.aeronomie.be/en/topics/naturalhazards/ozone-bira-iasb.htm
Article on “BIRA-IASB monitors effect of Montreal Protocol”:
http://www.aeronomie.be/en/topics/globalchange/montrealprotocol.htm
BIRA-IASB publishes press releases on ozone related subjects and activities, including:
2013 - http://www.aeronomie.be/en/news-press2013.htm


The Franco-Belgian space instrument SOLAR / SOLSPEC celebrates its five years in
space (04.04.2013)
Live UV index in Antarctica (31.01.2013)
2012 - http://www.aeronomie.be/en/news-press2012.htm




New Belgian instruments for solar measurement in Antarctica (07.12.2012)
Official inauguration of measurement station in the Indian Ocean (29.10.2012)
European Metop-B satellite launched (21.09.2012)
Ozone layer stabilized, but large depletion in the polar regions continues to occur
(16.09.2012)
BIRA-IASB contributes to WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins and WMO Arctic Ozone Bulletins
(http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone).
BIRA-IASB disseminates relevant information to the public through lessons and seminars in most
of the major Belgian universities, through large public events like the Annual Open Doors
organised at BIRA-IASB premises, through participation in public exhibitions at the Planetarium in
Brussels and the Euro Space Centre in Redu.
4.3
Relevant scientific papers
4.3.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
Papers since 2011 (after those included in the previous report) are mentioned. Authors affiliated to
RMI are in bold.
Peer reviewed:
Mangold, A., De Backer, H., De Paepe, B., Dewitte, S., Chiapello, I., Derimian, Y.,
Kacenelenbogen, M., Leon, J.-F., Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Ceburnis, D., O’Dowd, C.D., Flentje,
H., Kinne, S., Benedetti, A., Morcrette, J.-J. and Boucher, O., Aerosol analysis and forecast in the
ECMWF Integrated Forecast System: 3. Evaluation by means of case studies, J. Geophys. Res.,
116, D03302, doi:10.1029/2010JD014864, 2011. (pdf-file 4.6 Mb)
Harald E.Rieder, L. M. Jancso, S. Di Rocco, J. Staehelin, J. A. Maeder, T. Peter, M. Ribatet, A. C.
Davison, H. De Backer, U. Koehler, J. Krzyścin, K. Vaníček, Extreme events in total ozone over the
Northern mid-latitudes: an analysis based on long-term data sets from five European ground-based
stations,Tellus B, 63B, 5, 860–874, doi:0.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00575.x, 2011(Article in Journal)
C. Scannell, D. Hurtmans, A. Boynard, J. Hadji-Lazaro, M. George, A. Delcloo, O. Tuinder, P.-F.
Coheur, and C. Clerbaux, A review of the ozone hole from 2008 to 2010 as observed by IASI,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 123-139, 2012 (pdf)
Andy W. Delcloo, Alex Deckmyn, Rafiq Hamdi, Herman Van Langenhove, Gilles Foret and Hugo
De Backer, Coupling of the CTM CHIMERE to the High Resolution LAM ALADIN for Belgium, Air
Pollution Modeling and its Application XXI, NATO Science tor Peace and Security Series C:
Environmental Security, 2012, Volume 4, Part 2,315-319, DOl: 10.1007/978-94-007 -1359-8_54.
Page 24 of 47
Logan, Jennifer, J. Stähelin, I.A. Megretskaia, J.-P. Cammas, V. Thouret, H. Claude, H. De Backer,
M. Steinbacher, H.E. Scheel, R. Stübi, M. Fröhlich, R. Derwent, Changes in ozone over Europe
since 1990: analysis of ozone measurements from sondes, regular aircraft (MOZAIC) and alpine
surface sites, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D09301, doi:10.1029/2011JD016952, 2012.(link to article)
Gorodetskaya, I.V., Van Lipzig, N.P.M., Van den Broeke, M.R., Mangold, A., Boot, W. and C.H.
Reijmer, Meteorological regimes and accumulation patterns at Utsteinen, Dronning Maud Land,
East Antarctica: Analysis of two contrasting years, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118 (4), 1700-1715,
doi:10.1002/jgrd.50177, 2013.
Van Malderen, R., De Backer, H., Delcloo, A. and Allaart, M.: Identifying the Origin of Anomalous
High Tropospheric Ozone in the Ozonesonde Data at Uccle by Comparison with Nearby De Bilt,
Atmosphere-Ocean, Ozone Special Issue, doi: 10.1080/07055900.2014.886552, 2014 (link to
article).Van Malderen, R., De Backer, H., Delcloo, A. and Allaart, M.: Identifying the Origin of
Anomalous High Tropospheric Ozone in the Ozonesonde Data at Uccle by Comparison with
Nearby De Bilt, Atmosphere-Ocean, Ozone Special Issue, doi: 10.1080/07055900.2014.886552,
2014
Proceedings:
WMO, GAW Report No. 201, Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Ozonesonde
Measurements in GAW, prepared by Prepared by Herman G.J. Smit and the Panel for the
Assessment of Standard Operating Procedures for Ozonesondes (ASOPOS), September, 2011.
(report)
Andy Delcloo and Olaf Tuinder, Validation of GOME-2 ozone profiles, using balloon sounding data,
EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite conference, 4-9 September, 2011, Oslo, Norway.(proceeding)
Andy Delcloo, Daniel Hurtmans, P-F Coheur, C Clerbaux, Validation of IASI ozone profiles, using
balloon sounding data, EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite conference, 4-9 September, 2011,
Oslo, Norway.(proceeding)
Mangold, A., De Backer, H., Delcloo, A. et al.., Aerosol analysis and forecast in the ECMWF
Integrated Forecast System: Evaluation by means of case studies, in: D.G. Steyn and S.T. Castelli
(eds.), Air Pollution Modelling and its Application XXI, NATO Science for Peace and Security
Series C: Environmental Security 4, 525-528, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-1359-8_87, 2011,
Proceedings of the 31st NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and
its Application, 27.9 – 01.10.2010, Torino, Italy.
Mangold, A., De Backer, H., Hermans, C., Gorodetskaya, I. and Maenhaut, W., Monitoring
atmospheric compositon at Princess Elisabeth Station, in: F. Dehairs (Chief Ed.), H. Decleir, C. De
Broyer, J.-L. Tison, A. Vanreusel, A. Wilmotte (eds.), Proceedings of the Contactforum ‚Belgian
IPY symposium. The contribution of Belgian Research to the achivements of the International Polar
Year 2007-2009’, The Royal Academies for science and the arts of Belgium, National Committee
of Antarctic Research, 26.05.2010, Brussels, Belgium, 2011.
De Schrijver, E., Geerts, E., Van Malderen, R., "ASGARD: Securing Recurrent Near-Space Flight
Opportunities for Secondary Schools", in: Publication Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on
European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, held in Hyére, France in
October, 2011. ESA SP-700. Edited by L. Ouwehand; ESA Communications; Published and
distributed by ESA Communications ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands ISBN 978-92-9092-2643; ISSN 0379-6566, pp.271-275 (proceeding)
Andy Delcloo, Lucia Kins and Olaf Tuinder, Validation of GOME-2 ozone profiles, using ozonedes,
MICROWAVE- and LIDAR data, ESA-ATMOS conference, Bruges, 18-22 June, Belgium, 2012
Brenot H., Champollion C., Deckmyn A., Van Malderen R., Kumps N., Warnant R., De Mazière M.,
"Humidity 3D field comparisons between GNSS tomography, IASI satellite observations and
ALARO model", EGU General Assembly 2012, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 14,
EGU2012-4285, 2012 (proceeding)
Gorodetskaya, I., Van Lipzig, N.P.M., Ralph, F.M., Wick, G.A., Tsukernik, M., Delcloo, A. Mangold,
A. and W.D. Neff, The role of atmospheric rivers in accumulation in Dronning Maud Land, East
Page 25 of 47
Antarctica, Proceedings of 7th Antarctic Meteorological Observation, Modeling and Forecasting
Workshop, July 9-11, 2012, Boulder, Colorada, USA, 2012.
4.3.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
Peer-reviewed papers and books (Ordered alphabetically, publications from 2009 to
2013, authors from BIRA-IASB in bold):
Adams, C., A.E. Bourassa, V. Sofieva, L. Froidevaux, C.A. McLinden, D. Hubert, J.-C. Lambert, C.
E. Sioris, and D.A. Degenstein, Assessment of Odin-OSIRIS ozone measurements from 2001 to
the present using MLS, GOMOS, and ozonesondes, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 49-64, 2014.
Baray, J.-L., Y. Courcoux, P. Keckhut, T. Portafaix, P. Tulet, J.-P. Cammas, A. Hauchecorne,
S. Godin Beekmann, M. De Mazière, C. Hermans, F. Desmet, K. Sellegri, A. Colomb,
M. Ramonet, J. Sciare, C. Vuillemin, C. Hoareau, D. Dionisi, V. Duflot, H. Vérèmes, J. Porteneuve,
F. Gabarrot, T. Gaudo, J.-M. Metzger, G. Payen, J. Leclair de Bellevue, C. Barthe, F. Posny,
P. Ricaud, A. Abchiche, and R. Delmas, Maïdo observatory: a new high-altitude station facility at
Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) for long-term atmospheric remote sensing and in situ measurements
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2865-2877, 2013.
Chiou, E.W., P. K. Bhartia, R. D. McPeters, D.G. Loyola, M. Coldewey-Egbers, V. E. Fioletov, M. Van
Roozendael, C. Lerot, R. Spurr, and S. Frith, Comparison of profile total ozone from SBUV(v8.6) with
GOME-type and ground-based total ozone for the 16-year period (1996 to 2011), Atmos. Meas. Tech.
Discuss., 6, 10081–10115, 2013.
Dupuy, E., J. Kar, K. Walker, P. Bernath, G. Bodeker, C. Boone, I. Boyd, A. Bracher, V. Catoire, T.
Christensen, U. Cortesi, J. Davies, C. DeClercq, L. Froidevaux, D. Fussen, P. von der Gathen, F.
Goutail, C. Haley, L. Harvey, R. Hughes, J. Jin, A. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, T. Kerzenmacher,
A. Klekociuk, J.-C. Lambert, N. Lloyd, E. Mahieu, et al., Validation of ozone measurements from
the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, 287-343,
2009.
Dupuy, E., K. A. Walker, J. Kar, C. D. Boone, C. T. McElroy, P. F. Bernath, J. R. Drummond,
R. Skelton, S. D. McLeod, R. C. Hughes, C. R. Nowlan, D. G. Dufour, J. Zou, F. Nichitiu, K. Strong,
P. Baron, R. M. Bevilacqua, T. Blumenstock, G. E. Bodeker, T. Borsdorff, A. E. Bourassa,
H. Bovensmann, I. S. Boyd, A. Bracher, C. Brogniez, J. P. Burrows, V. Catoire, S. Ceccherini,
S. Chabrillat, T. Christensen, M. T. Coffey, U. Cortesi, J. Davies, C. De Clercq, D. A. Degenstein,
M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, J. Dodion, B. Firanski, H. Fischer, G. Forbes, L. Froidevaux,
D. Fussen, P. Gerard, S. Godin-Beekman, F. Goutail, J. Granville, D. Griffith, C. S. Haley,
J. W. Hannigan, M. Höpfner, J. J. Jin, A. Jones, N. B. Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai,
T. E. Kerzenmacher, A. Kleinböhl, A. R. Klekociuk, I. Kramer, H. Küllmann, J. Kuttippurath,
E. Kyrölä, J.-C. Lambert, N. J. Livesey, E. J. Llewellyn, N. D. Lloyd, E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney,
B. T. Marshall, J. C. McConnell, M. P. McCormick, I. S. McDermid, M. McHugh, C. A. McLinden,
J. Mellqvist, K. Mizutani, Y. Murayama, D. P. Murtagh, H. Oelhaf, A. Parrish, S. V. Petelina,
C. Piccolo, J.-P. Pommereau, C. E. Randall, C. Robert, C. Roth, M. Schneider, C. Senten,
T. Steck, A. Strandberg, K. B. Strawbridge, R. Sussmann, D. P. J. Swart, D. W. Tarasick,
J. R. Taylor,
C. Tétard,
L. W. Thomason,
A. M. Thompson,
M. B. Tully,
J. Urban,
F. Vanhellemont, T. von Clarmann, P. von der Gathen, C. von Savigny, J. W. Waters, J. C. Witte,
M. Wolff, and J. M. Zawodny, Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry
Experiment (ACE), Atmos. Chem. Phys.., Special Issue ‘Validation results for the Atmospheric
Chemistry Experiment (ACE)’, 9, 287-343, 2009.
Hassler, B., I. Petropavlovskikh, J. Staehelin, T. August, P. K. Bhartia, C. Clerbaux, D. Degenstein,
M. De Mazière, B. M. Dinelli, A. Dudhia, G. Dufour, S. M. Frith, L. Froidevaux, S. GodinBeekmann, J. Granville, N. R. P. Harris, K. Hoppel, D. Hubert, Y. Kasai, M. J. Kurylo, E. Kyrölä,
J.-C. Lambert, P. F. Levelt, C. T. McElroy, R. D. McPeters, R. Munro, H. Nakajima, A. Parrish,
