Common rates
1. Morbidity rate (Attack rate):
Number of diseased animal during outbreak compared to total number of animals during same
outbreak period × 100
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
2. Mortality rate:
Number of dead animals compared to total number of population × 100
𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒅
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
3. Case fatality rate:
Number of dead animals compared to number of dead animal
𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒅
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅
4. Incidence rate:
Number of new cases during period of time to total number of animals during same period ×
100
𝑵𝒆𝒘
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
Important in case of acute disease
5. Prevalence rate:
Number of old + new cases during period of time to total number of animals during same
period × 100
𝑵𝒆𝒘 + 𝑶𝒍𝒅
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
6. Survival rate:
Probability of infected animal to remain alive from specified disease for specified length of time
Survival rate = 1 – Case fatality rate
7. Test sensitivity rate:
Proportion of ability of the test to detect infected animals
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆+𝒗𝒆
Absolute = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒔 × 100
Relative =
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆+𝒗𝒆
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆+𝒗𝒆 + 𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆−𝒗𝒆
× 100
8. Test specificity rate:
Proportion of ability of the test to detect non infected animals
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆−𝒗𝒆
Absolute =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒔
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆−𝒗𝒆
Relative =
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆−𝒗𝒆 + 𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆+𝒗𝒆
× 100
× 100
 Example: in January 2013, horse stable was visited where the disease is already present then
revisited after 1 year found that number of animals shown the disease ware 50 and number of
developing cases from 2011:2012 were 80 while dead animals were 25 and total animals 500
Calculate: Incidence, prevalence, fatality and survival rates
Clinical Examination
 Definition: Get my hand on the affected system of the body to approach accurate diagnosis.
 N.B: Care must be taken by the examiner during examination to protect himself from dangerous
animal by control of the animal and from zoonotic diseases by wearing gloves and disinfection
of the hand.
 Control of the animal:
1. Equine: Ear Twitch – Lip Twitch – Raise one of fore limbs.
2. Canine and Feline: Owner – Muzzle – Narcotic agent in case of vicious animal.
3. Camel: Tying all legs and mouth by ropes.
 Temperature – Pulsation - Respiration:
How to take temperature:
1. Control animal and raise tail
2. Shake thermometer till 35℃ or bellow (not handle it at bulb part)
3. Lubricate it especially in case of equine and small ruminants.
4. Introduce thermometer through anal opening then tilt it to be in contact with rectal
mucosa.
5. Wait for 1 to 1.30 minutes
6. Remove thermometer and clean it by cotton piece or water
7. Record temperature.
Items
Temperature
Pulsation
Respiration
Site
Rate
Type
Rate
1-External maxillary artery:
Equine
37:38
at medial aspect of
28:40
Horse
37:38
mandible.
45:65
Donkey
Costoabdominal
10:14
37.5:38.5
2-Median artery: at medial
70:80
Foal
aspect of upper extremity of
fore limb.
Dog
Pet animal
1-Femoral artery: at medial
15:30
38.9
90:120
Dog small breeds:
aspect of femur
Costal
Cat
37.5:38.5
65:90
Dog large breeds:
20:30
37.5:39.2
110:130
Cat
30:50
Camel
1- Posterior tibial artery: at
Abdominal
5:12
36.8
Adult
medial aspect of tibia
39.2
Calf
 Area of auscultation and percussion:


Triangular area lies between: Posterior angle of scapula – 2nd last intercostal space –
Olecranon process of ulna
Lines of area:
1. Dorsal line between posterior angle of scapula and 2nd last intercostal space
2. Anterior line between posterior angle of scapula and olecranon process of ulna
3. Ventral line between 2nd last intercostal space and olecranon process of ulna
 Ventral line mid:
1. 7th rib in pet animal
2. 11th rib in equine (number of ribs in equine 18 except Arabian horse 16)
3. 8th rib in camel
 Examination of Lung:
1. Auscultation: Normal vesicular sound
2. Percussion: Resonant sound (Gas filled organ)
 Examination of heart: at area of cardiac dullness at bottom of left side of triangular area
1. Auscultation: Lubb-Dupp sound
2. Percussion: Dull sound (Gas free organ)
 Examination of rumen in camel at paralumbar fossa (behind last rib):
Auscultation: Booming or gurgling sound (3:5 Times/minute)
Percussion: Resonant
Palpation: Resilient (Return after removal of pressure)
 Examination of Paranasal sinuses(Frontal and Maxillary sinus)
Normal percussion: Tympanic sound
Abnormal percussion: Dull sound in case of sinusitis or empyemia
 Examination of mucous membrane:
5 in female (oral – nasal – conjunctival – rectal – vaginal)
4 in male (oral – nasal – conjunctival – rectal)
 Normal Characters: rosy red – free from wound, ulcer, vesicles and discharges – shinny.
