Science 9
Unit A – Biological Diversity
Section 1 Vocabulary
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Species
Biological diversity
Ecosystem
Population
Community
Genus (genera)
Kingdom
Phya (phylum)
Subphyla
Class
Order
Families
Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Interspecies competition
Niche
Resource partitioning
Variability
Natural selection
Notes
Section 1.1 (pages 9-15)
Examining Diversity
Life on our planet exists in many forms.
Biologists have identified:
- Over ________ animal species
- Over 350,000 plant species
- Scientists estimate there are _________ insect species on Earth, with only
___________ having been identified.
A ____________ is a group of organisms that have the _____________ and can
______________ with one another.
What is diversity? Can you find examples of diversity in our classroom?
What is biological diversity?
Diversity Between Ecosystems:
Living (_________) organisms interact with other living and non-living (_________)
factors within an ecosystem.
- there is a huge variety of ecosystems on Earth.
Diversity Within Ecosystems:
A _______________ is formed when members of the _________________ live in a
_____________ and share the ___________________.
If populations of __________________ live in the ________________, then a
_______________ is formed
- This is the _________ part of an ecosystem.
Diversity Within Species:
- Members of a species have the same _____________
- Subtle _____________ are apparent between ____________ members
-Genetic diversity refers to the variations between members of a population
- For the most part, these variations are caused by variations in the cells of the
organism
- Some variations are not easily visible (for example, blood type)
Species Distribution:
Species on Earth are not distributed evenly
- Greatest numbers are around the equator
- Decreases towards the poles
The Arctic and Antarctic contain the lowest biological diversity
Outside-the-box question – WHY?
Classifying Biological Diversity:
18th century scientist named ____________________ developed a
______________________
Used __________  most common scientific language at that time
_________________ name each ______________ thing
___________ word indicates ____________
_______________ word indicates _______________
Different species have different names
Canis familiaris
Canis lupus
Closely related species can have the same ______________ name, but not the same
__________ name.
Linnaeus arranged species based on their _____________________ rather than their
_________________
- Naming still in __________ – dead language so it does not change over time
o Latin names are used worldwide, ensuring all scientists know which
species is being discussed
Scientists having been using a ______________________________ classification
system:
_______________ (animals)
______________ (plants)
___________ (yeast, mould, mushroom)
_____________ (single-celled organisms)
______________ (bacteria)
Each _______________ is divided into a series of ____________.
Phyla are divided into ______________, and further subdivided into orders.
_____________ are divided into ______________, then into ______________ (genus)
and into _______________.
Section 1.2
Interdependence (pages 16-19)
- No species can survive by ___________
- In grade 7, you learned about how food chains and food webs illustrate the
relationships between populations of organisms.
________________ Relationship:
- Prey species ________________ from a predator-prey relationship:
Population size is ______________  less competition
Prevents ________________________
_______, _________ or __________ members are typically captured by
predators, allowing _______________________ to survive
Symbiosis:
- another example of interdependence
- sym means ___________, bios means __________
-there are different types of symbiosis:
-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
Commensalism:
One participating organism ______________, while the other is
__________________________________
Eg:Birds nesting in trees
Eg: Barnacles on whales
Mutualism
_________ organisms ______________
Eg: Bull’s horn acacia tree is home to ants while it is protected from being fed
upon
Eg: Flower Clusia provides a medicine to bees as the bee pollinates the flower
Parasitism
One organism _______________ while another is _______________
Parasites ______________________ their host because the host is the
_______________________
Eg: Tapeworms in humans or other animals
Not limited to simply _______ organisms
Symbiosis as an example of _____________________ is ____________
- One species’ survival depends on the _______________ and _______________
of another species
- Illustrates the importance of ___________________ helping organisms survive in
their ________________________
There is one type of interaction between different species in which neither species
benefits:
________________________________ happens when two or more species need the
________________________
- Limits the ___________ of the populations of competing species
- Why can so many species exist together in the same location?
First we have to answer the question: What is a niche?
A niche describes an organism’s _______________________
Includes:
- A niche is not necessarily the same for different populations of the same species: food
supply and competitors may be different in different areas.
- An organism's niche may change over its lifespan
Eg: frog
So how do similar species co-exist in an area?
________________
Similar species can _______________ in an area if they occupy slightly different roles
within the ecosystem. In other words, they occupy different _______________. In this
way, they divide up the resources.
Eg: warblers feed on worms in different parts of a spruce tree. Their niches differ in
the feeding location they prefer.
*Resource partitioning does not always involve food.
Section 1.3
Variation Within Species (pages 20-24)
_______________ refers to the _______________ within a _________________
Eg:
Variation is not always immediately noticeable:
-hand span is an example
Variability is important if the ____________________ of the species ___________
-_____________ among individuals of a species means it is more likely
______________________environmental changes
Environmental changes don’t simply mean ______________________;
- New _______________
- New _________________
- __________ substance
- Loss ___________________
Natural Selection:
my definition:
definition: