wolofal orthography
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WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY Galen Currah, revised 20 May 2011 Contents Wolofal .......................................................................................................................................................1 Wolofal Single Consonants ........................................................................................................................1 Wolofal Chadda and Sukkun ......................................................................................................................3 Wolofal Unmarked Consonants .................................................................................................................3 Wolofal Nasal Consonants .........................................................................................................................3 Wolofal Geminated Consonants ................................................................................................................4 Wolofal Short Vowels.................................................................................................................................6 Wolofal Long Vowels..................................................................................................................................8 Wolofal Wolofal is Wolof Ajami, that is, Wolof written in Arabic characters. Thus, Wolofal is written from right to left, following current Wolof word division rules. The Wolofal glyphs presented in this document conform to directives of the Senegal government Direction de la promotion des langues nationales (DPLN). In this document, Wolofal glyphs and examples employ the OpenType SenAjami4OT.ttf font )دreplaced by the author. developed by Mark Skinner at SIL, with dal ( Wolofal Single Consonants Consonants consist of a cursive glyph that may have a diacritical mark above or below. Each consonant has four forms: initial, medial, final and isolate. Consonant names derive from Arabic. Most consonants )د, reh ( )رand waw ()و in a word are joined in a continual cursive style, with the exception of dal ( which do not join to a following letter. Wolof Wolof DepreGlyph Phoneme cated b /b/ c /c/ d /d/ f /f/ DPLN Glyph بـبـب ب ݖـݖـݖ ݖ چ د ـد ـد د فـفـف ف ڢ Unicode Arabic Point Name Sample َ baax باخ U+0628 Beh U+0756 Cheh َ ݖاب caabi U+062F Dal َ دان daanu U+0641 Feh َار ف faar WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY g /g/ h /h/ j /ʤ/ k /k/ l /l/ m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ɲ/ ŋ /ŋ/ p /p/ q /q/ r /ɾ/ s /s/ t /t/ w /w/ x /x/ y /j/ گگگ گ ھـهـه ه ججج ج ککک ک لـلـل ل مـمـم م نـنـن ن ݧـݧـݧ ݧ ݝـݝـݝ ݝ ݤ ݒـݒـݒ ݒ پ قـقـق ق ر ـر ـر ر سسس س تـتـت ت و ـو ـو و خخخ خ يـيـي ي 2 َال گ U+06AF Gaf U+06BE Heh U+062C Jeem َاي ج jaay U+0643 Kaf َان ک kaani U+0644 Lam َلج ََ َاي ھک ا gaal ahakaay lajj U+0645 Meem َ مام maam U+0646 Noon َ نان naan U+0767 Ñoon َ ݧان ñaan U+075D Ŋoon َام ݝ ŋaam U+0752 Peh U+0642 Qaf ٕݒ ݒ َ َر نق naqar U+0631 Reh َاس ر raas U+0633 Seen سَنت sant U+062A Teh َ تار taar U+0648 Waw َاو و U+062E Khah َم خ U+064A Yeh َ ياي pepp waaw xam yaay WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY 3 Wolofal Chadda and Sukkun These two diacritical marks appear over a consonant; they never appear together over a consonant. ّ) indicates a released consonant. It appears in two cases: (1) over a geminated consonant, as Chadda ( مگ مگ ٚ (màgg) and in َّل ٚ(màggal), and (2) over the second consonant of a final, nasal consonant pair, as in َنݖ ( سsanc). When a consonant has a chadda and a vowel, the vowel appears either above in the chadda or below the consonant. Although native Wolof speakers will sometimes voice a final released consonant, no vowel is written in Wolofal. ّ) indicates the absence of a vowel, as in خٝ( جjox) and in ٕخلٝ( جjoxle). It only appears over Sukkun ( an unreleased consonant, that is, over a consonant that is neither geminated nor the second of a final consonant pair. Wolofal Unmarked Consonants There are two cases in which a Wolofal consonant carries neither a vowel nor a sukkun. 