P. Raspollini, E. E. Remsberg, K. H. Rosenlof, A. Rozanov, T. Sano, Y. Sasano, M. Shiotani,
H. G. J. Smit, G. Stiller, J. Tamminen, D. W. Tarasick, J. Urban, R. J. van der A, J. P. Veefkind,
C. Vigouroux, T. von Clarmann, C. von Savigny, K. A. Walker, M. Weber, J. Wild, and
J. Zawodny, SI2N overview paper: ozone profile measurements: techniques, uncertainties and
availability,Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 6, 9857-9938, 2013.
Page 26 of 47
Hendrick, F., A. Rozanov, P. V. Johnston, H. Bovensmann, M. De Mazière, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, K.
Kreher, W. Lotz, B.-M. Sinnhuber, N. Theys, A. Thomas, J. P. Burrows, and M. Van Roozendael,
Multi-year comparison of stratospheric BrO vertical profiles retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb and
ground-based UV-visible measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 273-285, 2009.
Hendrick, F., E. Mahieu, G. E. Bodeker, K. F. Boersma, M. P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière,
I. De Smedt, P. Demoulin, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, K. Kreher, B. Lejeune, G. Pinardi, C. Servais,
R. Stübi, R. van der A, J.-P. Vernier, and M. Van Roozendael, Analysis of stratospheric NO2
trends above Jungfraujoch using ground-based UV-visible, FTIR, and satellite nadir observations,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8851-8864, 2012
Hendrick, F., J.-P. Pommereau, F. Goutail, R. D. Evans, D. Ionov, A. Pazmino, E. Kyrö, G. Held, P.
Eriksen, V. Dorokhov, M. Gil, and M. Van Roozendael, NDACC UV-visible total ozone
measurements: Improved retrieval and comparison with correlative satellite and ground-based
observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5975-5995, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5975-2011, 2011.
Hollmann, R., C. Merchant, R. Saunders, C. Downy, M. Buchwitz, A. Cazenave, E. Chuvieco, P.
Defourny, G. de Leeuw, R. Forsberg, T. Holzer-Popp, F. Paul, S. Sandven, S. Sathyendranath, M.
van Roozendael, W. Wagner, The ESA Climate Change Initiative: satellite data records for essential
climate variables, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1541–1552, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D11-00254.1, 2013.
Irie, H., Takashima, H., Kanaya, Y., Boersma, K. F., Gast, L., Wittrock, F., Brunner, D., Zhou, Y., and
Van Roozendael, M., Eight-component retrievals from ground-based MAX-DOAS observations,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1027-1044, doi:10.5194/amt-4-1027-2011, 2011.
Kohlhepp, R., Ruhnke, R., M.P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière, J. Notholt, S. Barthlott, R.L.
Batchelor, R.D. Blatherwick, Th.Blumenstock, M.T. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, W. Feng, A.
Goldman, D.W.T. Griffith, K. Hamann, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, N.B. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai,
O. Kirner, R. Kohlhepp, W. Kouker, I. Kramer, R.Lindenmaier, E. Mahieu, R.L. Mittermeier, B.
Monge-Sanz, I. Murata, H. Nakajima, I. Morino, M. Palm, C. Paton-Walsh, Th. Reddmann, M.
Rettinger, C.P. Rinsland, E. Rozanov, M. Schneider, C. Senten, B.-M. Sinnhuber, D. Smale, K.
Strong, R. Sussmann, J.R. Taylor, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Warneke, C. Whaley, M. Wiehle, and S.W.
Wood, Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total columns, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 12, 3527-3556, 2012.
Koukouli, M. E., D. S. Balis, D. Loyola, P. Valks, W. Zimmer, N. Hao, J.-C. Lambert, M. Van
Roozendael, C. Lerot, and R. J. D. Spurr, Geophysical validation and long-term consistency between
GOME-2/MetOp-A total ozone column and measurements from the sensors GOME/ERS-2,
SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and OMI/Aura, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2169-2181, doi:10.5194/amt-5-21692012, 2012.
Koukouli, M. E., D. Balis E. Zyrichidou , C. Lerot, M. Van Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville,
J.-P. Pommereau, F. Goutail, G. Labow, S. Frith, D. Loyola, R. Spurr, and Claus Zehner, Validating
the new GOME/ERS-2, SCIAMACHY/Envisat and GOME-2/MetOp-A homogeneous total ozone
climate data record developed as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative, submitted to Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, manuscript 2014JD021772, 2014.
Laeng, A., D. Hubert, T. Verhoelst, T. Von Clarmann, B.M. Dinelli, A. Dudhia, P. Raspollini, G.
Stiller, U. Grabowski, A. Keppens, M. Kiefer, V. Sofieva, L. Froidevaux, K. A. Walker, J.-C.
Lambert, and C. Zehner, The Ozone Climate Change Initiative: Comparison of four Level 2
Processors for the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS),
submitted to Remote Sensing of Environment, 2013.
Laj, P., J. Klausen, M. Bilde, C. Pla-Duelmer , G. Pappalardo, C. Clerbaux, U. Baltensperger, J.
Hjorth , D. Simpson, S. Reimann , P.-F. Coheur , A. Richter, M. De Mazière, Y. Rudich, G.
McFiggans, K. Torseth, A. Wiedensohler, S. Morin , M. Schulz, J. Allan, J.- L. Attié, I. Barnes, W.
Birmilli, P. Cammas, J. Dommen, H.-P. Dorn, D. Fowler, J.- S. Fuzzi, M. Glasius, C. Granier, M.
Hermann, I. Isaksen, S. Kinne , I. Koren, F. Madonna, M. Maione, A. Massling, O. Moehler, L.
Mona, P. Monks, D. Müllerr , T. Müller, J. Orphal, V.-H. Peuch, F. Stratmann, D. Tanré, G. Tyndall,
A. A. Riziq, M. Van Roozendael, P. Villani, B. Wehner, H. Wex, A. A. Zardini, Measuring
Atmospheric Composition Change, Atmospheric Environment, 43, 5351-5414,2009.
Page 27 of 47
Lambert, J.-C., C. De Clercq, and T. von Clarmann, Comparing and merging water vapour
observations: A multi-dimensional perspective on smoothing and sampling issues, Chapter 9 (23
pp.) of ISSI Book “Ground-based remote sensing and in-situ methods for monitoring atmospheric
water vapour”, Ed. by N. Kämpfer, International Space Science Institute (Ed.), Bern, Switzerland.
In press.
Lambert, J.-C., MACC Validation Protocol, Peer-reviewed Technical Note, EC FP7 Monitoring
Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC), FP7-MACC-MAN-3-4, Version 1, 47 p., 11
October 2010.
Lefever, K., R. van der A, F. Baier, Y. Christophe, Q. Errera, H. Eskes, J. Flemming, A. Inness, L.
Jones, J.C. Lambert, B. Langerock, M.G. Schultz, O. Stein, A. Wagner, and S. Chabrillat,
Copernicus Atmospheric Service for stratospheric ozone: Validation and intercomparison of four
near real-time analyses, 2009-2012, submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,
acp-2014-257, 2014.
Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, J. van Geffen, J. van Gent, C. Fayt, R. Spurr, G. Lichtenberg, and
A. von Bargen, Six years of total ozone column retrieval from SCIAMACHY nadir measurements,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 87–98, 2009.
Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, J. Van Gent, D. Loyola, and R. Spurr,
The GODFIT algorithm: a direct fitting approach to improve the accuracy of total ozone
measurements from GOME, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31:2, 543–550, doi:
10.1080/01431160902893576, 2010.
Lerot, C., T. Stavrakou, I. De Smedt, J.-F. Müller, and M. Van Roozendael, Glyoxal vertical
columns from GOME-2 backscattered light measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10,
21147-21188, 2010b.
Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, R. Spurr, D. Loyola, M. Coldewey-Egbers, S. Kochenova, J. van
Gent, M. Koukouli, D. Balis, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, and C. Zehner, Homogenized total ozone
data records from the European sensors GOME/ERS-2, SCIAMACHY/Envisat, and GOME-2/MetOpA, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 1-20, doi:10.1002/2013JD020831, 2014.
Loyola, D. G., R. M. Coldewey-Egbers, M. Dameris, H. Garny, A. Stenke, M. Van Roozendael, C.
Lerot, D. Balis, and M. Koukouli, Global long-term monitoring of the ozone layer - a prerequisite for
predictions,
International
Journal
of
Remote
Sensing,
30:15,
4295–4318,
doi:
10.1080/01431160902825016, 2009.
Loyola, D., T. Erbertseder, D. Balis, J-C. Lambert, R. Spurr, M. Van Roozendael, P. Valks, W.
Zimmer, J. Meyer-Arnek, and C. Lerot, Operational Monitoring of the Antarctic Ozone Hole:
Transition from GOME and SCIAMACHY to GOME-2, in Ozone Depletion: From its discovery to
Envisat and Aura, Book commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, C. Zerefos
et al. (eds.), Twenty Years of Ozone Decline, © Springer Science + Business Media B. V., pp. 215238, 2009.
Loyola, D. G., M. E. Koukouli, P. Valks, D. S. Balis, N. Hao, M. Van Roozendael, R. J. D. Spurr, W.
Zimmer, S. Kiemle, C. Lerot, J-C. Lambert, The GOME-2 Total Column Ozone Product: Retrieval
Algorithm and Ground-Based Validation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, doi:10.1029/2010JD014675, 2011.
McLinden, C. A., C. S. Haley, N. D. Lloyd, F. Hendrick, A. Rozanov, F. Goutail, D. A. Degenstein, E.
J. Llewellyn, C. E. Sioris, M. Van Roozendael, J. P. Pommereau, W. Lotz, and J. Burrows,
Odin/OSIRIS observations of stratospheric BrO: Retrieval methodology, climatology and inferred Bry,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, D15308, doi:10.1029/2009JD012488, 2010.
Merlaud, A., M. De Mazière, C. Hermans, and A. Cornet, Equations for solar tracking, Sensors,
12, 4047-4090, 2012. doi:10.3390/s120404074
Nair, P. J., S. Godin-Beekmann, L. Froidevaux, L. E. Flynn, J. M. Zawodny, J. M. Russell III, A.
Pazmiño, G. Ancellet, W. Steinbrecht, H. Claude, T. Leblanc, S. McDermid, J. A. E. van Gijsel, B.
Johnson, A. Thomas, D. Hubert, J.-C. Lambert, H. Nakane, and D. P. J. Swart, Relative drifts and
stability of satellite and ground-based stratospheric ozone profiles at NDACC lidar stations,
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5, 1301-1318 (doi:10.5194/amt-5-1301-2012), 2012.
Page 28 of 47
Parrella, J. P., D. J. Jacob, Q. Liang, Y. Zhang, L. J. Mickley, B. Miller, M. J. Evans, X. Yang, J. A.
Pyle, N. Theys, and M. Van Roozendael, Tropospheric bromine chemistry: implications for present
and pre-industrial ozone and mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6723–6740, 2012, www.atmos-chemphys.net/12/6723/2012/doi:10.5194/acp-12-6723-2012.
Payan, S., Camy-Peyret, C., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Maucher, G., Kleim, C., Pirre, M., Huret, N.,
Engel, A., Volk, M. C., Kuellmann,H., Kuttippurath, J., Cortesi, U., Bianchini, G., Mencaraglia, F.,
Raspollini, P., Redaelli, G., Vigouroux, C., De Mazière, Mikuteit, S., Blumenstock, T., Velazco, V.,
Notholt, J., Mahieu, M., Duchatelet, P., Smale, D., Wood, S., Jones, N., M., Piccolo, C., Payne, V.,
Bracher, A., Glatthor, N., Stiller, G., Grunow, K., Jeseck, P., Ye, T., Pfeilsticker, K., and Butz, A.,
Validation and data characteristics of methane and nitrous oxide profiles observed by MIPAS and
processed with Version 4.61 algorithm, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 413-422, 2009.
Pinardi, G., M. Van Roozendael, N. Abuhassan, C. Adams, A. Cede, K. Clémer, C. Fayt, U. Frieß,
M. Gil, J. Herman, C. Hermans, F. Hendrick, H. Irie, A. Merlaud, M. Navarro Comas, E. Peters, A. J.
M. Piters, O. Puentedura, A. Richter, A. Schönhardt, R. Shaiganfar, E. Spinei, K. Strong, H.
Takashima, M. Vrekoussis, T. Wagner, F. Wittrock, and S. Yilmaz, MAX-DOAS formaldehyde slant
column measurements during CINDI: intercomparison and analysis improvement, Atmos. Meas.
Tech., 6, 167-185, doi:10.5194/amt-6-167-2013, 2013.
Piters, A. J. M., B. Buchmann, D. Brunner, R. Cohen, J-C. Lambert, G. de Leeuw, P. Stammes, M.
van Weele, and F. Wittrock, Data quality and validation of satellite measurements of atmospheric
