Supplementary Appendix 1
Summary statistics, heritability, and number of generations for portions of unbranched
evolutionary sequences displaying intermediate-strength anagenesis. Only series and subseries
that qualified for analysis are included. Data were transformed into natural logarithms to reduce
differences between character variances. Sequence = unbranched evolutionary sequence; n =
number of specimens; Char. = morphometric character (superscripts Up and Low refer to upper and
lower subseries, respectively, of anagenetic series containing slope reversals); sp = standard
deviation of entire sequence; z1 and z2 = minimum and maximum character values, respectively,
calculated using individual equations for reduced major axis regression lines; h2 = estimated
character heritability (from Pachut and Anstey 2002: Table 4); t or g = estimated time or number
of generations, respectively, separating z1 and z2 assuming yearly reproduction.
n
12
Char.
MZD
sp
0.1843
z2
-1.676
z1
-1.151
h2
0.969
t or g
529,177
24
PPW
0.2608
-1.255
-0.405
0.993
1,106,461
12
WTZMUp
0.1992
-3.599
-2.932
0.979
577,284
18
WTZZUp
0.2225
-3.114
-2.392
0.974
817,819
37
Z2M
0.1105
1.839
1.478
0.880
1,779,959
11
WTZM
0.2636
-2.667
-3.472
0.979
529,177
17
WTZZ
0.2567
-2.313
-3.113
0.974
817,819
12
Z2MLow
0.0995
1.434
1.771
0.880
577,284
22
MFD-Z
0.1744
-1.121
-1.701
0.880
1,106,461
18
Z2M
0.0971
1.476
1.761
0.880
769,712
4
10
Z2M
0.1020
1.910
1.607
0.880
432,963
5
11
MFD-Z
0.1007
-1.851
-1.559
0.880
529,177
6
12
MFD-Z
0.1624
-1.301
-1.776
0.880
529,177
8
11
AD
0.2643
-2.790
-3.673
0.502
529,177
Sequence
1
2
3
Supplementary Appendix 2
Summary statistics, heritability, and number of generations for portions of unbranched
evolutionary sequences displaying weak anagenesis. Only series or subseries that qualified for
analysis are included. Data were transformed into natural logarithms to reduce differences
between character variances. Column headings are described in Supplementary Appendix 1.
Superscripts Up and Low refer to upper and lower portions, respectively, of anagenetic series
containing slope reversals.
n
10
Char.
M2M
sp
1.294
z2
2.595
z1
-1.198
h2
0.965
t or g
432,963
13
MC-Z
0.107
1.809
2.028
0.863
577,284
11
MWT
0.157
-2.579
-3.066
0.976
481,070
10
MZD
0.097
-1.383
-1.681
0.969
529,177
27
PPZUp
0.122
-1.155
-0.744
1.000
1,298,889
11
PPZLow
0.073
-0.917
-0.700
1.000
577,284
18
SI-M
1.671
1.712
-3.352
0.953
769,712
10
WTZZ
0.356
-2.789
-3.870
0.974
673,498
11
ZSMLow
0.080
3.126
2.904
0.981
481,070
19
W2M
0.199
2.426
1.790
0.849
865,926
3
18
MD-ZED
0.260
-1.553
-0.791
0.757
769,712
4
12
WTZZ
0.296
-2.887
-3.805
0.974
721,605
5
12
MD-ZED
0.310
-0.443
-1.286
0.757
529,177
14
MZD
0.114
-1.327
-1.672
0.969
721,605
18
PPW
0.209
-0.939
-1.621
0.993
962,140
19
PPZ
0.189
-1.201
-0.614
1.000
914,033
12
Z2M
0.112
1.597
1.926
0.880
529,177
10
PPW
0.185
-1.103
-1.693
0.993
529,177
11
ZV-MAX
0.171
-2.179
-2.653
0.962
481,070
10
M2M
0.625
-0.648
1.314
0.965
914,033
12
ZWT-ZED
0.385
-1.053
-2.151
0.857
529,177
Sequence
1
6
7
8
Supplementary Appendix 3
Rates of evolution, in darwins, calculated for 93 taxa of fossil protists and invertebrates.
Source indicated by superscripts: 1 = Van Valen (1974: Table 2, p. 299), 2 = Hallam (1975:
Tables 1 and 2, p. 494). Van Valen’s data included both continuous measurements and counts
with durations estimated in millions of years. Hallam measured the maximum dimension attained
by each taxon and equated time with the number of zones between first and last occurrences; the
estimated average zonal duration was 106 years. Some taxa have values calculated for multiple
time intervals and/or multiple characters. Mean = average across all data; Mean minus stelleroids
= stelleroids removed; Mean minus stelleroids and high rates = stelleroids and high rates (>1.0
darwin) removed from calculations. Consult appropriate tables in the original publications for
more details.
