Cross-Сultural Psychology
In Brief
Course time: 6 ECTS units (credits), September 2015 to March 2016.
Location: HSE Psychology department. Volgogradsky prosp. 46B (Tekstilshiki), room 108.
Teachers:
•
Lectures: Nadezhda M. Lebedeva (Ph.D., Prof.), e-mail: nlebedeva@hse.ru. Office: Room 214,
Volgogradsky prosp. 46B; office hours: Tuesday 14.00-18.30, Thursday 14.00-18.30.
•
Seminars:
Alyona Khaptsova, e-mail: alena.khaptsova@list.ru
Olga Poluektova, e-mail: olga_poluektova@hotmail.com
1. Course objectives
The main objectives of the course are:
1) to introduce the main theories and researches in cultural and cross-cultural
psychology;
2) to develop an interest, motivation and skills of primary analysis of cultural
specifics of individual and group behavior.
2. Student’s competences after the course
General competencies
Specific competencies
Student has profound knowledge in
The student is capable to define
the field of modern theoretical and
theoretical and applied aspects of
applied social psychology
cross-cultural psychology
The student knows main theoretical
approaches, fundamental questions
and concepts of cross-cultural
psychology.
Student owns the system of main
The student is capable to give
categories of social psychology and
definitions of the main categories and
methods of research
to estimate methods of psychological
research in cross-cultural psychology.
Students know different theoretical
approach and methods of culture’s
measurements
Is able to work and do research in the Student is capable to apply the
international environment
knowledge of cultural specifics in
verbal and nonverbal communication
in international working settings
Student is able to present the results
Student knows the international
of his/her work in the reports and
standards of presenting the results of
presentations in English, both in
the cross-cultural research in English
public and individual communication
in written and verbal forms.
Student has the skills of presentation
of different home tasks in English.
Student is able to use the specific
Student knows the criteria of good
concepts, models, and methods to
cross-cultural study;
solve the complex problems in
Student has the skills to reveal and
governmental, social and business
explain the cultural differences
organizations, administration bodies,
Student is capable to develop
and in the areas of research and
programs of intercultural migrants’
consulting
adaptation in Russian society,
programs of multicultural training in
various working and educational
settings.
3. Place of the course in the structure of the educational program
The discipline is basic (obligatory) for all 1st year master students of the MSc
program “Applied social psychology”
The discipline builds on the previously learned general theories within the courses:
• General psychology;
• Social psychology;
• Ethnic psychology.
The knowledge and skills built within this course will be needed to study the
following disciplines:
• Cross-cultural psychology of organizational behavior;
• Methodology of cross-cultural research;
• Research seminar «Cross-cultural psychology».
4. Course schedule
Total
№
Theme
number of
hours
1
Introduction to cross-
Class hours
lectures seminars
Individual
work
28
4
4
20
44
8
8
28
40
4
4
24
cultural psychology
2
Measuring and mapping
cultures
3
Culture and cognition
4
Personality across
32
4
4
24
36
8
8
28
44
10
10
28
228
38
38
152
cultures
5
Communication and
culture
6.
Psychology of migration
and acculturation
Total
5. Course content
1. Introduction to cross-cultural psychology
Increase in scientific interest in cross-cultural psychology of the last decades:
globalization and migration. What is cross-cultural psychology? Fundamental
questions of cross-cultural psychology. Cultural psychology. Indigenous
psychology. Relationships between culture and human behaviour. Absolutism,
Relativism, Universalism. How to study the relationships between culture and
behaviour? Varieties of comparative psychological research.
Levels of observation and analysis in comparative psychological research.
Ecocultural Framework. Transmission Variables. Cultural Transmission
Framework.
Equivalence
and
Comparability.
Functional
Equivalence.
Conceptual Equivalence. Metric Equivalence. Emics and Etics. Topical
categories including cultural coverage.
Literature:
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Segall, M.N. & Dasen P.R. (2002).Cross-cultural
psychology: Research and applications, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University
Press.
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press.
Bock P.(1980) Continuties in Psychological Anthropology. San-Francisco, CA:
Freeman.
Triandis H.C. (1994) Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Van de Vijver,F.J.R., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A (Eds.) (2011) Fundamental
Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Cambridge University Press.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology, Units 1-3:
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol1/
2. Measuring and mapping cultures
Definitions of culture. Theoretical framework for studying ecology, culture
and behavior. How to “measure” a culture? Cultural Syndromes (Triandis):
Cultural complexity, Tightness-looseness, Individualism-Collectivism.