composition, Chapter 7 (p. 315-364) of The Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Composition from
Space, Book edited by J. P. Burrows, U. Platt, and P. Borrell, published by Springer-Verlag in
Physics of Earth and Space Environments Series, 1st Edition, 2011, XV, 536 pp., ISBN 978-3-64214790-6 (e-ISBN 978-3-642-14791-3, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3), © Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2011.
Piters, A. J. M., Boersma, K. F., Kroon, M., Hains, J. C., Van Roozendael, M., Wittrock, F.,
Abuhassan, N., Adams, C., Akrami, M., Allaart, M. A. F., Apituley, A., Beirle, S., Bergwerff, J. B.,
Berkhout, A. J. C., Brunner, D., Cede, A., Chong, J., Clémer, K., Fayt, C., Frieß, U., Gast, L. F. L.,
Gil-Ojeda, M., Goutail, F., Graves, R., Griesfeller, A., Großmann, K., Hemerijckx, G., Hendrick, F.,
Henzing, B., Herman, J., Hermans, C., Hoexum, M., van der Hoff, G. R., Irie, H., Johnston, P. V.,
Kanaya, Y., Kim, Y. J., Klein Baltink, H., Kreher, K., de Leeuw, G., Leigh, R., Merlaud, A.,
Moerman, M. M., Monks, P. S., Mount, G. H., Navarro-Comas, M., Oetjen, H., Pazmino, A., PerezCamacho, M., Peters, E., du Piesanie, A., Pinardi, G., Puentedura, O., Richter, A., Roscoe, H. K.,
Schönhardt, A., Schwarzenbach, B., Shaiganfar, R., Sluis, W., Spinei, E., Stolk, A. P., Strong, K.,
Swart, D. P. J., Takashima, H., Vlemmix, T., Vrekoussis, M., Wagner, T., Whyte, C., Wilson, K. M.,
Yela, M., Yilmaz, S., Zieger, P., and Zhou, Y.: The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen
Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI): design, execution, and early results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5,
457-485, doi:10.5194/amt-5-457-2012, 2012.
Pommereau, J.-P., F. Goutail, F. Lefèvre, A. Pazmino, C. Adams, V. Dorokhov, P. Eriksen, R. Kivi, K.
Stebel, X. Zhao, M. Van Roozendael, Why unprecedented ozone loss in the Arctic in 2011? Is it
related to climatic change?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5299-5308, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5299-2013,
2013.
Prados-Roman, C., Butz, A., Deutschmann, T., Dorf, M., Kritten, L., Minikin, A., Platt, U., Schlager, H.,
Sihler, H., Theys, N., Van Roozendael, M., Wagner, T., and Pfeilsticker, K., Airborne DOAS limb
measurements of tropospheric trace gas profiles: case studies on the profile retrieval of O4 and BrO,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1241-1260, doi:10.5194/amt-4-1241-2011, 2011.
Richter, A., M. Weber, J. P. Burrows, J.-C. Lambert, and A. van Gijsel, Validation Strategy for
Satellite Observations of Tropospheric Reactive Gases, Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 56, 10.4401/AG6335, 2013.
Roscoe, H.K., M. Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, A. du Piesanie, N. Abusallah, C. Adams, M. Akrami, I.
Alonso Calvo, A. Cede, J. Chong, K. Clemer, U. Friess, M. Gil Ojeda, F. Goutail, R. Graves, A.
Griesfeller, K. Grossmann, G. Hemerijckx, F. Hendrick, J. Herman, C. Hermans, H. Irie, Y. Kanaya,
K. Kreher, P. Johnston, R. Leigh, A. Merlaud, G. H. Mount, M. Navarro, H. Oetjen, A. Pazmino, E.
Peters, G. Pinardi, O. Puentedura, A. Richter, A. Schönhardt, R. Shaiganfar, E. Spinei, K. Strong, H.
Takashima, T. Vlemmix, M. Vrekoussis, T. Wagner, F. Wittrock, M. Yela, S. Yilmaz, F. Boersma, J.
Page 29 of 47
Hains, M. Kroon, A. Piters, Intercomparison of slant column measurements of NO2 and O4 by MAXDOAS and zenith-sky UV and visible spectrometers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1629-1646, 2010.
Roscoe, H.K., N. Brough, A.E. Jones, F. Wittrock, A. Richter, M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick,
Characterisation of vertical BrO distribution during events of enhanced tropospheric BrO in
Antarctica, from combined remote and in-situ measurements, JQSRT, 138, 70-81,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.01.026, 2014.
Rozanov, A., S. Kuhl, A. Doicu, C. McLinden, J. Pukıte, H. Bovensmann, J. P. Burrows, T.
Deutschmann, M. Dorf, F. Goutail, K. Grunow, F. Hendrick, M. von Hobe, S. Hrechanyy, G.
Lichtenberg, K. Pfeilsticker, J. P. Pommereau, M. Van Roozendael, F. Stroh, and T. Wagner, BrO
vertical distributions from SCIAMACHY limb measurements: Comparison of algorithms and retrieval
results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1319-1359, 2011.
Salawitch, R.J., T. Canty, T. Kurosu, K. Chance, Q. Liang, A. da Silva, S. Pawson, J.E. Nielsen, J.M.
Rodriguez, P.K. Bhartia, X. Liu, L.G. Huey, J. Liao, R.E. Stickel, D.J. Tanner, J.E. Dibb, W.R.
Simpson, D. Donohoue, A. Weinheimer, F. Flocke, D. Knapp, D. Montzka, J.A. Neuman, J.B. Nowak,
T.B. Ryerson, S. Oltmans, D.R. Blake, E.L. Atlas, D.E. Kinnison, S. Tilmes, L.L. Pan, F. Hendrick, M.
Van Roozendael, K. Kreher, P.V. Johnston, R.S. Gao, T.P. Bui, G. Chen, R.B. Pierce, J.H. Crawford,
D.J. Jacob, A New Interpretation of Total Column BrO during Arctic Spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37,
L21805, doi:10.1029/2010GL043798, 2010
SCIAMACHY, Monitoring the Changing Earth’s Atmosphere, 2nd Edition, Book edited by M.
Gottwald and H. Bovensmann, ISBN 978-90-481-9895-5, 225 pp., Springer Science+Business
Media B.V. 2011. Many contributions from BIRA-IASB (B. Dils, F. Hendrick, J.-C. Lambert, M.
Van Roozendael), including Lead author of Chapter 9.
Senten, C., M. De Mazière, G. Vanhaelewyn, and C. Vigouroux, Information operator approach
applied to the retrieval of the vertical distribution of atmospheric constituents from ground-based
high-resolution FTIR measurements, Atm. Meas. Tech., 5, 161-180, 2012.
Sofieva, V. F., Rahpoe, N., Tamminen, J., Kyrölä, E., Kalakoski, N., Weber, M., Rozanov, A., von
Savigny, C., Laeng, A., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G., Lossow, S., Degenstein, D., Bourassa, A.,
Adams, C., Roth, C., Lloyd, N., Bernath, P., Hargreaves, R. J., Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Hauchecorne,
A., Dalaudier, F., Van Roozendael, M., Kalb, N., and Zehner, C., Harmonized dataset of ozone
profiles from satellite limb and occultation measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 349-363,
doi:10.5194/essd-5-349-2013, 2013.
Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, B. Dils, F. Hendrick, N. Hao and M. De Mazière, First satellite
detection of volcanic bromine monoxide emission after the Kasatochi eruption, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L03811, doi:10.1029/2008GL036552, 2009
Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, B. Dils, F. Hendrick, N. Hao, and M. De Mazière, First satellite
detection of volcanic bromine monoxide emission after the Kasatochi eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
36, L03809, doi:10.1029/2008GL036552, 2009.
Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, X. Yang, I. De Smedt, A. Richter, M. Begoin, Q.
Errera, P. V. Johnston, K. Kreher, and M. De Mazière, Global observations of tropospheric BrO
columns using GOME-2 satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1791–1811, 2011.
Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, X. Yang, I. De Smedt, A. Richter, M. Begoin, Q. Errera,
P. V. Johnston, K. Kreher, and M. De Mazière, Global observations of tropospheric BrO columns
using GOME-2 satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1791-1811, 2011.
Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, Q. Errera, F. Hendrick, F. Daerden, S. Chabrillat, M. Dorf, K.
Pfeilsticker, A. Rozanov, W. Lotz, J. P. Burrows, J.-C. Lambert, F. Goutail, H. K. Roscoe, and M.
De Mazière, A global stratospheric bromine monoxide climatology based on the BASCOE
chemical transport model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, 831-848, 2009.
Valks, P., G. Pinardi, A. Richter, J-C. Lambert, N. Hao, D. Loyola, M. Van Roozendael, and S.
Emmadi, Operational total and tropospheric NO2 column retrieval for GOME-2, Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques, Vol. 4, 1491–1514, 2011 (DOI: 10.5194/amt-4-1491-2011), 2011.
Van Roozendael, M., R. Spurr, D. Loyola, C. Lerot, D. Balis, J-C. Lambert, W. Zimmer, J. van Gent,
J. van Geffen, M. Koukouli, J. Granville, A. Doicu, C. Fayt, and C. Zehner, Sixteen years of
Page 30 of 47
GOME/ERS-2 total ozone data: The new direct-fitting GOME Data Processor (GDP) Version 5: I.
Algorithm Description, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmosphere, Vol. 117, D03305,
(doi:10.1029/2011JD016471), 2012.
Viscardy, S., Q. Errera, Q., Y. Christophe, S. Chabrillat, and J.-C. Lambert, Evaluation of
ozone analyses from UARS MLS assimilation by BASCOE between 1992 and 1997, Journal of
Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 3:2, 190-202 (DOI:
10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2040463), 2010.
von Clarmann, T., C. De Clercq, M. Ridolfi, M. Höpfner, and J.-C. Lambert, The horizontal
resolution of MIPAS, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 2, 47-54, 2009.
Yang, X., J. A. Pyle, R. A. Cox, N. Theys, and M. Van Roozendael, Snow-sourced bromine and its
implications for polar tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7763-7773, doi:10.5194/acp-107763-2010, 2010.
4.3.3 University of Liège (ULg)
(Peer review publications from 2007 onwards, ordered alphabetically. A list including all
types of publication is available from the ULg electronic repository via this link )
Angelbratt, J., J. Mellqvist, T. Blumenstock, T. Borsdorff, S. Brohede, P. Duchatelet, F. Forster, F.
Hase, E. Mahieu, D. Murtagh, A.K. Petersen, M. Schneider, R. Sussmann, and J. Urban, A new
method to detect long-term trends of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) total columns
measured within the NDACC ground-based high resolution solar FTIR network, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 11, 6167-6183, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6167-2011, 2011.
Cortesi, U., J.C. Lambert, C. De Clercq, G. Bianchini, T. Blumenstock, A. Bracher, E. Castelli, V.
Catoire, K.V. Chance, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, S. Godin-Beekmann, N. Jones, K. Jucks, C.
Keim, T. Kerzenmacher, H. Kuellmann, J. Kuttippurath, M. Iarlori, G.Y. Liu, Y. Liu, I.S. McDermid,
Y.J. Meijer, F. Mencaraglia, S. Mikuteit, H. Oelhaf, C. Piccolo, M. Pirre, P. Raspollini, F. Ravegnani,
W.J. Reburn, G. Redaelli, J.J. Remedios, H. Sembhi, D. Smale, T. Steck, A. Taddei, C. Varotsos,
C. Vigouroux, A. Waterfall, G. Wetzel, and S. Wood, Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT
operational ozone data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4807-4867, 2007.
de Laat, A. T. J., A.M.S. Gloudemans, H. Schrijver, I. Aben, Y. Nagahama, K. Suzuki, E.
Mahieu, N.B. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, N.M. Deutscher, D.W.T. Griffith, M. De Mazière, R.L.
Mittermeier, H. Fast, J. Notholt, M. Palm, T. Hawat, T Blumenstock, F. Hase, M. Schneider, C.
Rinsland, A.V. Dzhola, E.I. Grechko, A.M. Poberovskii, M.V. Makarova, J. Mellqvist, A.
Strandberg, R. Sussmann, T. Borsdorff, and M. Rettinger: Validation of five years (2003–2007) of
SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements using ground-based spectrometer observations,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1457-1471, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1457-2010, 2010.
De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, P. F. Bernath, P. Baron, T. Blumenstock, C. Boone, C. Brogniez,
V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, D. Griffith, J. Hannigan, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, N. Jones,
E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney, C. Piccolo, C. Randall, C. Robert, C. Senten, K. Strong, J. Taylor,