1) When it is the prenasal consonant of a consonant pair, as in (سَنݖsanc) and in مبٕد (mbedd). 2) When it indicates a long vowel, as in َ بال (baal) and in ٕيخ ( وweex). Wolofal Nasal Consonants )مـor noon ( )نـfollowed by another consonant. A prenasal noon ( )نـmay be followed by cheh ()ـݖ, dal ()ـد, geh ()ـگ, jeem ()ـج, kaf ( )ـکqaf ( )ـقor teh ()ـت. A prenasal mem ( )مـmay be followed beh ( )ـبor peh ()ـݒ. Nasal pairs may appear as either the first or last phoneme in a word, or inside a word before a suffix. Neither consonant in a nasal pair carries a sukkun (ّ). When a nasal consonant pair occurs at the end of a word, the last letter carries a chadda (ّ), indicating a release. Some Wolof speakers tend to Wolofal nasal consonants consist of a consonant pair, a ‘prenasal’ mem ( hear a nasal consonant pair as one phoneme. Wolof Deprecated Glyphs mb DPLN Glyphs Sample مبَار مبــمبــمب ݑ mbaar WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY mp nc nd ng nj nk nq 4 * ــمݒــمݒ * ــنݖــنݖ ند ـند ـند ڎ نگــنگــنگ ݣ نجــنجـنج ݘ نکــنکــنک *ـنقــنق سَمݒsamp سَنݖsanc َ نndaw دو نگ َ nga ولٝ نجnjool دنکdénk َنق جjanq * Does not appear at the beginning of a word. Wolofal Geminated Consonants Geminated consonants occur at the end of a word or before a suffix. Native Wolof speakers pronounce geminated consonants about half again as long as a simple consonant. (Second-language Wolof speakers may lengthen a preceding vowel and employ a simple consonant.) In Wolofal, a geminated consonant ّ). A geminated consonant may also carry a vowel which appears above the chadda or below itself. However a geminated consonant never carries a sukkun (ّ). Native Wolof speakers carries a chadda ( release a geminated consonant and may supply a slight vowel sound, often influenced by the first vowel in a following word; that vowel sound is not written in either Wolof or Wolofal. Wolof Glyphs -bb -cc -dd DPLN Glyphs ـبـ ـب ـݖـ ـݖ ـد Sample مبب mbubb مݖ mucc دٚ ف fàdd WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY -gg -jj -kk -ll -mm -nn - ññ - ŋŋ -pp 5 ـد ـگـ ـگ ـجـ ـج ـکـ ـک ـلـ ـل ـمـ ـم ـنـ ـن ـݧـ ـݧ ـݝـ ـݝ ـݒـ َّل مگ ٚ màggal مج mujj مک mukk َّ يل ٚ Yàlla مٚ ج jàmm ٕن ب benn ٕݧ م meññ دݝ ٝ doŋŋ لݒ lépp WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY 6 ـݒ ـتـ ـت ـو ـو -tt -ww لت وٚ ف létt fàww Wolofal Short Vowels Wolofal short vowels appear as diacritical marks over or under a consonant. If its consonant has a chadda ( ّ), then a vowel may appear over the chadda. A vowel at the beginning of a word appears over or under an alif ( ) اas ٚ ا, ٚ ا, ا, ٕ ا, ا, ا, ٝ ا, ا, ا. If a consonant has neither a vowel nor a ّ) chadda, then it may carry a sukkun ( Wolof Glyph Wolof Phoneme Deprecated a a ¯ à ā ë Ə e ɛ é e i i o ɔ ó o َ ّ ¯ ّ ّ _ ٝ ٝ DPLN Glyph َ ّ ّ ٚ ّ ٕ ّ ّ ّ ّ ٝ ّ Unicode Point Sample U+064E َ mag مگ U+065A مگ ٚ màgg U+065E بتbët U+0655 ٕݒ کkepp U+0656 کݒképp U+0650 َا تم itam U+0654 قٝ سsoq U+0657 نبnób WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY u u 7 ّ U+064F دگبdugub WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY 8 Wolofal Long Vowels Long vowels in Wolofal are written as short vowels with a consonant following that has no vowel or ا ي diacritical mark. Thus, ‘aa’ is followed by alif ( ), ‘ee’, ‘éé’ or ‘ii’ is followed by yad ( ), and ‘oo’, ‘óó’ or ‘uu’ is followed by waw ()و. There are two special cases. When a word begins with ‘aa’, this long vowel appear as ‘’ا. When lam ( )لis followed by ‘aa’, they appear as َ ‘’ل. Wolof Glyphs Aa aa ee ée ii oo óo uu laa DPLN Glyphs ا َا ّ ٕ ّي ّي ّي وٝ ّ ّو ّو َل Sample َا د َ بات ٕين ل لين نجيت ورٝ و وور بور لَل aada baat leen léen njiit woor wóor buur laal