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions: Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Power
Distance, Masculinity. World Values Survey (Inglehart): Traditional versus
Secular-Rational values, Survival versus Self-Expression values. Cultural Value
Orientations (Schwartz): Embeddedness – Autonomy, Egalitarianism –
Hierarchy, Mastery – Harmony. Social axioms (Bond, Leung).
Literature:
Cohen, D. (2001). Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.
Psychological Bulletin, V. 127, p.451-471.
Gelfand, M.J. et al. (2011). Differences between Tight and Loose Cultures: A
33-Nation Study. Science, V. 332, p.1100-1104.
Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's consequences: international differences in workrelated values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Inglehart, R. & Baker, W. (2000). Modernization, cultural change and the
persistence of traditional values, American Sociological Review, № 65, p.19–51.
Schwartz, S. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and
applications, Comparative Sociology, V. 5, p. 137-182.
Schwartz, S. H. (2011). Values: Cultural and individual. In S. M. Breugelmans,
A. Chasiotis, & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Fundamental questions in crosscultural psychology, p. 463-493. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Triandis H.C. (1994) Culture and Social Behavior. McGrow-Hill, Inc.
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2010). Values, agency, and well-being: A human
development model. Social Indicators Research, V. 97, p.43-63.
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R. & Klingemann, H. (2003). The theory of human
development: A cross-cultural analysis, European Journal of Political Research, V.
42, р.341-379.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Dianne A. van Hemert. Cross-Cultural Meta-Analyses.
Fons, J. R. van de Vijver Types of Comparative Studies in Cross-Cultural
Psychology.
Realo A. and Jüri Allik. The Nature and Scope of Intra-Cultural Variation on
Psychological Dimensions.
Smith, P.B. Levels of Analysis in Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Triandis, H.C. Subjective Culture.
3. Culture and Cognition
Perception and culture. Historical roots (Rivers’ experiments). Sensory
functions. Perception of patterns and pictures. Visual illusions (Segall’s
experiments). Theories of explanation of visual illusions. Depth perception
(Hudson’s experiments). Face recognition across ethnic groups. Cultural
patterns of drawing. Perception of color. Perception of time. Culture and
Intelligence. General intelligence. Ethnic differences in IQ scores and its’
explanation. Intelligence and intelligent behavior. Contributions of biological
and socio-economic factors. Cultural values of Cognition. Cognitive styles.
Literature:
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.6-9).
Shiryaev, E., Levy D. Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical
Thinking and Contemporary Applications.Allyn and Bacon, 2010.(ch.4-5).
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Altarriba J., Basnight, D.M., and Canary, T.M. Emotion Representation and
Perception Across Cultures.
Altarriba J. Bilingualism: Language, Memory and Applied Issues.
Chi-yue Chiu. Language and Culture.
Fleith, D.S. Creativity in the Brazilian Culture.
Guess, C.D. Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures.
Guess, C.D. Planning in Brazil, India and Germany.
Hofer J., Chasiotis A. Implicit Motives Across Cultures.
Mpofu E. Indigenization of the Psychology of Human Intelligence in SubSaharan Africa.
Sternberg, R.J. Cultural Explorations of Human Intelligence Around the World.
Strohschneider S. Cultural Factors in Complex Decision Making.
4. Personality and Culture
How culture shapes personality? Climate’s influence on Personality. ‘Culture
and Personality’ School (М.Мead, R. Benedict, R.Linton, A.Kardiner). The Basic
Personality Structure. Modal Personality Theory. National character.
Problems with the early studies of Personality. Five Factor Theory (McCrae
and Costa). Universality of genetic structure. Age trends in Personality. NEOP-R Tests of Universability, Personality Profiles of Cultures. The Russian
Character and Personality Survey. Self in Social Context. Sex Differences in
Personality. Social Roles Explanation. Evolutionary Explanation. Environment
Stress Explanation. Some non-western concepts. African Personality. Indian
concepts of personality. Amae in Japan.
Literature
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.3,5).
Gudykunst W. et al. (1988) Culture and interpersonal communication. Beverly Hills, СA: Sage.
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, V. 98, p.224-253.