C. Tétard, K. A. Walker, and S. Wood, Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 methane profiles from the
upper troposphere to lower mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2421-2435, 2008.
Duchatelet, P., P. Demoulin, F. Hase, R. Ruhnke, W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, P. F. Bernath, C.
D. Boone, K. A. Walker, and E. Mahieu, Hydrogen fluoride total and partial column time series
above the Jungfraujoch from long-term FTIR measurements: Impact of the line-shape model,
characterization of the error budget and seasonal cycle, and comparison with satellite and model
data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22306, doi:10.1029/2010JD014677, 2010.
Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, R. Ruhnke, W. feng, M. Chipperfield, P. Demoulin, P. Bernath, C.D.
Boone, K.A. Walker, C. Servais and O. Flock, An approach to retrieve information on the carbonyl
fluoride (COF2) vertical distributions above Jungfraujoch by FTIR multi-spectrum multi-window
fitting, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9027-9042, 2009.
Dupuy, E., K. A. Walker, J. Kar, C. D. Boone, C. T. McElroy, P. F. Bernath, J. R. Drummond,
R. Skelton, S. D. McLeod, R. C. Hughes, C. R. Nowlan, D. G. Dufour, J. Zou, F. Nichitiu, K. Strong,
P. Baron, R. M. Bevilacqua, T. Blumenstock, G. E. Bodeker, T. Borsdorff, A. E. Bourassa,
Page 31 of 47
H. Bovensmann, I. S. Boyd, A. Bracher, C. Brogniez, J. P. Burrows, V. Catoire, S. Ceccherini,
S. Chabrillat, T. Christensen, M. T. Coffey, U. Cortesi, J. Davies, C. De Clercq, D. A. Degenstein,
M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, J. Dodion, B. Firanski, H. Fischer, G. Forbes, L. Froidevaux,
D. Fussen, P. Gerard, S. Godin-Beekman, F. Goutail, J. Granville, D. Griffith, C. S. Haley,
J. W. Hannigan, M. Höpfner, J. J. Jin, A. Jones, N. B. Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai,
T. E. Kerzenmacher, A. Kleinböhl, A. R. Klekociuk, I. Kramer, H. Küllmann, J. Kuttippurath,
E. Kyrölä, J.-C. Lambert, N. J. Livesey, E. J. Llewellyn, N. D. Lloyd, E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney,
B. T. Marshall, J. C. McConnell, M. P. McCormick, I. S. McDermid, M. McHugh, C. A. McLinden,
J. Mellqvist, K. Mizutani, Y. Murayama, D. P. Murtagh, H. Oelhaf, A. Parrish, S. V. Petelina,
C. Piccolo, J.-P. Pommereau, C. E. Randall, C. Robert, C. Roth, M. Schneider, C. Senten,
T. Steck, A. Strandberg, K. B. Strawbridge, R. Sussmann, D. P. J. Swart, D. W. Tarasick,
J. R. Taylor, C. Tétard, L. W. Thomason, A. M. Thompson, M. B. Tully, J. Urban, F. Vanhellemont,
T. von Clarmann, P. von der Gathen, C. von Savigny, J. W. Waters, J. C. Witte, M. Wolff, and
J. M. Zawodny, Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment
(ACE), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 287-343, 2009.
Gardiner, T., A. Forbes, M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, V. Velazco,
J. Notholt, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, R. Sussman, W. Stremme, J. Mellqvist,
A. Strandberg, K. Ellingsen, and M. Gauss, Trend analysis of greenhouse gases over Europe
measured by a network of ground-based remote FTIR instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 67196727, 2008.
Hendrick, F., E. Mahieu, G. Bodeker, K.F. Boersma, M.P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière, I. De
Smedt, P. Demoulin, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, K. Kreher, B. Lejeune, G. Pinardi, C. Servais, R. van
der A, J.-P. Vernier, and M. Van Roozendael, Analysis of stratospheric NO2 trends above
Jungfraujoch using ground-based UV-visible, FTIR, and satellite nadir observations, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 12, 8851-8864, 2012.
Höpfner, M., T. von Clarmann, H. Fischer, B. Funke, N. Glatthor, U. Grabowski, S. Kellmann, M.
Kiefer, A. Linden, M. Milz, T. Steck, G.P. Stiller, P. Bernath, C. E. Blom, Th. Blumenstock, C.
Boone, K. Chance, M.T. Coffey, F. Friedl-Vallon, D. Griffith, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones,
K.W. Jucks, C. Keim, A. Kleinert, W. Kouker, G.Y. Liu, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, J.
Notholt, H. Oelhaf, C. Piesch, T. Reddmann, R. Ruhnke, M. Schneider, A. Strandberg, G. Toon,
K.A.Walker, T. Warneke, G. Wetzel, S. Wood, and R. Zander, Validation of MIPAS ClONO2
measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 257-281, 2007.
Kohlhepp, R., R. Ruhnke, M.P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière, J. Notholt, S. Barthlott, R.L. Batchelor,
R.D. Blatherwick, Th. Blumenstock, M.T. Coffey, P. Demoulin, H. Fast, W. Feng, A. Goldman,
D.W.T. Griffith, K. Hamann, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, N.B. Jones, A. Kagawa, I. Kaiser, Y. Kasai, O.
Kirner, W. Kouker, R. Lindenmaier, E. Mahieu, R.L. Mittermeier, B. Monge-Sanz, I. Morino, I.
Murata, H. Nakajima, M. Palm, C. Paton-Walsh, U. Raffalski, Th. Reddmann, M. Rettinger, C.P.
Rinsland, E. Rozanov, M. Schneider, C. Senten, C. Servais, B.-M. Sinnhuber, D. Smale, K. Strong,
R. Sussmann, J.R. Taylor, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Warneke, C. Whaley, M. Wiehle, and S.W. Wood,
Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 12, 3527-3556, 2012.
Mahieu, E, P. Duchatelet, P. Demoulin, K. A. Walker, E. Dupuy, L. Froidevaux, C. Randall,
V. Catoire, K. Strong, C. D. Boone, P. F. Bernath, J.-F. Blavier, T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey,
M. De Mazière, D. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, K. W. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai,
Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, R. Nassar, J. Notholt, C. P. Rinsland, C. Robert, O. Schrems, C. Senten,
D. Smale, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, G. C. Toon, T. Warneke, S. W. Wood, R. Zander, and C. Servais,
Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 measurements of HCl, HF, CCl3F and CCl2F2 using space-, balloonand ground-based instrument observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6199-6221, 2008.
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent trend anomaly of
hydrogen chloride (HCl) at northern mid-latitudes derived from Jungfraujoch, HALOE and ACEFTS Infrared solar observations, in The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment ACE at 10: A Solar
Occultation Anthology, P.F. Bernath (Ed.), ISBN 978-0-937194-54-9, A. Deepak Publishing, 239249, 2013.
Page 32 of 47
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, G.C. Toon, M.K. Vollmer, S. Reimann, J. Mühle, W. Bader, B. Bovy, B.
Lejeune, C. Servais, P. Demoulin, G. Roland, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker, and P.
Duchatelet, Spectrometric monitoring of atmospheric carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) above the
Jungfraujoch station since 1989: evidence of continued increase but at a slowing rate, Atmos.
Meas. Tech., 7, 333-344, 2014.
Payan, S., C. Camy-Peyret, H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, G. Maucher, C. Keim, M.Pirre, N. Huret, A.
Engel, M. C. Volk, H. Kuellmann, J. Kuttippurath, U.Cortesi, G. Bianchini, F. Mencaraglia, P.
Raspollini, G. Redaelli, C.Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, S. Mikuteit, T. Blumenstock, V. Velazco,
J.Notholt, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, D. Smale, S. Wood, N. Jones, C.Piccolo, V. Payne, A.
Bracher, N. Glatthor, G. Stiller, K. Grunow, P.Jeseck, Y. Te, and A. Butz, Validation of version-4.61
methane and nitrous oxide observed by MIPAS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 413-442, 2009.
Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, D. Folini, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, R. Zander and E. Mahieu,
Observations of Long-Lived Anthropogenic Halocarbons at the High-Alpine site of Jungfraujoch
(Switzerland) for Assessment of Trends and European Sources, Sci. Tot. Environ., 391, 224-231,
2008.
Rinsland, C.P., L.S. Chiou, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, E. Mahieu, and R. Zander, Trend of lower
stratospheric methane (CH4) from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) and Atmospheric
Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.
Transfer,110, 1066-1071, 2009.
Rinsland, C.P., L.S. Chiou, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, and E. Mahieu, First Measurements of the
HCFC-142b trend from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Solar Occultation Spectra, J.
Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110, 2127-2134, 2009.
Rinsland, C.P., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, R.Zander, C. Servais, and J.-M. Hartmann, Decrease of
the Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Loading above Jungfraujoch, based on High Resolution Infrared
Solar Spectra recorded between 1999 and 2011, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 113, 13221329, 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.02.016, 2012
Rinsland, C.P., R. Nassar, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, L.S. Chiou, D.K. Weisenstein, E. Mahieu
and R. Zander, Spectroscopic detection of COClF in the tropical and mid-latitude lower
stratosphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 105, 467-475, 2007.
Strong, K., M. A. Wolff, T. E. Kerzenmacher, K. A. Walker, P. F. Bernath, T. Blumenstock,
C. Boone, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, E. Dupuy,
J. Hannigan, M. Höpfner, N. Glatthor, D. W. T. Griffith, J. J. Jin, N. Jones, K. Jucks, H. Kuellmann,
J. Kuttippurath, A. Lambert, E. Mahieu, J. C. McConnell, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, D. P. Murtagh,
J. Notholt, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfii, C. Robert, M. Schneider, O. Schrems,
K. Semeniuk, C. Senten, G. P. Stiller, A. Strandberg, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, M. Toohey, J. Urban,
T. Warneke, and S. Wood, Validation of ACE-FTS N2O measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
8, 4759-4786, 2008.
Sussmann, R., T. Borsdorff, M. Rettinger, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, E. Mahieu,
and C. Servais, Technical Note: Harmonized retrieval of column-integrated atmospheric water
vapor from the FTIR network – first examples for long-term records and station trends, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 9, 8987-8999, 2009.
Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, F. Hase, T. Blumenstock, I. Kramer, M.
Schneider, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A.
Rockmann, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, and P. Woods, Evaluation of tropospheric and stratospheric
ozone trends over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 8, 6865-6886, 2008.
Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, Q. Errera, S. Chabrillat, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, S. Wood,
D. Smale, S. Mikuteit, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, and N. Jones, Comparisons between groundbased FTIR and MIPAS N2O and HNO3 profiles before and after assimilation in BASCOE, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 7, 377-396, 2007.
Wang, D.Y., M. Höpfner, C.E. Blom, W.E. Ward, H. Fischer, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, C. Keim,
G.Y. Liu, S. Mikuteit, H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, U. Cortesi, F. Mencaraglia, G. Bianchini, G. Redaelli,
M. Pirre, V. Catoire, N. Huret, C. Vigouroux, M. DeMazière, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, S. Wood, D.
Page 33 of 47
Smale, N. Jones, H. Nakajima, T. Sugita, J. Urban, D. Murtagh, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, K.A.