 Abnormal Characters (Color)
1. Congested: Fever – inflammation
2. Pale: Anemia – heavy parasitism
3. Cyanosed: Cardiovascular & respiratory diseases
4. Yellowish: Jaundice – Fascioliasis – late stage of hemolytic anemia
5. Petechial haemorrhage: Septicemic Cases
6. Dirty: Toxicity
7. Contain ulcer, vesicle, wound or discharges
 Examination of skin:
Normal: free from wound, erosions, alopecia, ectoparasites with shiny appearance
Abnormal: Wound
Alopecia (if regular  Ring Worm
If irregular  Mange)
 Examination of superfacial lymph nodes:
1. Pre-scapular: in-front of scapula just above shoulder
Absent in camel and replaced by inferior cervical lymph node
2. Pre-femoral: in front of femur just above stifle joint
Absent in dog and cat
3. Sub-maxillary: in inter-mandibular space
If enlarged: in cattle  Actinomycosis
In horse  Glanders or Strangles
4. Supra-mammary: at base of udder
If enlarged  Mastitis
5. Superfacial inguinal: at base of scrotum
If enlarged  Brucellosis
6. Sub-Parotid: at base of the ear
7. Retropharyngeal: behind pharynx

Items
Points of Examination
Size
Consistency
Normal
Larger in young animal than old animal
Firm
Pain
Lobulation
Temperature
Movement
Painless
Lobulated
of body temperature
Movable
Abnormal
Enlarged
Flactuating abscessiation
Hard Caseation and Calcification
Painful
Non-Lobulated
Hot
Immobile
 Jugular vein pulsation:
Jugular V present in jugular furrow with carotid A and this pulsation normally not present.
 Types:
1. False:
Physiological: in lean or emaciated animal (pulsation originate from carotid
artery)
2. True: Pathological due to pericarditis – atrioventricular valve insufficiency
 How to differentiate:
1. Make digital pressure at base of neck at jugular furrow.
2. If pulsation disappear  True
3. If pulsation persist  False
 Sites of Injection:
I/M: Gluteal – Neck – Thigh – Buttock
S/C: at area of more skin (infront of shoulder and flank region)
Catch fold of skin – introduce needle in triangular area (free movement of needle)
I/V: Jugular vein – Milk vein – Tail vein in cattle
Tibial vein –jugular vein in equine and camel
Dog and cate  fore limb in radial or cephalic vein
 Hind limb in saphenous and recurrent tarsal vein
I/D: Like S/C but no free movement of needle.
 Capillary refilling time
Press by finger on upper and lower gum then remove your finger and estimate time of returning
of gum to normal color
Normal: 1:2 seconds
Abnormal: above 2 seconds in case of dehydration or cardiovascular disturbance
 Skin Fold Test: (Skin Tent Test):
Catch skin of neck, eye or tail fold and estimate time of returning to normal position
Normal: return at once
Abnormal: delayed in case of dehydration and according to time the degree of dehydration is
recorded