Historical Investigation
Background Essay
Was the American Revolutionary War Truly Revolutionary?
Revolution -- a sudden or significant change in the old ways of doing things -- can occur in
many areas, such as government, technology, or art. In the political arena, for an event to be
truly revolutionary there must be great change in governmental, social, and economic structures.
The broad outline of the American Revolutionary War is familiar to most of us. The
American Revolution, also called the War for Independence, took place between 1775 and 1783.
It was a fight waged by 13 British colonies against their mother country, England. At the time,
England was one of the most powerful countries in the world. The war, rather surprisingly, was
won by the colonists who named themselves the United States of America. With the signing of
the Paris Peace Treaty in 1783, the United States gained what it had been fighting for, its
independence.
The War for Independence is labeled a revolution, but did the conflict produce dramatic,
long-lasing changes? Over the years historians have disagreed about this. Some historians, like
Mary and Charles Beard and Howard Zinn, believe the revolutionary leaders tried to conserve
many of the old ways. These historians admit the country became a free and independent nation,
but there was no big economic or social change. In fact, they would argue that one group of
wealthy white male leaders (Washington, Adams, Hamilton, and Jefferson) just replaced another
group of wealthy white male leaders (King George III and the British Parliament). Other
historians do not share this perspective. Historians including Gordon Wood and Alfred E. Young
believe the war sparked a new way on how Americans thought and acted. Some Americans
started to question the institution of slavery and the meaning of equality.
Before you examine the documents, caution is needed. When historians have tried to
calculate the degree of change caused by the Revolution, they have run into at least two
problems. Problem one is the trouble of adequate data. In order to measure change caused by
the Revolution, you have to know what existed before and what existed after. The data is often
missing or is very thin.
Problem two is the difficulty of proving cause and effect. Just because one thing occurs
after something does not mean it was caused by the first event. Also, some of the results of the
Revolution may not have occurred immediately. Should the Revolutionary War, which ended in
1783, get credit for ending the Atlantic slave trade in 1808? Should the Revolution in any way
get credit for winning women the right to vote in 1920? In other words, is there a time limit on
causation?
Amidst all of this disagreement, one thing seems clear: the debate over the American
Revolution of 1776 carries into the 21st century. Examine the following documents and answer
the question: Was the American Revolution truly revolutionary?
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Historical Investigation
Document A
La Destruction de la Statue a Nouvelle Yorck
Source: La destruction de la Statue Royale a Nouvelle Yorck. Reprinted by permission of Library of Congress. Print by Andre
Bassett, 1770s. [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004670213/]
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Historical Investigation
Document B
The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America
Excerpt:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these
rights, Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed, — That whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these ends,
it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish
it, and to institute new Government, laying its
foundation on such principles and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Source: The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America. Second Continental Congress, July 4, 1776.
Document C
Last Seven States to Abolish Primogeniture
Note: Primogeniture means that when the father and owner of an estate dies, the landed property
goes to the first-born son. This was done to keep family estates in one piece and keep the family
powerful.
State
Georgia
North Carolina
Virginia
Maryland and New York
South Carolina
Rhode Island
Date of Abolishment
1777
1784
1785
1786
1791
1798
Source: Harry M. Ward, The American Revolution, 1995.
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Historical Investigation
Document D
Economic Status of the Representatives in Six Colonial/State Legislatures
Key:
Wealthy = over 5,000 British Pounds
Well-to-do = 2,000 to 5,000 British Pounds
Moderate = 500 to 1,999 British pounds
Poor = 0 to 499 British Pounds
Source: Adapted from Jackson Turner Main, “Government by
the People: The American Revolution and the Democratization
of the Legislatures.” William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 23,
1966.
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Historical Investigation
Document E
The Abolition of Slavery: 1777-1865
Note: In 1787 the Northwest Ordinance was
passed banning slavery in the Northwest
Territories.
Note: The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation
was passed outlawing slavery in the states
that were in rebellion against the Union.
Note: The states displaying two dates
passed gradual abolition acts. The
first date represents the year gradual
abolition acts were passed. The
second date indicates when the last
slave died or was free.
