Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up –
The Rise of Graduate Education and University Research
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UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2014). Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding
Up – The Rise of Graduate Education and University Research. Montreal: UIS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/978-92-9189-147-4-en
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List of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for figures and statistical tables
Figure 1. Gross enrolment ratios for Bachelor’s programmes by country of territory, 1980-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f1
Figure 2. Gross graduation ratios for Bachelor’s programmes by country or territory, 2000 and
2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f2
Figure 3. Student-instructor ratio in higher education institutions in selected countries or
territories, 2000 and 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f3
Figure 4. Public expenditure per higher education student by country or territory, 2000 and
2011 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f4
Figure 5. Public expenditure on higher education as a percentage of total public education
expenditure by country or territory, 2000 and 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f5
Figure 6. Enrolment in private higher education institutions as a percentage of total higher
education enrolment by country or territory, 2011 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f6
Figure 7. Adjusted gender parity index for higher education gross enrolment ratios by country or
territory, 2000 and 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f7
Figure 13. Distribution of higher education enrolment by programme type, 2011 or most recent
year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f13
Figure 14. Gross enrolment ratios for Master’s and doctoral programmes by country or territory,
1980-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f14
Figure 15. Number of Master’s and doctoral graduates per 100,000 inhabitants by country or
territory, 2011 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f15
Figure 16. Distribution of internationally mobile students by type of programme in selected host
countries, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f16
Figure 17. Distribution of gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance, 2011
or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f17
Figure 18. Number of researchers in the higher education sector in relation to doctoral
enrolments by country or territory, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f18
Figure 19. Main sources of international students in Malaysia and Thailand, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f19
Figure 20. Total R&D efforts by country or territory, 2011 or the most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f20
Figure 21. R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP and researchers per 1 million inhabitants,
2011 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f21
Figure 22. Share of researchers (in full-time equivalent) by sector of performance, 2011 or most
recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f22
Figure 23. Distribution of R&D expenditure by type of activity in selected countries, 2011 or
most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f23
Figure 24. Female researchers (in headcounts) as a percentage of all researchers by sector,
2011 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f24
Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up
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Figure 25. Distribution of researchers in the higher education sector by field of science, 2011 or
most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f25
Figure 27. Distribution of universities by research performance in broad subject areas, 20082011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f27
Figure 30. Trends in the percentage of internationally co-authored articles in selected countries
or territories, 2003-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f30
Figure 31. Number and annual growth rate of publications indexed in Scopus by country or
territory, 1997-2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f31
Figure 32. Distribution of publications by discipline in the Asian countries analysed in the study,
1997-2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f32
Figure 33. Growth rate of publications by discipline in the Asian countries analysed in the study,
1997-2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/f33
Table 2. Number and type of higher education institutions in selected countries, 2012 or the
most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t2
Table 3. Distribution of the population aged 20 to 24 years by attendance and household wealth
in Viet Nam, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t3
Table 4. Enrolment in Master's and doctoral programmes by type of higher education
institutions, 2011 or the most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t4
Table 5. Number of Master's and doctoral graduates and the proportion that graduated from
science and technology fields, 2011 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t5
Table 6. Percentage of higher education instructors who have a Master’s or doctoral degree by
type of institution, 2012 or most recent year available
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t6
Table 7. Enrolment by type of programme and institution in Malaysia, 2007 and 2010
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t7
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Table 8. Enrolment by type of programme and institution in Thailand, 2007 and 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t8
Table 9. Enrolment in research universities included in this study
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t9
Table 10. Number of interviewees by function
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t10
Table 11. Distribution of graduates by occupation, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t11
Table 12. GDP per capita and selected R&D indicators for the Republic of Korea, 1965-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t12
Table 13. R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP, 2001-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t13
Table 14. Number of universities in top world university rankings, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t14
Table 15. Number of universities in Top 500 Academic Ranking of World Universities, 2004,
2008 and 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t15
Table 19. Number of universities by research performance in broad subject areas, 2008-2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t19
Table 20. Number of universities by range of research-active areas, 2008-2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t20
Table 21. Distribution of universities by research performance in niche areas, 2008-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t21
Table 22. Asian universities with world class research performance in at least one niche subject
area, 2008-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t22
Table 23. Universities with world class research performance in niche subject areas and their
positions in selected international university rankings
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t23
Table 24. Number of universities with the highest publication growth rate by broad subject area
and country or territory, 2008-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t24
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Table 25. Number of universities with the highest in-region collaboration by broad subject area
and country or territory, 2008-2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t25
Table 30. Main research disciplinary specialisation and collaboration partners, 1997-2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/t30
Table B1. Tertiary Education: Enrolment and teaching staff, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b1
Table B2. Tertiary Education, Internationally (degree-seeking) mobile students a by host
country and region of origin, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b2
Table B3. Tertiary Education: International flows of (degree-seeking) mobile students by
country of origin, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b3
Table B4. Tertiary Education: Graduates by broad fields of education, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b4
Table B5. Public expenditure on education: Financial year ending in 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b5
Table B6. Total Research and Development (R&D) efforts, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b6
Table B7. Researchers in full-time equivalents by sector of employment, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b7
Table B8. R&D expenditure by type of R&D activity (%), 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b8
Table B9. Female researchers in headcounts as a percentage of the total number of
researchers, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b9
Table B10. Researchers in headcounts in the higher education sector by field of science (%),
2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/2014/ed/sd/2/b10
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