Allik, J. et al. (2011). Personality profiles and the "Russian Soul:" Literary and
scholarly views evaluated, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, V. 42, p. 372–
389.
Realo, A., Allik, J.et al., (2009). Mechanisms of the national character
stereotype: How people in six neighboring countries of Russia describe
themselves and the typical Russian, European Journal of Personality, V. 23,
p.229–249.
Terracciano, A. et al., (2005). National character in 49 cultures: Perceived and
assessed personality traits, Science, V. 310, p.96-100.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective
well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life, Annual Review of
Psychology, V. 54, p.403–425.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Cheung, F.M. and Cheung S.F.Measuring Personality and Values Across
Cultures: Imported Versus Indigenous Measures.
Church, A.T. and Katigbak, M.S. Studying Personality Traits Across Cultures:
Philippine Examples.
Eyetsemitan F. Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Midlife and Later Years
in Western and Non-Western Societies.
Hills, M.D. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory.
McCrae, R.R. Cross-Cultural Research on the Five-Factor Model of Personality.
Schmitt, D.P. Are Sexual Promiscuity and Relationship Infidelity Linked to
Different Personality Traits Across Cultures? Findings from the International
Sexuality Description Project.
Suh, E.M. and Oishi S. Subjective Well-Being Across Cultures.
Trommsdorff G. An Eco-Cultural and Interpersonal Relations Approach to
Development over the Life Span.
5. Communication and culture
Factors of communication and culture. Triandis’ model of culture and
communication. Cultural values (Кlackhorn, Schwartz). Cultural norms, rules,
roles in communication. Culture and verbal communication. Culturalconditioned styles of verbal communication: direct and indirect styles of
verbal communication, personal and situational styles, instrumental and
affective styles. Culture and nonverbal communication. Proxemics in the
context of culture. Tactile interaction. Communicative competence and ways
of its improvement in cross-cultural communication. Intergroup (inter-ethnic
communication. Theories of intergroup interaction. The concept of interethnic tension and its psychological indicators. Ethnic stereotypes and
prejudice. Modern theories of the origin of prejudice. Psychological paradigm
of intercultural interaction. Perceived discrimination and inter-ethnic
relations. Cross-cultural studies of ingroup favoritism. Interpersonal relations
in intercultural communication.
Literature
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.4,14).
Gudykunst W. et al. (1988) Culture and interpersonal communication, Beverly
Hills. CA: Sage.
Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's consequences: international differences in workrelated values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Le-Vine R.A., Campbell D.T. (1972) Ethnocentrism: theories of conflict, ethnic
attitudes and group behavior. NY: John Willey.
Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Les valeurs de base de la personne: Théorie, mesures
et applications //Basic human values: Theory, measurement, and
applications,. Revue Française de Sociologie, V. 47, p. 249-288.
Schwartz, S. H. (2011). Values: Cultural and individual. In S. M. Breugelmans,
A. Chasiotis, & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Fundamental questions in crosscultural psychology, p. 463-493. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Adamopoulos J. Perception of Interpersonal Behaviors Across Cultures.
Khan, S.R. Stereotyping from the Perspective of Perceivers and Targets.
Kornadt, H.-J.Social Motives and Their Development in Cultural Context.
Levine, R.V. Measuring Helping Behavior Across Cultures.
Liu, J.H. A Cultural Perspective on Intergroup Relations and Social Identity.
Segall, M.H. Why is There Still Racism if There is No Such Thing as "Race"?
T. West and Levy S. R. Background Belief Systems and Prejudice.
6. Psychology of migration and acculturation
The concepts of migration, emigration and immigration. Psychological
problems of migration. The motivation for emigration (push - pull theory,
neo-classical theory). The hypothesis of «cultural shock». The concept of
cultural distance. Model of cultural learning. Stress of acculturation, strategies
of acculturation (Berry). Socio-cultural, psychological, economic adaptation of
migrants. Psychological adaptation to new geographical environment
Migration and psychological health of migrants. The consequences of
intercultural contacts (genocide, segregation, assimilation, integration).
Benefits of multiculturalism. Ethnic identity and tolerance. Sociopsychological factors of ethnic tolerance - intolerance. Applied research of
cross-cultural psychology in the field of adaptation of migrants. MIRIPS
project. Study of acculturation of migrants in Russia and the CIS. Programs for
improvement of intercultural relations. Intercultural training. Cultural
assimilator.