Source: Data from varied sources including Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery, 1961.
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Historical Investigation
Document F
1819 Speech
The following is an excerpt from a speech made by a young African American in 1819,
valedictorian of his New York free school:
Why should I strive hard and acquire all the constituents of a man if the prevailing
genius of the land admit me not as such, or but in an inferior degree! Pardon me if
I feel insignificant and weak . . . . Where are my prospects? To what shall I turn
my hand? Shall I be a mechanic? No one will employ me; white boys won’t work
with me. Shall I be a merchant? No one will have me in his office; white clerks
won’t associate with me. Drudgery and servitude, then,, are my prospective
portion. Can you be surprised at my discouragement?
Note: President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The most sweeping civil rights
legislation since Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination of all kinds based
on race, color, religion, or national origin. The law also provides the federal government with the
powers to enforce desegregation.
Source: Andrews, History of the New York African Free-Schools. Reprinted in Leon Litwack, North of Slavery,
1961.
Document G
A Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams
The following excerpt is from a letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, March 31, 1776:
. . . And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I
suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire
you would remember the ladies and be more generous
and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put
such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands.
Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If
particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment
[promote] a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we
have no voice or representation.
Source: The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762-1784.
Document H
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Historical Investigation
19th Amendment to the United States Constitution
Excerpt:
The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged [lessen] by the
United States or by any State on account of sex.
Source: United States Constitution, Amendment 19 (1920).
Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg]
Document I
Clause from the Northwest Ordinance
Excerpt: The Utmost Good Faith Clause of the Northwest Ordinance:
Article Three:
. . . The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the
Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them
without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty,
they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and
lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice
and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing
wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and
friendship with them.
Document J
Source: Northwest Ordinance, 1787.
Image: http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/r?ammem/bdsbib:@field%28NUMBER+@od1%28bdsdcc+22501%29%29
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Historical Investigation
A Letter to George Washington
The Seneca, a part of the Six Nations League of the Iroquois, had allied with the British during
the American Revolutionary War. As part of westward expansion, and possibly as retribution
[retaliation], much of their land was taken after the war. The following letter, by three Seneca
chiefs -- Big Tree, Corn-Planter, and Half-Town, implores the great father, George Washington,
to return their land to them.
The following is an excerpt from Big Tree, Corn- Planter, and Half-Town to President
Washington written in 1791:
Father: The voice of the Seneca nations speaks to you; the great counsellor, in
whose heart the wise men of all the thirteen fires [13 states] have placed their
wisdom. It may be very small in your ears, and we, therefore, entreat [implore] you
to hearken [hear] with attention; for we are able to speak of things which are to us
very great.
When your army entered the country of the Six Nations, we called you the town
destroyer; to this day, when your name is heard, our women look behind them and
turn pale, and our children cling close to the necks of their mothers. . . .
Father: when we saw that we had been deceived, and heard the invitation which
you gave us to draw near to the fire you had kindled, and talk with you concerning
peace, we made haste towards it. You told us you could crush us to nothing; and
you demanded from us a great country, as the price of that peace which you had
offered to us: as if our want of strength had destroyed our rights. Our chiefs had
felt your power, and were unable to contend against you, and they therefore gave
up that country. What they agreed to has bound our nation, but your anger against
us must by this time be cooled, and although our strength is not increased, nor your
power become less, we ask you to consider calmly - Were the terms dictated to us
by
your commissioners reasonable and just? . . .
All the land we have been speaking of belonged to the Six Nations. No part of it
ever belonged to the king of England, and he could not give it to you.
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Historical Investigation
Hear us once more. At Fort Stanwix we agreed to deliver up those of our people
who should do you any wrong, and that you might try them and punish them
according to your law. We delivered up two men accordingly. But instead of trying
them according to your law, the lowest of your people took them from your
magistrate [a civil officer charged with the administration of the law], and put them
immediately to death. It is just to punish the murder with death; but the Senecas
will not deliver up their people to men who disregard the treaties of their own
nation.
Source: Samuel Gardner Drake, Biography and History of the Indians of North America (Boston: O.L. Perkins,
1834).
Corn-Planter
George Washington
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