Index word strings:
CHAPTER 1
Angular momentum balance (balance)
angular momentum conservation
angular momentum is conserved
Angular momentum conservation
angular momentum conserving zonal wind
angular momentum conserving flow
Asian Monsoon
(balance) between meridional and zonal motions, temperature and geopotential gradients, and friction
(balance) surface stress τ from the winds against mountain torque
barotropic eddies blow parallel to temperature contours (wind blows parallel to temp. cont.)
baroclinic eddies
baroclinic eddy dominated circulations
also: circulation, Hadley cell
also ‘hybrid’ ? -not markedalso Ferrel cell
in ocean
---cools down by (infrared emission)
Conservation of angular momentum
Coriolis force
Definition(s) of the general circulation
dry static energy -- also DSE
DSE is defined
DSE heat flux, poleward
earth’s radius (~6370 km – use this or just have appendix B of values?
Eddies’ refer to
Ekman balance
three-way balance occurs is in an ‘Ekman’ layer
Ekman balance within the atmosphere
Ekman’ layer
atmospheric Ekman layer
(atmospheric) Ekman layer for a high has sinking
(atmospheric) upward motion out of the Ekman layer for a low
Ekman ‘pumping’
Energy (balance)
Ferrel cell
Ferrel cell circulation
geopotential gradient, meridional
geostrophic balance
gradient of geopotential
Gulf Stream
Hadley cells’
Hadley cell circulation
heat capacity
(heat transport)
--- heat transport – sensible, latent?, poleward by water
--- transport heat poleward
--- meridional heat transport
-------hypsometric balance – C.13
(instability)
barotropic’ instability – also link to barotropic instability
form drag instability
necessary condition for instability of vertically sheared flows
Static stability helps control the latitude at which the instability criterion
baroclinic instability
baroclinic instability criterion
hydrodynamic instability --- chap 2
-------(jet) Indian Ocean monsoon jet
Kuro Shio
Long waves refers to
longwave emission
mass balance
meridional cells’
Meridional’ refers to
‘middle’ latitudes mean the same as ‘midlatitudes’
moist static energy – MSE
MSE is defined
MSE is observed
(Defining) net radiation
net radiation implies a meridional transport of heat
(ocean)
wind-driven circulation
western intensification of the current
western boundary current
Gulf Stream
Kuro Shio
buoyancy-driven circulation
destabilizing (by radiation and surface heat fluxes)
horizontal convection
thermohaline’ circulation, thermohaline circulation, thermohaline circulation, global
----Polar’ regions
Potential energy increases
conversion to eddy potential energy, conversion to eddy
observed distribution of precipitation, obs dist of
precipitation and evaporation distribution implies low level flow
pressure gradient force --- also PGF
Radiative balance states that, global (balance)
Radiative cooling rates
Rayleigh friction
Scale analyses
seasonal variability
sensible heat transport
shortwave (solar) radiation
specific heat
stationary’ refers to
stratosphere temperature pattern
stratosphere, the meridional gradient of geopotential
subtropical high also sub. High, and Hadley cell (link to H cell)
subtropical jet
subtropical jet stream
subtropics’ is defined
(temperature gradient) is primarily meridional
terrestrial (longwave) radiation
thermal equilibrium
thermal wind balance – C.38
mountain torque, mount.
mountain torque formula
surface torque formula
torque upon the solid Earth, net
torque upon, net
balance between the torque, bal. of surface
(torque) westerlies would exert stress upon the ocean
transient’ eddies that are time varying
poleward transport of heat – heat transport, poleward
‘tropics’ is defined
tropical plumes
virtual temperature gradient, meridional
(vorticity)
meridional gradient of absolute vorticity
curvature vorticity
shear vorticity
Vorticity is a local measure of the rotation
----western boundary current or WBC
wind mixed layer
Zonal is defined, Zonal was defined
zonal average
Chapter 2
averaging
is a filter
Averaging smears out many small-scale properties
how much time is adequate for time averages
Why zonal average
cloud-track winds (CTW)
data
variables are essential for understanding the general circulation
observational data needed to study the primary balances
data coverage
construction of these reanalyses
data assimilation
composite their observations
compositing is: what length of time (or space)
see also errors
errors
random errors, then time and zonal averages reduce
time sampling error
representativeness “error
transient error variance
Ferrel cell
Hadley and Ferrel cells must be at least partly ageostrophic (used twice)
geostrophic balance
useful tool for qualitative interpretation
implications of geostrophic balance
link between features seen in the mass and horizontal wind fields
Hadley cell
Hadley and Ferrel cells must be at least partly ageostrophic (used twice)
hydrostatic balance
hydrostatic balance has three implications
hypsometric balance
implication of that balance ??
link features seen in the thermal and mass fields
initialization
intertropical convergence zone
objective analysis
Observing system ---- repeat same labels or separately list just by the labels: station-based, satellite?
upgrade of the observing system occurred in 1979
fixed-location network
advantages of station-based data
Station-based observational data have several drawbacks
station coverage is generally excellent over the land
surface observation network has many more stations
temperature sounding coverage from an operational polar orbiting satellite
(satellite) estimate temperatures from measuring infrared emission
Estimation of the temperature error
Wind information can be obtained from satellites
e.g.: satellite, wind information from
(satellite) water vapor present in the middle troposphere
Commercial aircraft
merchant ships
Buoys
implications of an uneven sampling
sample adequately
gaps in the observational network
Reanalysis -- analyses
(reanalysis) values were influenced by observations versus model calculations
Thermal wind shear
temperature gradient implies a wind shear
transitional wavenumber
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 3