Psy 402 Exam 3 chapter objectives
Chapter 7 Outline
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
The sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) is Piaget’s first intellectual stage when infants
are relying on behavioral schemes as a means of exploring and understanding the environment.
Challenges to Piaget's account of sensorimotor development
The preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) and the emergence of symbolic thought.
The concrete-operational stage (7 to 11 years) is Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development
when children are acquiring cognitive operations and thinking more logically about real objects
and experiences.
The formal-operational stage (11- to 12- years and beyond) is Piaget’s fourth and final stage of
cognitive development when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically
about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.
Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective
The social origins of early cognitive competencies and the zone of proximal development.
The zone of proximal development
Apprenticeship in thinking and guided participation
Guided Participation
Ch 10 Language
Five components of language
Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
Morphemes
Syntax
Pragmatics
Sociolinguistic knowledge
Theories of language development
The learning (or empiricist) perspective
The nativist perspective
The interactionist perspective
Chapter 12:Development of the Self and Social Cognition
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF-CONCEPT
Self-Differentiation in Infancy
Self-Recognition in Infancy
Contributors to Self-Recognition
Social and Emotional Consequences of Self-Recognition
Who Am I? Responses of Preschool Children
Conceptions of Self in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Becomes more abstract with age
SELF-ESTEEM: THE EVALUATIVE COMPONENT OF SELF
Origins and Development of Self-Esteem
Components of Self-Esteem
Changes in Self-Esteem
Importance of Self-Esteem
Social Contributors to Self-Esteem
Parenting Styles
Peer Influences
Culture, Ethnicity, and Self-Esteem
Dweck’s Learned-Helplessness Theory
Learned helplessness orientation: attribute failures to stable and internal factor
FORGING AN IDENTITY
Identity
Identity diffusion:
Foreclosure:
Moratorium
Identity achievement:
Developmental Trends in Identity Formation
Influences on Identity Formation
Cognitive Influences
Parenting Influences
Scholastic Influences
Social-Cultural Influences
Chapter 14
The development of aggression
Aggression
Hostile aggression
Instrumental aggression
Developmental trends in aggression
Sex differences
From aggression to antisocial conduct
Retaliatory aggression
Relational aggression
Individual differences in aggressive behavior
Proactive aggressors
Reactive aggressors
Dodge’s social information-processing theory of aggression
Perpetrators and victims of peer aggression
Popularity and aggression
Cultural and subcultural influences on aggression
Coercive home environments: Breeding grounds for aggression and delinquency
Parental Conflict and Children’s Aggression
Emotionally unavailable
Coercive home
Negative reinforcement
Methods of controlling aggression in young children
Social-cognitive interventions
Altruism
Prosocial behavior
Origins of altruism
Prosocial moral reasoning
Empathy
Socialization of empathy
Age trends in the empathy-altruism relationship
Cultural and social influences on altruism
Cultural influences
Social influences
Who raises altruistic children?
Moral development: Affective, cognitive, and behavioral components
Morality
Internalization
Piaget's theory of moral development
The premoral period
Heteronomous morality
Autonomous morality –
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
a. Level 1: Preconventional morality
b.Level 2: Conventional morality
c. Level 3: Postconventional (or principled) morality
Support for Kohlberg's theory
Criticisms of Kohlberg’s approach
Is Kohlberg's theory culturally biased?
Box 14.2 – Appling research to your life: How should I discipline my children?
Chapter 15 Contexts of Development
Parental socialization during childhood and adolescence
Two major dimensions of parenting
Four patterns of parenting
1.
Authoritarian parenting
2.
Authoritative parenting
3.
Permissive parenting
4.
Uninvolved parenting
Box 15.1 – Focus on research: Parenting styles and developmental outcomes
Behavioral control versus psychological control
Peers as Agents of Socialization
Who is a peer and what functions do peers serve?
The development of peer sociability
Peer sociability in middle childhood and adolescence
Peer groups
Clique.
Crowd
Peer acceptance and popularity
Peer acceptance –
Sociometric techniques
Popular children –
Rejected children
Neglected children
Controversial children –
Average-status children –
Why are children accepted, neglected, or rejected by peers?
The effects of television on child development
Development of television literacy
Television
Some potentially undesirable effects of television
Effects of television violence
Does television violence instigate aggression?