Literature
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press (ch.13).
Furnham A., Bochner S. (1986). Culture Shock: Psychological reactions to
unfamiliar environments, NY: Methuen.
Kaplan S.(1983) A model of person-environment compatibility .Environment
behavior, V.15, p.1390-1400.
Padilla, A. M. (2008). Social cognition, ethnic identity, and ethnic specific
strategies for coping with threat due to prejudice and discrimination. In C.
Willis-Esqueda (Ed.), Motivational aspects of prejudice and racism. Springer:
The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Series.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup
contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, V. 90(5), p.751–
783.
Tartakovsky, E., & Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Motivation for emigration, value
priorities, psychological well-being, and cultural identifications among young
Russian Jews. International Journal of Psychology, V. 36(2), p.88-99.
Tartakovsky, E. (2009). The psychological well-being of unaccompanied
minors: a longitudinal study of adolescents immigrating from Russia and
Ukraine to Israel without parents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, V.
19(2), p.177-204.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/
Papers:
Bochner S. Culture Shock Due to Contact with Unfamiliar Cultures.
Gannon M. J. Cultural Metaphors: Their Use in Management Practice as a
Method for Understanding Cultures.
Nippoda Y. Japanese Students' Experience of Adaptation and Acculturation of
the United Kingdom
Rudmin, F.W Acculturation, Acculturative Change, and Assimilation: A
Research Bibliography With URL Links.
Rudmin, F.W Catalogue of Acculturation Constructs: Descriptions of 126
Taxonomies, 1918-2003
Sam, D.L. and Oppedal B. Acculturation as a Developmental Pathway.
Schönpflug U. Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, and Coping.
Schultz, P.W. Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors Across Cultures.
Sussman, N.M. Sojourners to Another Country: The Psychological RollerCoaster of Cultural Transitions.
Tyler, F.B. Transcultural Ethnic Validity Model and Intracultural Competence.
Wang J. Knowing the True Face of a Mountain: Understanding Communication
and Cultural Competence.
6. Education technologies
The interactive forms of teaching are used in the course: group discussion,
case analysis (life stories, book or video materials). Recognized and wellknown professors in the field of cross-cultural psychology are invited to give
«master classes».
7. Forms of evaluation for the current assessment and attestation
Form of the assessment
Criteria
Presentations on specific topics from 1) Depth
advanced cross-cultural psychology on
and
thoroughness
material analysis
of
seminars (are intended to familiarize 2) Clear structure of report (critical
the
audience
achievements
with
in
the
modern
cross-cultural
psychology, which are beyond the
parts of presentation: research
problem,
method,
substantial
results and conclusion)
lecture course). Students work in 3) Consistency and logical structure
small groups (2-3 per each) and
of report
prepare presentations on articles from 4) Quality
portal
“The
Online
Readings
in
Psychology and Culture. International
Association
for
Psychology”
and
of
answers
to
the
questions from audience (complete
and detailed answers)
Cross-Cultural
HSE
electronic
resources.
Homework (2). Home tasks allow 1) Feasibility
and
validity
of
more detailed and thorough study of
conclusions and main theses of
particular topics that are not fully
project
covered during lectures and seminars.
2) Ability to apply the theories of
Homework should be done in a field
social
study format. Students choose an
psychology
arbitrary situation of cross-cultural
problems.
interaction
theories used are required.
from
their
previous
and
cross-cultural
to
the
analysed
References
to
the
experience and write an analytical 3) Ability to apply practical aspects
formally structured essay where they
of theories used in the analysis to
analyze the chosen situation in terms
the analyzed problems.
of
several
socio-psychological 4) Absence of elements of everyday
theories.
psychological
a) Choice and analysis of cross-
journalisms.
knowledge
cultural situation for homework № 1 5) Practice-oriented
should
be
related
to
the
topic
recommendations.
and
“Measuring and mapping cultures”.
6) Consistency and logical structure
b) The homework №2 is performed
of verbal and written report.
on the topic “Psychology of migration 7) Quality
and
acculturation”
and
facilitates
of
answers
to
the
questions from audience
development of critical thinking and
analysis of literature. The task also
demands
the
development
of
student’s own view of the problem,
along with suggestions on its practical
aspect. Students work in small groups
of 2-3 people. The task should be done
as
analytical
essay
and
oral
presentation with use of PowerPoint.