Taxon
Ammonoidea
Arnioceras semicostatum2
Aulacostephanus2
Caenisites-Asteroceras2
Cardioceras2
Coroniceras-Primarietites2
Creniceras dentatum2
Garantiana-Parkinsonia2
Glochiceras2
Grammoceras-Phylseogrammoceras2
Idoceras2
Kosmoceras (Gulielmites)2
Leioceras2
Liparoceras2
Metophioceras conybeari2
Ochetoceras2
Pectinatites2
Pinacoceratidae1
Pleuroceras2
Psiloceras2
Taramelliceras2
Brachiopoda
Eocoelia1
Time interval
(millions of years)
Rate
(darwins)
4
3
2
2
1
3
2
10
2
5
1
1
3
0.33
15
3
35
1
1
12
2.07  10-1
3.28  10-1
4.59  10-1
3.8310-1
9.28  10-1
3.110-1
7.810-1
6.410-2
4.210-1
1.410-1
1.1
8.310-1
5.410-1
3.7
5.710-2
2.110-1
4.010-2
2.6
9.710-1
1.710-1
5, 5
9.010-2, 9.010-2
Dictyorthyris1
Cyrtospirifer1
Gypidula1
Terebratuloidea1
Pentameroidea1
Punctospirifer1
Productacea1
Rafinesquina1
Richthofeniidae1
Bryozoa
Fenestrellinidae1
Echinoidea
Micraster1
Holasteridae1
Melechinoidea1
Foraminifera
Bollylnoides1
Ataxophragmiidae1
Frondicularia1
Gavelinellidae1
Lagena1
Orbitoides1
Globoconusa1
Fusilinidae1
Nummulitidae1
Graptoloidea
Neocucullograptinae1
Ostracoda
Cytherella1
Ovocytheridea1
Mehesella1
Leguminocythereis1
Cythereis1
5
8, 15
2
40
20
30
20
20
40
9.010-2
1.010-2, 0
1.4010-1
4.010-2
5.010-2
5.010-2
1.410-1
5.010-1
4.010-2
25
2.010-2
18, 18
5, 5
20
8.010-2, 2.010-2
2.610-1, 5.010-2
6.010-2
18
10
2
20
6
6, 7
6, 7
4, 4
4
45
25
2.010-2, 3.010-2
8.010-2
3.010-1
2.010-2
1.410-1
6.010-2, 1.010-1
9.010-2, 1.210-1
4.010-2, 1.310-1
7.010-2
8.010-2
2.010-1
5, 5
1
2, 1
3
2.010-2, 3.0101.910-1
4.010-2, 5.010-2
8.010-2
7
3
15
3
8
3.010-3
4.010-3
3.010-2
7.010-2
9.010-3
Trachyleberis1
Buntonia1
Pelecypoda
Argopecten1
Astarte elegans2
Astarte geuxi2
Barbatia pectinata2
Camptonectes Iohbergensis-lamellosa2
Cardinia concinna2
Ceratomyopsis striata2
Chlamys textoria2
C. (Radulopecten) fibrosa-inaequicostata2
Coelopis lunulatus2
Ctenostreon tuberculatum-pectiniforme2
Entolium lunare2
Eocallista antiopa-brongniarti2
Eonavicula minuta-quadrisulcata2
Eopecten velata2
Eopecten abjecta2
Gervillella lanceolata-aviculoides2
Goniomya hybrida-literata2
Grammatodon insons2
Grammatodon insons-oblonga2
Gryphaea1
Gryphaea arcuata-gigantea2
Gryphaea bilobata-dilatata2
Isocyprina menkei-dolabra2
Liostrea irregularis2
Modiolus hillanus-imbricatus2
Myalina1
Myophorella signata-clavellata2
3
3, 3
2, 25
9.010-3
4.0 10-2, 4.0 10-2
8.0 10-3, 2.0 10-2
10, 8
8, 7
2, 8
8, 10
8, 8
7, 2
8, 8
13
8
21
55
11
18
10
14
6
60
8
18
23
11
24
40
33
8
20
8, 8
11
26
19
13
25
50
28
1.410-1, 1.610-1
3.0 10-2, 1.0 10-2
9.010-2, 1.210-1
5.010-3, 2.010-2
6.010-3, 8.0103
3.010-3, 1.910-2
1.010-2, 2.010-2
9.210-2
1.210-1
3.410-2
4.310-2
1.610-1
4.310-2
1.610-1
5.810-2
2.110-1
3.010-2
2.010-1
8.910-2
7.110-2
6.810-2
3.110-2
5.510-2
2.810-2
1.910-1
8.310-2
1.310-1, 1.610-1
9.0 10-2
4.010-2
7.010-2
1.210-1
6.710-2
4.010-2
2.810-2
Palaeonucula navis-hammeri2
Parallelodon buckmani2
Parallelodon hirsonensis2
Pholadomya ambigua2
Pholadomya lirata-protei2
Plagiostoma gigantea-hersilia2
Plicatula laevigata2
Propeamussium pumilum-laeviradiatum2
Protocardia phillipiana-dissimilis2
Pseudomytiloides dubius2
Pseudopecten aequivalvis2
Ryderia graphica2
Thracia depressa2
Stelleroidea1
11
10
6
10
22
21
3
6
56
5
3
8
40
100, 350
1.610-1
8.510-2
1.810-1
1.110-1
3.110-2
3.9 10-2
2.210-1
3.110-1
1.610-2
1.510-1
5.510-1
1.710-1
2.910-2
1.510-2, 5.010-3
Range
0.33 - 350
510-3 – 3.7
Mean
16.5 (33.9)
1.810-1
Mean minus stelleroids
13.2 (13.9)
1.910-1
Mean minus stelleroids and high rates
13.5 (13.9)
1.310-1