Chapter 1 - Lab Safety & Equipment, Scientific Method, Characteristics Of Life
1-8. Define the following words: biology, evolution, homeostasis, species, stimulus, response, organism, metabolism
9. Be able to identify the following lab equipment: test tube, Erlenmeyer flask, beaker, petri dish, graduated cylinder, triple beam balance. Tell me what each of these is used for in lab.
10. What are cells and what do they enable us to be? Basic unit of life; allow us to grow and become organisims (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms)
11. What are the steps of the scientific method in order? Observation, hypothesis, experiment, gather data, conclusion
12. Be able to identify and define the following in given a scenario: hypothesis, control group, experimental group, independent variable, dependent variable, and conclusion.
Ms. Smith believes that students will perform better on exams if she promises a cookie to any student who gets an A or B on an exam. She tests this by promising 1 st Period the cookies but not telling 2 nd period anything about the new idea. After the first exam, 1 st Period’s test scores were 15% higher than 2 nd Period.
Hypothesis – cookies will increase performance; Control – 2 nd period; Experimental group – 1 st period; IV- cookies; DV- grades
13. What are the main characteristics of life? How many must you have to be considered alive? Growth and
Reproduction, use of energy, gas exchange, made of cells, move; ALL
14. What are SI units? Why do scientists use SI units? What are the SI units for: mass, length, & volume? Standard Unit of Measurments. International system of units – it’s a standard; Mass – grams, Length – meter, Volume -liter
15. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Qualitative – descriptive data; quantitative - numbers
Chapter 6 Chemistry of Life
Define the following words: matter, elements, atom, nucleus, proton, neutron, electron, atomic number, atomic mass, compound, chemical reaction, covalent bond, ionic bond, ion, molecule, mixture, metabolism, solution, solute, solvent, isotope, polar molecule
1.
List the 4 elements that compose 96% of the mass of living things. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen
2.
Give the charge on the following particles: Electron, Neutron, Proton. Where are each of these found?
Electron – negative, Proton – positive, Neutron – neutral. Electron cloud – electrons; Nucleus – P&N
3.
Which particle in an atom is actively involved in forming bonds? electrons
4.
Explain the difference between a solute and a solvent. Solute – substance being dissolved; Solvent – does the dissolving
5.
How many electrons can fill the 1 st energy level? 2 nd ? 3 rd ? 2,8,18
6.
What is covalent bonding? Sharing of electrons
7.
What is ionic bonding? Bonding between 2 attractive forces
8.
What is the difference between a mixture and a compound? Mixtures maintain properties of the originals (dirt and water) and can be separated back out. Compounds are chemically combined.
9.
What is the difference between an acid and base? What is the pH scale? Scale that determines acidity (0-14). 0-6 acid; 8-14 base; 7 neutral.
10.
What are the 4 organic compounds? Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
11.
What is the function(s) of a carbohydrate? A protein? A lipid? A nucleic acid?
Carbs – provide energy / Lipids – energy storage
Proteins – provide structure / Nucleic Acids – stores cellular information
12.
What are the monomers and polymers for each of the organic compounds (foldable)?
Carbs – monosaccharides / disaccharides
Proteins – amio acids / proteins
Nucleic Acids – nucleotides / DNA and RNA
13.
Why are/is balancing equations important? Proves Law of Conservation of Mass

Ch 7: Cells-Theory, Microscopes, and Organelles Study Guide
1. What did Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow each contribute to the cell theory?
Leeuwenhoek – water droplet - simple light microscope
Hooke – cork cells – compound light microscope
Schwann – animal cells
Schleiden – plant cells
Virchow – nucleus is responsible for cell division
2. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of structure and organization
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
3. What is a cell and why are they important? Basic unit of life; allow us to grow and become organisms (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms)
4. Compare and contrast the 2 basic cell types: prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
** see below**
5. Vocabulary words--phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, organelle, selective permeability, prokaryotic, eukaryotic and transport proteins. (definitions)
6. What are the functions of the: cell membrane, cell wall, ER, chloroplast, Golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, nucleolus and water vacuole? (definitions)
7. What are 3 organelles found only in plant cells? 2 organelles found only in animal cells? Refer to the diagrams below
9.
List the levels of organization in order. Cells, tissues, organs, organs systems, organism.
10. Why is it important to have folded membranes in our organelles? (Specifically mitochondria ) increase surface area.
Allows more work to be done in a small space
11. Explain the structure of a plasma membrane use the following words in your description: fluid, mosaic, phospholipids, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic.
Phosopholipids are the main building block of the plasma membrane. They are made of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails forming a “fat sandwich.” We call it fluid because it is a movable shifting organelle with transport proteins embedded in the structure forming the mosaic picture.
Chapter 8: Cell Transport
1. When does diffusion of molecules stop? Until there is no concentration gradient and an equilibrium has been reached.
2. Vocab to know : osmosis, diffusion, turgor pressure, concentration gradient
3. Review cell transport pictures from your notes and/or book (pg 177) (phospholipid bilayer). Be able to identify the parts of them on the test and tell what each does.
4. What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution? A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
It will shrink / it will shrink
5. What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution? A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
It will swell / it will swell but may not burst due to the cell wall
6. What will happen to an animal cell placed in an isotonic solution? A plant cell placed in an isotonic solution?
Size will stay the same / stay the same

