Auxiliary material for
Seismic slip deficit in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS observations
Celia Schiffman1, Bikram Singh Bali2, Walter Szeliga3, and Roger Bilham1
1. CIRES and Geol. Science, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0399,
2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar India, 190006
3. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926
Geophysical Research Letters
Introduction
The table file ts01.docx contains the GPS data and station information used in the
manuscript. Data were acquired from 2006-2012 in Kashmir. Campaign points were
occupied for 4-7 days and continuous measurements were obtained at Raujari, Srinagar,
Dras and Kargil for more than three years. Trimble 5700 receivers with zephyr antennas
were used throughout. The text file text01.docx contains a description of how we
determined the subsurface geometry, our modeling procedures, and details on the GPS
data processing. We include several supplement figures that are discussed in text01.docx:
Figure S1 (fA01.jpeg) is various structural interpretations for the Kashmir Valley, Figure
S2 (fA02.jpeg) shows seismic sounding data and its interpretation underneath the
Kashmir Valley, Figure S3-5 (fA03-05.jpeg) show various model fits to the GPS data,
Figure S6 (pA06.jpeg) shows smoothed contours of range-normal convergence velocities,
Figure S7 (pA07.jpeg) shows smoothed contours of range-parallel shear velocities, and
Figure S8 (pA08.jpeg) shows a model fit to the range-parallel velocities.
1. ts01.docx: GPS data and station information used in this study.
1.1 Column “longitude”, degrees, longitude of GPS station.
1.2 Column “latitude”, degrees, latitude of GPS station.
1.3 Column “east”, mm/yr, eastern velocity of GPS station.
1.4 Column “north”, mm/yr, northern velocity of GPS station.
1.5 Column “uncE”, mm/yr, uncertainty of eastern velocity.
1.6 Column “uncN”, mm/yr, uncertainty of northern velocity.
1.7 Column “avg unc”, mm/yr, average uncertainty of station velocity.
1.8 Column “name”, text, name of GPS station.
2. text01.docx: a description of how we determined the subsurface geometry, our
modeling procedures, and details on the GPS data processing.
3. fA01.tiff (Figure S1): Various structural interpretations for the Kashmir Valley. Top:
NE/SW section. Wadia [1934] proposed that a contorted syncline overlies a basal thrust.
Center: same projection CC'. Burbank and Johnson [1983] envisage a ramp beneath the
Pir Pinjal as responsible for NE-tilting of the Karewa deposits in the Kashmir Valley,
with a thrust fault underlying the Zanskar. A thrust fault has also been proposed by Searle
[personal communication, 2012] to explain the observed offset of the Pinjal volcanics,
but no evidence for as surface thrust has yet been documented. Lower: two end-member
geometries proposed by Vignon [2011].
4. fA02.jpeg (Figure S2): Seismic sounding data from Kaila et al. [1984]. A: Map view
showing line of cross-section. B: Cross-section of topography and inferred sub-surface
geometry. The dashed lines in the vicinity of T4 represent the possibility that the
Balapora Fault dips southwest. The dotted lines between LL and T3 and underneath the
Zanskar represent the geometry if there is only one ramp. C: Seismic reflection data from
Kaila et al. [1984]. D: Our interpretation of the seismic reflection data. BF-Balapora
Fault, RF-Riasi Fault, LL-locking line, TZ-transition zone, FC-fully creeping. See main
text for definitions of T1-5.
5. fA03.jpeg (Figure S3): Model best fits of varying taper widths for planar dislocations
with subsurface velocity distributions in mm/year. RMSE is root mean square error, and
is defined in the text. Upper panels show subsurface velocities and geometry: lower
panels show observed surface velocities with their uncertainties, with synthetic bestfitting model. Coordinates of station NARA are 34.29N, 75.32E. Horizontal position on
the RMSE plots is the distance with respect to NARA on a N225E line, which can be
seen in Figure S2a.
6. fA04.jpeg (Figure S4): Model best fits of varying taper widths on a double-ramp
subsurface geometry. RMSE is root mean square error, and is defined in the text. Upper
panels show subsurface planes and velocities in mm/yr. In the lower panels, GPS points
are plotted with their uncertainties, and the solid line is the model result from the plane
and speeds in the top panel. Horizontal position on the RMSE plots is the distance with
respect to NARA on a N225E line, which can be seen in Figure S2a.
7. fA05.jpeg (Figure S5): Model best fits for tapered subsurface slip on a single-ramp
subsurface geometry. RMSE is root mean square error, and is defined in the text. Upper
panels show subsurface planes and velocities in mm/year. In the lower panels, GPS
points are plotted with their uncertainties, and the solid line is the model result from the
plane and speeds in the top panel. Horizontal position on the RMSE plots is the distance
with respect to NARA on a N225E line, which can be seen in Figure S2a.
8. pA06.jpeg (Figure S6): Smoothed contours of range-normal convergence velocities
(i.e. the S55°W component of indicated observed GPS velocity vectors). KF-Karakoram
Fault, MMT-Main Mantle Thrust, MCT-Main Central Thrust, MBT-Main Boundary
Thrust, and MFT-Main Frontal Thrust. GPS data included from Jade et al. (2004).
9. pA07.jpeg (Figure S7): Smoothed contours of range-parallel shear velocities (i.e. the
N145°E component of indicated observed GPS velocity vectors). KF-Karakoram Fault,
MMT-Main Mantle Thrust, MCT-Main Central Thrust, MBT-Main Boundary Thrust,
and MFT-Main Frontal Thrust. GPS data included from Jade et al. (2004).
10. pA08.jpeg (Figure S8): GPS range parallel velocities (N145°E) and synthetic fit of
the shear signal. A range of sinistral slip velocities of 3-6 mm/year is consistent with the
observed data.