Walker, J. Kuttippurath, A. Kleinbohl, G. Toon, and C. Piccolo, Validation of MIPAS HNO3
operational data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4905-4934, 2007.
Wolff, M. A., T. Kerzenmacher, K. Strong, K. A. Walker, M. Toohey, E. Dupuy, P. F. Bernath,
C. D. Boone, S. Brohede, V. Catoire, T. von Clarmann, M. Coffey, W. H. Daffer, M. De Mazière,
P. Duchatelet, N. Glatthor, D. W. T. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Höpfner, N. Huret, N.
Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, H. Kullmann, J. Kuttippurath, E. Mahieu, G.
Manney, C. T. McElroy, C. McLinden, Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, D. Murtagh, C. Piccolo, P.
Raspollini, M. Ridolfi, R. Ruhnke, M. Santee, C. Senten, D. Smale, C. Tétard, J. Urban, and S.
Wood, Validation of HNO3, ClONO2 and N2O5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier
Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3529-3562, 2008.
Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, G. Roland, C. Servais, M. De Mazière, S.
Reimann and C.P. Rinsland, Our changing atmosphere: Evidence based on long-term infrared
solar observations at the Jungfraujoch since 1950, Sci. Total Environ., 391, 184-195, 2008.
4.3.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Relevant peer-reviewed papers (Ordered alphabetically, publications from 2011 to
2013)
Antón, M., Loyola, D., Clerbaux, C., Lopez, M., Vilaplana, J., Banon, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J.,
Valks, P., Hao, N., Zimmer, W., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., & Alados-Arboledas, L. (2011).
Validation of the MetOp-A total ozone data from GOME-2 and IASI using reference ground-based
measurements at the Iberian Peninsula. Remote sensing of environment, 115(6), 1380-1386.
Boynard, A., Clerbaux, C., Clarisse, L., Safieddine, S., Pommier, M., Van Damme, M.,
Bauduin, S., Oudot, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., & Coheur, P.-F. (2014, January). First
simultaneous space measurements of atmospheric pollutants in the boundary layer from IASI: A
case study in the North China Plain. Geophysical research letters. doi:10.1002/2013GL058333
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Prata, F., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., & Clerbaux, C. (2013). A
unified approach to infrared aerosol remote sensing and type specification. Atmospheric Chemistry
and Physics, 13(4), 2195-2221. doi:10.5194/acp-13-2195-2013
Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Ngadi, Y., & Coheur, P.-F. (2012).
Retrieval of sulphur dioxide from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI).
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5, 581-594.
Clarisse, L., R'Honi, Y., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., & Clerbaux, C. (2011). Thermal infrared
nadir observations of 24 atmospheric gases. Geophysical research letters,(38).
doi:10.1029/2011GL047271
De Wachter, E., Barret, B., Le Flochmoën, E., Pavelin, E., Matricardi, M., Clerbaux, C., HadjiLazaro, J., George, M., Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Nedelec, P., & Cammas, J. (2012).
Retrieval of MetOp-A/IASI CO profiles and validation with MOZAIC data. Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques, 5, 2843-2857. doi:10.5194/amt-5-2843-2012
Duflot, V., Hurtmans, D., Clarisse, L., R'Honi, Y., Vigouroux, C., De Mazi`ere, M., Mahieu, E.,
Servais, C., Clerbaux, C., & Coheur, P.-F. (2013). Measurements of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and
acetylene (C2H2) from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques, 6(4), 917-925. doi:10.5194/amt-6-917-2013
Dufour, G., Eremenko, M., Griesfeller, A., Barret, B., Le Flochmoën, E., Clerbaux, C., HadjiLazaro, J., Coheur, P.-F., & Hurtmans, D. (2012). Validation of three different scientific ozone
products retrieved from IASI spectra using ozonesondes. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,
5(3), 611-630.
Gazeaux, J., Clerbaux, C., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Kuttippurath, J., Coheur, P.-F.,
Hurtmans, D., Deshler, T., Kovilakam, M., Campbell, P. J., Guidard, V., Rabier, F., & Thépaut,
J.-N. (2013). Intercomparison of polar ozone profiles by IASI/MetOp sounder with 2010
Concordiasi ozonesonde observations. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 6(3), 613-620.
doi:10.5194/amt-6-613-2013
Page 34 of 47
Hilton, F., Armante, R., August, T., Barnet, C., Bouchard, A., Camy-Peyret, C., Capelle, V.,
Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Collard, A., Crevoisier, C., Dufour, G., Edwards, D.,
Faijan, F., Fourrié, N., Gambacorta, A., Goldberg, M., Guidard, V., & Hurtmans, D. (2012).
Hyperspectral earth observation from IASI. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(3),
347-370.
Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Wespes, C., Clarisse, L., Scharf, O., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro,
J., George, M., & Turquety, S. (2012). FORLI radiative transfer and retrieval code for IASI.
Journal of quantitative spectroscopy & radiative transfer, 113(11), 1391-1408.
Inness, A., Baier, F., Benedetti, A., Bouarar, I., Chabrillat, S., Clark, H., Clerbaux, C., Coheur,
P.-F., Engelen, R., Errera, Q., Flemming, J. S., George, M., Granier, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J.,
Huijnen, V., Hurtmans, D., Jones, L. M., Kaiser, J., Kapsomenakis, J., Lefever, K., Leitão, J.,
Razinger, M., Richter, A., Schultz, M., Simmons, A., Suttie, M., Stein, O., Thépaut, J.-N.,
Thouret, V., Vrekoussis, M., & Zerefos, C. (2013). The MACC reanalysis: An 8 yr data set of
atmospheric composition. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 13(8), 4073-4109. doi:10.5194/acp13-4073-2013
Kerzenmacher, T., Dils, B., Kumps, N., Blumenstock, T., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Demoulin,
P., García, O., George, M., Griffith, D., Hase, F., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Jones, N.,
Mahieu, E., Notholt, J., Paton-Walsh, C., Raffalski, U., Ridder, T., Schneider, M., Servais, C.,
& De Mazière, M. (2012). Validation of IASI FORLI carbon monoxide retrievals using FTIR data
from NDACC. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5(11), 2751-2761.
Klonecki, A., Pommier, M., Clerbaux, C., Ancellet, G., Cammas, J., Coheur, P.-F., Cozic, A.,
Diskin, G., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hauglustaine, D., Hurtmans, D., Khattatov, B., Lamarque, J., Law,
K., Nedelec, P., Paris, J., Podolske, J., Prunet, P., Schlager, H., Szopa, S., & Turquety, S.
(2012). Assimilation of IASI satellite CO fields into a global chemistry transport model for validation
against aircraft measurements. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 12, 4493-4512.
doi:10.5194/acp-12-4493-2012
Krysztofiak, G., Thieblemont, R., Huret, N., Catoire, V., Té, Y., Jégou, F., Coheur, P.-F.,
Clerbaux, C., Payan, S., Drouin, M., Robert, C., Jeseck, P., Attie, J., & Camy-Peyret, C.
(2012). Detection in the summer polar stratosphere of pollution plume from East Asia and North
America by balloon-borne in situ CO measurements. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 12(24),
11889-11906.
Parrington, M., Palmer, P. I., Henze, D., Tarasick, D., Hyer, E., Owen, R., Helmig, D.,
Clerbaux, C., Bowman, K., Deeter, M., Barratt, E., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Jiang, Z.,
George, M., & Worden, J. (2012). The influence of boreal biomass burning emissions on the
distribution of tropospheric ozone over North America and the North Atlantic during 2010.
Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 12(4), 2077-2098.
Pommier, M., Clerbaux, C., Law, K., Ancellet, G., Bernath, P., Coheur, P.-F., Hadji-Lazaro, J.,
Hurtmans, D., Nedelec, P., Paris, J., Ravetta, F., Ryerson, T., Schlager, H., & Weinheimer, A.
(2012). Analysis of IASI tropospheric O3 data over the Arctic during POLARCAT campaigns in
2008. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 12, 7371-7389. doi:10.5194/acp-12-7371-2012
Razavi, A., Karagulian, F., Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Clerbaux, C., Muller, J., &
Stavrakou, T. (2011). Global distributions of methanol and formic acid retrieved for the first time
from the IASI/MetOp thermal infrared sounder. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 11(2), 857872.
Safieddine, S., Clerbaux, C., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F.,
Wespes, C., Loyola, D., Valks, P., & Hao, N. (2013). Tropospheric ozone and nitrogen dioxide
measurements in urban and rural regions as seen by IASI and GOME-2. Journal of geophysical
research, 118.
Scannell, C., Hurtmans, D., Boynard, A., Hadji-Lazaro, J., George, M., Delcloo, A., Tuinder,
O., Coheur, P.-F., & Clerbaux, C. (2012). Antarctic ozone hole as observed by IASI/MetOp for
2008-2010. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5(1), 123-139.
Sodemann, H., Pommier, M., Arnold, S., Monks, S. A., Stebel, K., Burkhart, J., Hair, J.,
Diskin, G., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Schlager, H., Blechschmidt, A.,
Kristjansson, J., & Stohl, A. (2011). Episodes of cross-polar transport in the Arctic troposphere
Page 35 of 47
during July 2008 as seen from models, satellite, and aircraft observations. Atmospheric chemistry
and physics, 11(8), 3631-3651.
Stavrakou, T., Guenther, A., Razavi, A., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans,
D., Karagulian, F., De Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Laffineur, Q.,
Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M., Rinsland, C., & Muller, J. (2011). First space-based derivation of the
global atmospheric methanol emission fluxes. Atmospheric chemistry and physics,(11), 4873-4898.
doi:10.5194/acp-11-4873-2011
Stavrakou, T., Muller, J., Peeters, J., Razavi, A., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F.,
Hurtmans, D., De Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Deutscher, N., Griffith, D., Jones, N., & PatonWalsh, C. (2012). Satellite evidence for a large source of formic acid from boreal and tropical
forests. Nature Geoscience, 5, 26-30. doi:10.1038/ngeo1354
Wells, K. C., Millet, D., Hu, L., Cady-Pereira, K., Xiao, Y., Shephard, M., Clerbaux, C.,
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Apel, E. C., De Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Singh, H. B., Goldstein, A.,
& Sive, B. C. (2012). Tropospheric methanol observations from space: Retrieval evaluation and
constraints on the seasonality of biogenic emissions. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 12(13),
5897-5912.
Wespes, C., Emmons, L., Edwards, D., Hannigan, J., Hurtmans, D., Saunois, M., Coheur, P.F., Clerbaux, C., Coffey, M., Batchelor, R., Lindenmaier, R., Strong, K., Weinheimer, A.,
Nowak, J., Ryerson, T., & Crounse, J. (2012). Analysis of ozone and nitric acid in spring and
summer Arctic pollution using aircraft, ground-based, satellite observations and MOZART-4 model:
Source attribution and partitioning. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 12(1), 237-259.
Worden, H., Deeter, M., Frankenberg, C., George, M., Nichitiu, F., Worden, J., Aben, I.,
Bowman, K., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., De Laat, A., Detweiler, R., Drummond, J., Edwards,
D., Gille, J., Hurtmans, D., Luo, M., Marti-nez-Alonso, S., Massie, S., Pfister, G., & Warner, J.
(2013). Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and
Physics, 13(2), 837-850. doi:10.5194/acp-13-837-2013
5
PROJECTS AND COLLABORATION
5.1
Participation in national and international other collaborations projects
5.1.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)