The final examination.
1) depth
and
Students are to write answers to two
answers
theoretical
questions;
questions
and
one
practical case. The exam requires 2) correct,
demonstration of broad theoretical
on
deep
completeness
2
theoretical
and
implementation of case
knowledge along with ability to apply
this
knowledge
to
the
practical
problems in hand.
10-value scale is used to rate all forms
of control.
8.Forms of knowledge assessment and grading procedures
Knowledge should be assessed in 10-point scale. Grades on the following
forms of knowledge assessment constitute the final grade:
of
complete
Gclass – the grade for participating in the classes and being active during the
dicussions
Gindividual – the grade for individual work, including grades for intermediate
tests and for preparing presentations for the seminars
Gcurrent – the grade for homeworks = 0.5*homework1 + 0.5*homework2
Gcumulative = 0.4*Gcurrent + 0.3*Gclass + 0.3*Gindividual
Gexam – the grade for the final examination
Gfinal = 0,6 Gcumulative + 0,4*Gexam
9.Learning aids
Course book
Berry J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D.
(2011).Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. 3d Edition,
Cambridge University Press
Basic literature
Allik, J. et al. (2011). Personality profiles and the "Russian Soul:" Literary
and scholarly views evaluated, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, V. 42,
p. 372–389.
Bock P.(1980) Continuties in Psychological Anthropology. San-Francisco,
CA: Freeman.
Cohen, D. (2001). Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.
Psychological Bulletin, V. 127, p.451-471.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective
well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life, Annual Review of
Psychology, V. 54, p.403–425.
Furnham A., Bochner S. (1986). Culture Shock: Psychological reactions to
unfamiliar environments, NY: Methuen.
Gelfand, M.J. et al. (2011). Differences between Tight and Loose Cultures: A
33-Nation Study. Science, V. 332, p.1100-1104.
Gudykunst W. et al. (1988) Culture and interpersonal communication,
Beverly Hills. CA: Sage.
Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's consequences: international differences in
work-related values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Inglehart, R. & Baker, W. (2000). Modernization, cultural change and the
persistence of traditional values, American Sociological Review, № 65, p.19–
51.
Kaplan S.(1983) A model of person-environment compatibility
.Environment behavior, V.15, p.1390-1400.
Le-Vine R.A., Campbell D.T. (1972) Ethnocentrism: theories of conflict,
ethnic attitudes and group behavior. NY: John Willey.
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, V. 98, p.224-253.
Padilla, A. M. (2008). Social cognition, ethnic identity, and ethnic specific
strategies for coping with threat due to prejudice and discrimination. In C.
Willis-Esqueda (Ed.), Motivational aspects of prejudice and racism.
Springer: The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Series.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup
contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, V. 90(5),
p.751–783.
Realo, A., Allik, J.et al., (2009). Mechanisms of the national character
stereotype: How people in six neighboring countries of Russia describe
themselves and the typical Russian, European Journal of Personality, V. 23,
p.229–249.
Schwartz, S. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and
applications, Comparative Sociology, V. 5, p. 137-182.
Shiryaev, E., Levy D. Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical
Thinking and Contemporary Applications.Allyn and Bacon, 2010.(ch.4-5).
Tartakovsky, E. (2009). The psychological well-being of unaccompanied
minors: a longitudinal study of adolescents immigrating from Russia and
Ukraine to Israel without parents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, V.
19(2), p.177-204.
Tartakovsky, E., & Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Motivation for emigration, value
priorities, psychological well-being, and cultural identifications among
young Russian Jews. International Journal of Psychology, V. 36(2), p.88-99.
Terracciano, A. et al., (2005). National character in 49 cultures: Perceived
and assessed personality traits, Science, V. 310, p.96-100.
Triandis H.C. (1994) Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill
Inc.
Van de Vijver,F.J.R., Brugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A (Eds.) (2011)
Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Cambridge
University Press.
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2010). Values, agency, and well-being: A human
development model. Social Indicators Research, V. 97, p.43-63.
Welzel, C., Inglehart, R. & Klingemann, H. (2003). The theory of human
development: A cross-cultural analysis, European Journal of Political Research,
V. 42, р.341-379.
Internet-recourse:
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/