Answer #7-12 BY MAKING A CHART FOR EACH ONE !!!
7. Compare and contrast active and passive transport on the following: energy requirement, use of transport proteins, and movement of molecules . Make a CHART!!!
Passive Transport:
• Passive transport: movement of materials through a membrane that does not require the cell to used energy
•
Facilitated diffusion: the passive transport of materials across the membrane using transport proteins.
•
Active transport: movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient that requires energy from the cell
9. How are the two types of diffusion (simple and facilitated) alike? (2 reasons) Different? (1 reason)
• does not require the cell to used energy
• move along the concentration gradient
Facilitated uses transport proteins .
10. What is similar between diffusion and osmosis? What is the one difference?
• Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• Diffusion : the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Both - continues until there is no longer a concentration gradient and dynamic equilibrium has been reached.
CHAPTER 10 Meiosis & Mitosis
1. Define: diploid, haploid, meiosis, homologous chromosome, crossing over, genetic recombination, nondisjunction, tetrad, & polyploidy
2. A. What is the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell?
Diploid has twice the number of chromosomes (2n)
B. When diploid cells divide, what is this called? What about when haploid cells divide? mitosis; meiosis
3. What gamete comes from a father? From a mother? Sperm / egg
4. Make a chart of the stages of meiosis (in order) and what happens during each phase. ** refer to the pic on the blog or in your notes or on your device. ** attached pic below
5. Compare/contrast mitosis & meiosis. What is the purpose of each?
Mitosis o Division of body cells o
Make 2 identical diploid cells o Used for growth, repair, and replacement
Both o Types of cell division o
Contain chromosomes
Meiosis o Division of sex cells (gametes) o
Make 4 non-identical haploid cells o Used for reproduction
Mitosis
1. What are the three causes of cancer in our bodies?
2. What are three ways to possibly prevent cancer?
3. What is the cell cycle? Describe the 3 major steps of the cell cycle.
4. What is mitosis and what is its purpose?
5. Explain the steps of mitosis (what happens in each) and draw a picture to represent each.
6. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? How does the cell get ready to divide?
7. What is a chromosome? A chromatid? A centromere?

CH 12-Patterns of Heredity Study Guide
Vocab: Punnett Square, Pedigree, heredity, traits, monohybrid, dihybrid, alleles, phenotype, genotype, recessive, dominant, heterozygous, homozygous
1. Explain how a person inherits a recessive disorder. Both parents have to have the disorder for it to be passed down.
2. Explain how a person inherits a dominant disorder. Only one parent has to have the disorder for it to be passed down.
3. What is a pedigree? ***You also need to know how to read one.***
4. Give two examples of recessive genetic disorders. Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs
5. Where are most disorders carried? Recessive genes
6. If you see a phenotype that is a mixture of two dominant traits, is this codominance or incomplete dominance? Ex.
Red (R) and white (W) flower color produces a pink (RW) flower. Incomplete dominance
7. If you see a phenotype that is shows both of the two dominant traits, is this codominance or incomplete dominance?
Ex. Black (B) and white (W) cats produce a white cat with black spots (BW).
8. What is a sex-linked disorder? A disorder controlled by genes on a sex chromosome
9. Explain X-linked inheritance.
When a defective gene is carried on the X chromosome; passed along from mother
10. Explain Y-linked inheritance. When a defective gene is carried on the X chromosome; passed along only from father to son
11. What does polygenic inheritance mean? When a trait is determined by many genes; skin color, eye color, hair
12. ****Be able to work out a Punnett square (monohybrid and dihybrid). ****

Steps
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I/
Cytokinesis
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II/
Cytokinesis
What Happens
Tetrads condense and crossing over occurs – homologus pairs – ensures genetic variability
Tetrads line up in the middle – H.P
Tetrads split and move to opposite ends of the cell
2 separate daughter cells are made, each with a set of homologous chromosomes that have been genetically mixed – diploid cells - sister chromitids
Centrosomes appear and spindle fibers are formed
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell – sister chromitids
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
New nuclei are formed and four daughter cells are made, each containing one chromosome – haploid cells/4