Belgian federal research programme Scientific Support for Sustainable Development: AGACC
and AGACC-II: Advanced exploitation of ground based measurements for atmospheric
chemistry and climate applications (http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html) (2006-2010 and
2011-2014)

COST Action ES0604 on Water Vapor and climate (WAVACS)

COST Action ES1207: A European Brewer Network

Satellite validation projects of ESA and Eumetsat.

Prodex Project Bacchus (2010-2013)

Belgian federal science policy: Belatmos project for monitoring of atmospheric composition at
the Belgian Antarctic Base (2008-2012)

Solar Terrestrial centre of Excellence (recurrent support of the ozone research programme)

Participation in the validation team of the Ozone monitoring SAF of EUMETSAT
5.1.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

IPCC
assessments,
WMO
Stratospheric
Ozone
assessments
SPARC/IO3C/IGACO/NDACC (SI2N) vertical ozone trend assessments.
and
Page 36 of 47

Belgian federal research programme Scientific Support for Sustainable Development: Projects
AGACC and AGACC-II: Advanced exploitation of Ground-based measurements for
Atmospheric
Chemistry
and
Climate
applications
(as
coordinator)
(http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html) (2006-2010; 2011- March 2015).

7th Framework Programme of the European Commission MACC, MACC-II, PASODOBLE,
SHIVA, EVOSS, NORS, QA4ECV.

‘Chemistry and climate related studies using the IASI remote sensor’ for preparing the scientific
research aspects of the IASI mission on board METOP-A’

Involved in a dozen science and processing teams of satellite missions, e.g. SCIAMACHY
SSAG, SCIAVALIG, and SADDU.

ESA’s Envisat Atmospheric Chemistry Validation Team; ESA’s Quality Working Groups; ESA
Multi-TASTE (2008-2012) and Multi-TASTE Phase F (2014) validation support to Envisat
atmospheric data evolution.

ESA Climate Change Initiative Ozone (http://www.esa-ozone-cci.org/): Phase I (2010-2013 and
Phase II (2014-2016)

ESA Climate Change Initiative Aerosol project (http://www.esa-aerosol-cci.org/) for which the
second phase starts in spring 2014

ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor Level 2 Processor Component Development project (2012-2015)

EUMETSAT Continuous Development and Operation (CDOP-1 2007-2012 /CDOP-2 20122017)

Dedicated BELSPO/PRODEX projects: Atmospheric Composition, Chemistry and Climate
(A3C, 2011-2013); ACROSAT, B-O3MSAF, IASI-Flow, TRACE-S5P (2014-2015).
5.1.3 University of Liège (ULg)

Atmospheric Composition, Chemistry and Climate (A3C), PRODEX contract, 2010-2013.

ACROSAT (Atmospheric Composition Research using Observations from SATellites),
PRODEX contract, 2014-2015.

AGACC-II: Advanced exploitation of Ground-based measurements for Atmospheric Chemistry
and Climate applications, December 2010 – March 2015.

Contract FNRS FRFC (Observations and study of the variability and evolution of the free
atmosphere from the Jungfraujoch International Scientific Station)

F.R.S. – FNRS research project, Improvement of the FTIR spectroscopy instrumental
technique in the framework of continued observations and characterization of the Earth
atmosphere from the Jungfraujoch, 2013-2016.

Project: GAW-CH (FTIR measurements at the Jungfraujoch 2010-2013)

Project GAW-CH 3 (FTIR measurements at the Jungfraujoch 2014-2017)

Project: EC- GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring; 2007-2011)

Project EC-NORS (Demonstration Network of Ground-based remote sensing observations in
support to GMES atmospheric service; 2011-2014)
5.1.4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

Support to Aviation Control Services (SACS+), ESA, 2009-2012

European Volcano Observatory Space Services (EVOSS), EU-FP7, 2009-2013

Atmospheric Composition, Chemistry and Climate (A3C), ESA/Prodex, 2010-2013
Page 37 of 47

Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems
(ECLAIRE), EU-FP7, 2011-2015

Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3MSAF),
EUMETSAT, 2012-2017

Support to aviation Control Service 2 (SACS2), ESA, 2012-2013

The synergetic SWIR and IR retrievals of near-surface concentrations of CH4 and CO for Earth
and Planetary atmospheres (SIROCCO), ESA, 2012-2013

IASI.Flow: Infrared Atmospheric Sounding with IASI and Follow-on missions, ESA-Prodex,
2014-2015

B-O3MSAF, Belgian Contribution to the O3MSAF activities, ESA-Prodex, 2014-2015

EU-FP7 PANDA, PArtnership with chiNa on space DAta, 2014-2017

EU-FP7 QA4ECV, Quality Assurance system for Essential Climate Variables, 2014-2018.
5.2
Representation in international organisations
5.2.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)

EUMETSAT Scientific and Technical Group, Policy Advisory Committee and Council

Domain Committee ESSEM van COSThttp://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/essem )

Management Committee of COST ES1207: A European Brewer Network

Brewer sub-committee of WMO-GAW

EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring
(Steering Group member)

Participant in the SI2N O3S-DQA activity
5.2.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

International Ozone Commission (IO3C) of the IAMAS-IUGG.

WMO GAW NDACC Steering Committee: Co-chair (since Nov. 2013), Co-chair of the Satellite
WG (since 1999), Co-chair of UV-Visible WG (since 2003), and Co-chair of the IR WG (since
2006 until mid-2013)

WMO GAW UV-SAG.

WCRP SPARC.

Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS): Participation in Working Group on Cal/Val
(WGCV) and in Atmospheric Composition Constellation (ACC).

Working Group on Cal/Val Infrastructure.

Science Advisory Group of GOME and GOME-2, GOMOS, SCIAMACHY, and OMI.

ESA Council, EUMETSAT Council.

International Committee on Space Research (COSPAR).

Member of the Science Team of the Canadian ACE/SciSAT mission, of the EOS-Aura OMI
International Science Team…

EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring.

Mission Advisory Groups of S-5p TROPOMI, Sentinel 4 and Sentinel 5.
Page 38 of 47

Member of the MACC-II, PASODOBLE, NORS and QA4ECV Management Board.
5.2.3 University of Liège (ULg)

ACE science team

ISSJG (International Scientific Station Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat) Astronomic Commission

NDACC steering committee

NDACC-Infrared working group

PI contribution to Task Group 3 of ACCENT-TROPOSAT 2 (strategies for the validation of
tropospheric products from satellites)
5.2.4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

Member of the Scientific committee of the “IASI Conference” series

Member of the IASI Sounder Science Working Group–II

Member of the ACE Science Team
6
FUTURE PLANS
6.1
The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
6.2

Continuation of the observations at Uccle (ozone column, ozone profile, Spectral UVB,
aerosol) and at the Antarctic station (Ozone column, Spectral UVB and aerosol).

