Describe the locations of the tumor shown above to the best of
your knowledge.
Words that describe the “view”:
Fig. 1-9, p. 20
Fig. 1-8, p. 18
Words that describe position:
Left/right
Ventral/ dorsal
Medial/ lateral
Palmer/ plantar
Anterior/ posterior
femoral/ humeral
Proximal/ distal
frontal/ saggital/ transverse
Cranial/ caudal
frontal/ supine/ prostrate
Words that describe location:
System: 11 systems
Tissue: nervous, muscular, epithelial, connective
Body Cavity:
Dorsal
Cranial
Spinal
Cranial bones Vertebral
column
Brain
Spinal cord
vs
Ventral
Thoracic
pericardial
Abdominopelvic
Abdomen-
2 pleural
Mediastinum
Pelvic
Fig. 1-10a, p. 21
Specific location within a cavity:
Fig. 1-10c, p. 21
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
Right
Epigastric
Hypochondriac
Right
Hypochondriac
Umbilical
Lumbar
Fig. 1-7, p. 17
Left
Left
Lumbar
Right inguinal
Hypogastric
Left inguinal
(iliac)
(Pubic)
(iliac)
Membrane, Organ or Appendage:
Serous Membranes: pleural, pericardial
Describe the location of the fracture.
Is a virus “alive”?
What characteristics are shared by all living things?
 Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes
Food in and broken down-> catabolism
New molecules and structures synthesized -> anabolism





Responsiveness: stimulus -> response
Movement: internal for all, external for many
Growth
Differentiation
-stem cells
Reproduction
 Homeostasis: The state of staying the same in spite of
change.
External changes -> temperature
Internal changes -> blood pressure, sodium content
Homeostasis, Pathology, and Death
External changes and homeostasis = thermal regulation
Internal changes and homeostasis = physiological regulation
Nerves:
-rapid and results from nervous impulses =shivering,
reflexes
Endocrine:
-slower
-hormones into the blood
Feedback Systems -a cycle of events
Monitor a controlled condition, any disruption of that condition is a
STIMULUS.





Body status continually monitored
Evaluated
Changed
Re-monitored
Re-evaluated
3 Basic Components of a Feedback System
 Receptor –monitors changes in the controlled
condition. Sends message to the control center.
 Control Center- sets an acceptable range of values for
a particular condition. Evaluates the input from the
receptors and executes a change when necessary.
 Effector-Receives output from the control center and
executes a response to change the controlled
condition.
What would happen in response to this stimulus?
Nervous and Endocrine!
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: A mechanism of response in which a
stimulus initiates actions that reverse or reduce that
stimulus.
Using the diagram above how does insulin regulate blood sugar?
POSITIVE FEEDBACK: A feedback mechanism in which the
response enhances the original stimulus.
WATER -H2O
Can life exist without water? It is where life began and it is
the first habitat of human life. What makes it so special?
Dipole
A single molecule of water has 2 covalent bonds (shared
electrons) and is neutral in net charge BUT it has unequal
distribution of charge which gives it special properties.
Water is a good solvent and dissolves polar substances.
Because each side has a different charge it has
electronegativity that allows it to form ionic bonds with
ions. Positive ions are attracted to the negative side
(oxygen) and negative ions are attracted to the positive side
(hydrogen). This characteristic allows it to form solutions in
living systems.
Hydrophilic substances “like” water and dissolve in it or
interact with its polar nature.
Living things have “hydrophilic”
a. Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds that form
between the hydrogen proton of one molecule with the
negatively charged side of another –here its own oxygen.
The hydrogen bond is weak by itself but strong in
combination with others.
Fig. 2-6, p. 33
Water can form 4 hydrogen bonds due to its tetrahedral
structure. In ice it forms all 4. In liquid water it forms 3
bonds.
These three bonds account for important biological
properties and also why a belly flop hurts so much.
1. Solvent
-hydrophilic (polar)
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride above vs. covalent
bonding in glucose below –still both are hydrophilic
-hydrophobic (non-polar) oil and water!
2. Cohesion of Water Molecules
-surface tension
-hydrogen bonding
3. Water as a lubricant
5. High Heat Capacity
-can absorb or release large quantities of heat without a
large change in its temperature.
pH
Definition:
 The negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration.
 p = negative log (log = an exponent)
 each pH unit is a 10 fold increase
pH scale
0
to
14
acid
to
base
lots of H+
to
less H+ (and more OH -)
Based on the [H+], (hydrogen ion concentration)
At pH 7, the [H+] is 0.0000001 M H+/ liter or 10 –7
The negative log = - (-7) or 7
Strong acids (or bases): ionize easily and contribute many
H+ or (OH-). They change pH drastically.
Weak acids (or bases): don’t ionize much and contribute
less H+ or OH-. They have less of an effect on pH.