Reporting Category #2
DNA information sheet:
1. Made of sugar deoxyribose
2. Monomer nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, and NITROGEN BASE *the nitrogen base is what carries
the specific information on molecule)
3. Double stranded, double helix
4. Codes for proteins
5. Replication is to make a copy of DNA
6. Structure published by Watson and Crick
7. The following cells have DNA: Prokaryote, Eukaryote
8. Viruses have some genetic information but need yours to replicate
9. The following organelles have DNA: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast
10. Chargaff’s Rule: the following nitrogen bases will always bond together to make a DNA molecule
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
11. DNA will be the best evolutionary evidence to show relationships
RNA information sheet:
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Sugar is ribose
Single stranded
Makes the proteins on the ribosome
DNA is used to make RNA
There will be no Thymine in the RNA code
Adenine will pair with Uracil…Cytosine will pair with Guanine
There are 2 parts to protein synthesis: transcription and translation
Transcription happens in nucleus, DNA unzips and RNA strand is made, then leaves nucleus to
find a ribosome
Translation happens on the ribosome, mRNA attached to the Ribosome, tRNA will bring the
Amino Acid to the ribosome. The RNA code is read on the ribosome and proteins are assembled
here as well.
A codon is the three letter code to an Amino Acid
Think of a ribosome as a factory for making proteins
DNA
A
T
G
C
RNA
U
A
C
G
Practice if the DNA code is ATTGGAC. What will the RNA code be? Hint use the table above to
help. RNA: ____________________________
Heredity information sheet:
1. Father of genetics is Gregory Mendel
2. Punnett Squares can help predict the possible genetic combinations from the genotypes of the
parents.
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Genotype-exact code of DNA
Phenotype-outer showing of traits
Dominant- allele that will show when presented with another allele
Recessive- allele that can be masked and only reappear when both recessives are together
Heterozygous- one dominant allele and one recessive allele (Aa)
Homozygous dominant-2 dominant alleles (AA)
Homozygous recessive-2 recessive alleles (aa)
Incomplete dominance- will be an intermediate of 2 alleles. For example: one red flower crossed
with one white flower will give pink flowers
(punnett square of red and
R
R
white)
W
RW
RW
W
RW
RW
Codominance- will be a blend of the 2 alleles. For example: solid black chicken crossed with a
white chicken will give a spotted black and white chicken.
Sex linked traits- traits carried on the X-chromosomes.
Girls-XX
Boys-XY
Most common examples for testing will be color blindness or hemophilia.
Example of sex linked: cross of color blind mom and normal dad
Summary: girls will be carriers, X
Y
but sons will be color blind
Xc
XcX
XcY
Xc
XcX
XcY
Boys can have trait or be normal: XcY or XY
Girls can have trait, carrier, or normal: XcXc, XcX, XX
Reason boys cannot mask trait on X is because the Y is smaller and not able to be dominant over
the traits carried on X
Mutation Vocabulary
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Point mutation- 1 base pair change
Deletion mutation- can be 1 or several deleted
Frame shift mutation- happens when the codons are shuffled because of a change in the code.
Substitution- one is removed and another replaced it. Think of when your teacher is out for the
day!
5. Insertion- adding of alleles without taking any away
6. Inversion- the alleles will flip the order: ATG will be GTA
Reproduction of living things
1. Prokaryotes will reproduce asexually by binary fission
2. Prokaryotes will reproduce sexually by conjugation
3. Eukaryotes will reproduce asexually by mitosis-identical cells made from parent
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Eukaryotes will reproduce sexually by meiosis-this makes gametes-sex cells-egg and sperm.
Meiosis makes cells with half the chromosome number than that of their parents.
FYI humans have 46 chromosomes that will be 23 pairs.
23 chromosomes came from your dad
23 chromosomes came from your mom
Fertilization is the union of egg and sperm to make a Zygote
Before Mitosis or Meiosis, the DNA must REPLICATE
Variation in DNA can ensure a species survival
During Meiosis, Gene shuffling will occur so in each cell there will be variation. This is why you
don’t look exactly like your siblings that are years apart from you.
13. Only way new alleles are put into a gene pool will be the result of mutations
Must know how to:
1. Do sex-linked punnett squares
2. Regular 1 trait punnett squares
3. 2 trait punnett squares
Let’s practice these!