Installation of a Ceilometer LIDAR in Uccle to monitor the aerosol backscatter in the
troposphere.

Analysis of the data obtained at the Belgian Antarctic station.

Participation in the validation and quality assurance of satellite observations (O 3MSAF
CDOP-2 of EUMETSAT and Ozone CCI of ESA).

A thorough re-evaluation of ozone trends from the balloon ozone profile measurements,
using several statistical techniques, is planned in the near future.
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
Ground-based measurements of ozone and other gases/variables relevant to ozone loss

Initiative for Belgian-Brazilian networking, starting with the installation of an FTIR instrument at
Porto Velho (Rondonia, Brazil), for NDACC and TCCON observations. The installation is
planned in June 2014.

Contribution to a 1-year intercomparison campaign (2014-2015) aiming at filling gaps in the
TCCON Network, through the demonstration of smaller and cheaper, portable, spectrometers

Extension of the BIRA-IASB NDACC-related monitoring activities at Reunion Island with the
installation of a new UV-visible MAXDOAS instrument, planned for November 2014.

Preparation of a large scale Sentinel-5 Precursor Cal/Val campaign in Bucharest, Romania
planned to take place in summer 2016. This campaign will also include a formal NDACC UVVis Intercomparison exercise, and will be supported by instrumented aircraft observations.

Development of a centralised and automated processing system for UV-visible MAXDOAS
observations to be hosted at the ESA Cal/Val facilities, in support of multi-mission programmes.
Page 39 of 47
Satellite-based measurements of ozone and other gases/variables relevant to ozone loss

As a direct response to the recommendations from the 7th and 8th Ozone Research Managers
Meetings, BIRA-IASB has developed the instrument concept of Atmospheric Limb Tracker for
the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere (ALTIUS). This future instrument consists of a
limb viewing atmospheric sounder designed to operate on board a micro-satellite like the
PROBA platform. This instrument would combine the technique of limb scattering observation
with an imaging capacity when operating on the day side. At the terminator and in the eclipse
phase, the spectrometer would be used in solar and stellar occultation modes respectively.
This instrument is designed to infer from UV-visible-NIR radiance measurements from the
upper troposphere to the mesosphere the vertical distribution of ozone, NO 2, BrO, CH4, H2O,
OClO, aerosols and PSCs… BIRA-IASB is the PI of this instrument, which has now entered
Phase B1 of its development.

Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to be launched in early 2016 as part of ESA’s
Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor mission. This instrument will provide measurements of the
troposphere down to the boundary layer and quantify emissions and transport of anthropogenic
and natural trace gases and aerosols, which impact air quality and climate. BIRA-IASB is one
of the key TROPOMI level-2 algorithm developers, being responsible for the prototyping of
three important products: ozone, SO2, and HCHO.

Continued participation and/or coordination of validation and quality assurance of satellite
observations in the context of the EUMETSAT O3MSAF CDOP-2/3, ESA Multi-TASTE Phase
F, ESA Ozone_cci, SCIAMACHY Quality Working Group Phase-F, and EU FP7 QA4ECV.
6.3
University of Liège (ULg)
The ULg group has accumulated a solid experience in the high resolution FTIR spectroscopy
under high altitude harsh climatic conditions, including remote control operation. Based on this
experience, in agreement with our long term development plans and fully in accordance the
recommendations in the 7th Ozone Research Managers Meeting, ULg has obtained the
authorizations (and is now seeking for the necessary funding) to install a remote controlled FTIR
facility on the Atacama plateau (about 5100m alt), probably on the ESO APEX or ALMA premises.
This location is ideal to characterize the composition of tropical air masses above South America,
being a very dry site, free of air and electromagnetic pollution and providing abundant clear sky
conditions. The local topology of the site is also ideal for satellite data validation and calibration of
an otherwise FTIR uncovered area. It is also accessible for heavy equipment transportation. Of
course, our plans include the continuation of the NDACC observations at the Jungfraujoch station
and the application of the new acquisition system to all of our instruments
6.4
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
On the remote sensing side, IASI-related activities will be strengthened. The NRT FORLI
processing chain will be upgraded and is planned to be implemented shortly at the EUMETSAT
CAF (Central Application Facility) for wider dissemination of the L2 products to the community.
This should be done within the O3M-SAF. The group will pursue its activities around the
preparation of future sounders, including the IAS on EPS-SG and IRS on MTG.
The group will foster activities with IASI in the context of chemistry and climate, including O 3-HNO3
correlations in the troposphere; link to O3 and precursor emissions in the troposphere, STE, O3
long-wave radiative effect. The group will contribute to various international efforts for providing
long-term quality-assured information on essential climate variables, e.g. in the frame of the O 3CCI and QA4ECV projects.
6.5
Princess Elisabeth Research Station
At the occasion of the International Polar Year 2007, the Belgian government decided to build a
new scientific summer station at Utsteinen, East Antarctica and committed the International Polar
Foundation to design and build this new base.
Page 40 of 47
A Brewer ozone spectrophotometer was installed mid-January 2011and was able to measure until
14 February 2011. It measured the total column amount of ozone and the UV radiation in the UV-A
and UV-B bands. It was successfully set up for the first time. It was mounted on the northern roof
of the station. It needs sun and regular maintenance for operation and was therefore de-installed at
the end of the season. First analyses of the data show that it made very good and interesting
measurements of total ozone and the UV index at Utsteinen.
7
NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
There is a need to secure financial support for laboratory spectroscopic activities supporting
investigations of the terrestrial atmosphere.
8
HOW RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 8TH MEETING OF THE OZONE RESEARCH
MANAGERS OF THE PARTIES TO THE VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTEC-TION
OF THE OZONE LAYER (GENEVA, 2-4 MAY 2011 - FROM P. 27-32) ARE TAKEN INTO
ACCOUNT
8.1
Research Needs
8.1.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
In response to “Coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) are becoming more mature, but it is
clear that more effort must be devoted to model development and validation.” (p 31, WMO report of
the 8th session No. 53):

At RMI a coupling between the chemical transport model CHIMERE and the numerical weather
prediction model (Alladin) was performed.

Within the BACCHUS project RMI works on the adaptation of the Canadian coupled
transport/chemical GEMBACH model to Europe.
Chemistry Climate:
 At the Princess Elisabeth station in Antarctica, the RMI has installed different instruments
aiming at characterising the polar aerosol and cloud properties (p 32, 8th WMO report). RMI will
introduce a project, led by the KULeuven and in collaboration with partners from the modelling
community, to exploit these measurements and compare them with model output.
Ultraviolet and Environmental Effects:

An example of a support study that allow quantitative disaggregation of the factors affecting UV
radiation at the surface (p 32, WMO report of the 8th session No. 53) is the study on the different
contributions to the variations in UV intensities reaching the ground (see De Backer, 2009), which
is currently updated (De Bock et al.,2014, in preparation)
8.1.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
Chemistry Climate:
 BIRA-IASB coordinates the Data Assimilation activity of the international programme
Stratosphere/Troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC).

BIRA-IASB continuously improves its 4D-variational data assimilation system BASCOE and the
chemical transport model associated with it, which includes detailed microphysics description.
BASCOE is part of the GMES/Copernicus (MACC-I/II) Stratospheric Ozone Service.

BIRA-IASB is the European leader of the BACCHUS project, and works on the adaptation of
the Canadian coupled transport/chemical GEMBACH model to Europe.
Page 41 of 47

BIRA-IASB coordinates ESA’s CCI Ozone project (Phase I 2010-2013, Phase II 2014-2016)
which aims at improving ozone data products from European satellites in order to provide
harmonised ozone data records suitable for climate change studies. This project includes
specific effort on the improvement of ozone profile data in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere, to improve our evolving understanding of the coupling and exchange in this
particular altitude region.
Underpinnings for Observations and Models
BIRA-IASB contributes to the ACSO effort on ozone absorption cross-sections.
8.2
Systematic Observations
8.2.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
Ground-based networks

The balloonsonde measurements at Uccle (3 times a week) are maintained, and with respect to
the specific suggestions (p. 34, WMO report of the 8th session No. 53), we note that:
o The ozonesondes almost always reach the 30 km altitude
o The simultaneously obtained water vapour profiles are archived and are available. As a
matter of fact, the RMI published a study based on the corrected upper-tropospheric
humidity profiles gathered with sondes (Van Malderen and De Backer, 2010).

The two Brewer instruments at Uccle, measuring ozone and total UV, are maintained and are
calibrated every 2 years.

A Brewer instrument was installed in Antarctica, providing direct observations of polar ozone
processes (p 33, WMO report of the 8th session No. 53).

RMI actively participates in the COST action ES1207 EUBREWNET, which aims at creating an
homogenized network of Brewer instruments (both in operating procedures and data
processing) at the European level, in response to the fact that there are multiple calibration
sites around the world within the Global UV Monitoring System that are not tied together
sufficiently (p 35, WMO report of the 8th session No. 53).
Satellite Networks
RMI is a partner in the EUMETSAT O3SAF, and is responsible for the validation of the operational
ozonesonde profiles and aerosol products of the GOME2 instruments on board of the
meteorological satellites.
Consistency and Complementary of Data Sets and Re-Evaluation of Data Records

RMI is a partner in ESA’s CCI Ozone project (Phase I 2010-2013, Phase II 2014-2016) which
includes re-evaluation of ozone column/profile data records from European and American
satellites in order to provide harmonised ozone data records suitable for climate change
studies.

RMI participates in the SI2N initiative with systematic data quality studies of past records on
vertical ozone trends, in particular in the Ozondesonde Data Quality Assessment Working
Group, and with studies of ozone variabilities and trends, using those ozonesonde data.
8.2.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
Ground-based networks

As recommended in the 8ORM report, efforts have been made to maintain operation of existing
instrumentation, and to increase the use of more sophisticated instrumentation, mainly FTIR
Page 42 of 47
spectrometers and (MAX)DOAS UV-visible instruments. BIRA-IASB has continued operation of
its FTIR and (MAX)DOAS UV-visible instruments which contribute to the NDACC and TCCON
global monitoring networks. The instrument deployed previously in Beijing was moved to
Xianghe, approximately 50 km East of Beijing.

As recommended, BIRA-IASB has also deployed additional ground-based instruments in the
Tropics: NDACC/TCCON certified FTIR instruments on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), and
NDACC certified (MAX)DOAS UV-visible instruments on Reunion Island and in Bujumbura
(Burundi). Deployment of a new NDACC/TCCON FTIR instrument at Porto Velho in the
Brazilian Amazonian forest is envisaged for summer 2014.

In response to the need to give attention to systematic water-vapour-profile measurements, as
it is a strong driver for decadal climate variability, BIRA-IASB has improved its retrieval
algorithm for water vapour profile from FTIR spectrometers.
Satellite networks
 The work performed at BIRA-IASB on GOME/SCIAMACHY/OMI/GOME-2 total ozone
retrieval algorithms is a response to the requirement to continue the key baseline set of solar
backscatter UV observations. In particular, the development of the GODFIT direct fitting
algorithm has led to improvements needed to expand capabilities at high latitudes and high
solar-zenith angles (Lerot et al., 2014).

In response to the need to give special attention to N2O, as this gas is becoming one of the
most important substances that can lead to ozone destruction, BIRA-IASB is involved in the
development of a N2O data product from IASI.

In anticipation of the upcoming gap in limb viewing satellites, BIRA-IASB has proposed the
new satellite mission ALTIUS, a limb scattering and occultation satellite instrument
addressing directly the 7ORM and 8ORM requirements for limb viewing observations of high
vertical resolution profiles of ozone and key ozone related parameters that are critical for
understanding the science behind changes in ozone in the context of changing climate. This
instrument concept combines the technique of limb scattering observation with an imaging
capacity when operating on the day side. At the terminator and in the eclipse phase, the
spectrometer would be used in solar and stellar occultation modes respectively. This
instrument is designed to infer from UV-visible-NIR radiance measurements from the upper
troposphere to the mesosphere the vertical distribution of ozone, NO2, BrO, CH4, H2O, OClO,
aerosols and PSCs… The mission has entered Phase B1 of its development.
Consistency and Complementary of Data Sets and Re-Evaluation of Data Records

Work has been done at BIRA-IASB, in collaboration with ULg, about the consistency between
data from different observational techniques, in particular for NO2 and HCHO from FTIR and
UV-visible DOAS instruments.

BIRA-IASB coordinates ESA’s CCI Ozone project (Phase I 2010-2013, Phase II 2014-2016)
which includes re-evaluation of ozone column/profile data records from European and
American satellites in order to provide harmonised ozone data records suitable for climate
change studies.

BIRA-IASB participates in the SI2N initiative with systematic data quality studies of past
records on vertical ozone trends, and with studies of ozone variabilities and trends, using
ground-based and satellite data.

In response to the need to further develop methods and tools for a better-integrated use of
complementary data with different scale, resolution etc., BIRA-IASB has developed the multipurpose simulator of global measurement systems for atmospheric composition OSSSMOSE
(Observing System of Systems Simulator for Multi-mission Synergies Exploration). This
versatile environment combines various state-of-the-art components, such as multi-dimensional
observation operators mapping in 2D/3D the real sensitivity of a measurement system to
atmospheric gradients, cycles and trends. OSSSMOSE provides realistic simulations of the
Page 43 of 47
output of real and hypothetic global observing systems and of their data comparison. It can be
used to investigate and quantify smoothing and sampling properties of ozone measurement
systems and of their data comparison and it has been applied with success to the validation of
Envisat and MetOp to close the error budget of data comparisons (e.g., Cortesi et al., 2007;
Lambert et al., 2012; Verhoelst et al., 2012). It can also be used for optimisation studies and gap
analysis of measurement systems.
8.2.3 University of Liège (ULg)
In accordance with the recommendation to expand the ground-based networks in accordance with
scientific needs (p. 33 WMO report of the 8th session No. 53), ULg considers installing an FTIR
instrument in Chile. Having obtained the authorizations and finalized the technical preparations to
install a remote controlled FTIR facility on the Atacama plateau (about 5100m alt), probably on the
ESO APEX or ALMA premises, ULg is now looking for the funding needed to buy the
instrumentation and operate it on a regular basis.
Approaches allowing monitoring new relevant species with FTIR instruments have recently been
developed and are now routinely applied. This is true for CCl4, CF4 and HCFC-142b.
Water vapor became another target of our long-term FTIR monitoring activities. Water vapor
profiles are now regularly archived in hdff at the NDACC database.
8.2.4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Satellite networks
 Satellite retrieval techniques have been improved, as well as data dissemination to a variety of
users

Retrievals of aerosols from infrared nadir observations, including sulphates, have started.

Efforts to harmonize datasets from various satellite sounders have started and this will be
strengthen further in the coming years within European and International consortia

Several studies focusing on the link between chemistry and climate have been undertaken.
8.3
Spectroscopic standards
At ULB the participation to international reference spectroscopic databases has been pursued.
8.4
Data Archiving
8.4.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)

The RMI archives the data regularly in the well-established network databases as WOUDC and
NDACC.

The RMI also submitted homogenized ozonesonde data to the database set up within the
O3SDQA Working Group and will submit Brewer data to the database that will be created
within the framework of the COST action ES1207 EUBREWNET.

The raw data and metadata is also stored locally so that reprocessing of historical data is easily
established.

RMI is also partner is a national project aiming at setting up a metadata database which will be
compliant with the EU INSPIRE Directive.
Page 44 of 47
8.4.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

BIRA-IASB archives continuously the data acquired by its NDACC certified instruments into the
NDACC Data Host facility (http://ndacc.org).

In the frame of the EU FP7 NORS project, data archiving of NDACC observations has been
accelerated for a set of pilot stations: for the NORS target species, data are now submitted
within 1 day to 1 month after acquisition. In the future, procedures and tools that have been
developed for this purpose will be extended to other NDACC key species.

BIRA-IASB has also been the driver for the development, implementation and improvement of
the GEOMS HDF formatting guidelines, in use in international data archives like the NDACC
Data Host Facility and the Aura Validation Data Centre.

BIRA-IASB has developed tools for the complete evaluation of the error budget associated with
the FTIR data products. The uncertainty components are now systematically submitted in the
HDF FTIR data files. Similar developments are on-going for UV-Vis data products.
8.4.3 University of Liège (ULg)

ULg performs regular data archiving at NDACC

As a participant to NORS, ULg is contributing to rapid delivery of data to NDACC (O 3, NO2, CH4
and CO), typically within 15 days after data acquisition
8.5
Capacity Building
8.5.1 The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI)
The relocation of the unused Dobson instrument from Uccle to Kyev is explicitly mentioned on p 38
of the WMO report of the 8th session No. 53.
8.5.2 The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
In the EU FP7 NORS project, coordinated by BIRA-IASB, there is a work package dedicated to
capacity building. This includes: exporting knowledge and expertise acquired in NORS to new and
NDACC candidate stations outside of Europe (of the order of 10 stations outside of Europe are
being developed in this WP), and linking with the satellite community via representation at CEOS
meetings. The non-European stations in this WP that are managed by BIRA-IASB are the stations
at Xianghe (P.R. China) and Bujumbura (Burundi).
9
CO-ORDINATES OF BELGIAN INSTITUTES AND LEADING SCIENTISTS INVOLVED IN
O3 RELATED RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS
University of Liège - Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics
17, Allée du 20 Août (Bât. 5a)
BE-4000 LIEGE
BELGIUM
Tel.: 32-4-366 97 86
Fax: 32-4-366 97 47
http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/
Emmanuel.Mahieu@ulg.ac.be
Page 45 of 47
Christian.Servais@ulg.ac.be
Dr. E. Mahieu (Remote sensing of the Earth composition using infrared instruments from the
ground and from space, validation of space-sensors, data analysis, exploitation, interpretation and
archiving)
Dr. C. Servais (FTIR Instrumentation development and improvement (electronic, optic, remote
control…), maintenance and observations)
Royal Meteorological Institute
Ringlaan 3
BE-1180 Brussels
Tel: +32-2-373 06 11
Fax: +32-2-375 50 62
http://www.meteo.be/
Hugo.DeBacker@meteo.be
Alexander.Mangold@meteo.be
Roeland.VanMalderen@meteo.be
Andy.Delcloo@meteo.be
Veerle.DeBock@meteo.be
Joris.VanBever@meteo.be
Steven.Dewitte@meteo.be
Dr. Hugo De Backer (Measurements of ozone column and profiles and UVB, Member of WMOGAW Brewer sub-committee, Scientific and Technical Group of EUMETSAT, Steering Group of
O3M SAF of EUMETSAT, Belgian representative in DC ESSEM of COST)
Dr. Alexander Mangold (Measurements on the Princess Elisabeth Station Antarctica, MC member
of COST action ES1207 EUBREWNET)
Dr. Roeland Van Malderen (Analysis of ozone time series, MC member of COST action ES1207
EUBREWNET)
Dr. ir. Andy Delcloo (Validation of satellite ozone data, Member of project team of O3M SAF of
EUMETSAT)
Ms. Veerle De Bock (Retrieval of aerosol optical parameters from Brewer observations, MC
member and workgroup leader in COST action ES1207 EUBREWNET))
Dr. Joris Van Bever (Modelling of chemical composition of the atmosphere within Bacchus)
Dr. Steven Dewitte (Head of department, member of Council of EUMETSAT)
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Avenue Circulaire 3
BE-1180 Brussels
Tel: +32-2-373 04 04
Fax: +32-2-374 84 23
http://www.aeronomie.be
Martine.DeMaziere@aeronomie.be
J-C.Lambert@aeronomie.be
Michel.VanRoozendael@aeronomie.be
Quentin.Errera@aeronomie.be
Simon.Chabrillat@aeronomie.be
Jean-Francois.Muller@aeronomie.be
Didier.Gillotay@aeronomie.be
Page 46 of 47
Dr. Martine De Mazière (Satellite and ground-based remote sensing measurements of the
atmospheric composition, especially with infrared spectrometric techniques, implementation and
testing of retrieval algorithms to invert observations into geophysical data, remote-sensing
instrument developments, data validation, coordinator of the EU FP7 Copernicus Atmosphere data
infrastructure project NORS, Co-chair of NDACC)
Dr. Jean-Christopher Lambert (Member of the International Ozone Commission, satellite and
ground-based remote sensing of the atmospheric composition, synergistic exploitation of
atmospheric composition data, data quality strategy, multi-mission satellite validation, member of
EUMETSAT O3M-SAF project team, Co-chair of the NDACC Satellite Working Group, Vice-chair
of the CEOS Working Group on Cal/Val / Atmospheric Composition Subgroup)
Dr. Michel Van Roozendael (Satellite and ground-based remote sensing measurements of the
atmospheric composition, implementation and testing of retrieval algorithms to invert radiance
observations into geophysical data, remote-sensing instrument developments, data validation,
member of EUMETSAT O3M-SAF project team, coordinator of the ESA CCI O3 project, Co-chair
of the NDACC UVVIS Working Group)
Dr. Quentin Errera (stratospheric modelling, chemical data assimilation, reanalysis of long-term
atmospheric data records, leader of the SPARC Data Assimilation activity)
Dr. S. Chabrillat (stratospheric modelling, chemical data assimilation, chemical weather,
Stratospheric Ozone Service of the GMES/Copernicus Core Atmosphere Service project MACC)
Dr. Jean-François Müller (Global tropospheric ozone modelling, inverse source/sink modelling)
Dr. D. Gillotay (Ground- and space-based measurement of ultraviolet solar radiation: UV-B)
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique
Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique
C.P. 160/09, Université Libre de Bruxelles
50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
http://www.ulb.ac.be/cpm/
pfcoheur@ulb.ac.be
Dr. P.F. Coheur (Satellite remote sensing of atmospheric composition, radiative transfer, inverse
methods, atmospheric chemistry and environmental processes)
Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO)
Louizalaan 231, Avenue Louise
BE-1050 Brussels
Tel: +32-02-23 83 610
Fax: +32-02-23 05 912
http://www.belspo.be
Martine.Vanderstraeten@belspo.be
Mrs. M. Vanderstraeten, Advisor for Scientific Affairs - IPCC Focal Point
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