Comparison of percent germination, size, and CO2 production in arugula plants affected and unaffected by fire, as well as with and without mycorrhizae assisted growth Michael French Alex Visconti and Michelle Mendez Department of Biological Science Saddleback College Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Introduction Around the world, and especially increase their availability, since in southern California, forest fires are a mycorrhizae facilitate the absorption of near constant concern for any species nitrogen and phosphate ions, and the growing in the wild. The rate of burnt soil has a tendency to not be able secondary succession for a plant species to retain as much water as its unburnt is an important factor for the species’ counterpart (Alghren 1974) (Ortas overall survival chances in areas with a 2003). There has not been much research high fire risk because if the plants are done on the effect mycorrhizae may unable to grow back effectively, they have on the growth of plants in firewill be swiftly replaced by a species that damaged soil compared to plant growth can. One of the most prevalent methods in regular soil. This experiment is meant of gaining a proverbial leg up in terms of to find out whether mycorrhizal growth rate, is the formation of relationships in burnt soil will facilitate mutualistic relationships with the growth of arugula plants more mycorrhizae, a type of fungus that effectively compared with burnt soil ineracts with plant roots, present in the without mycorrhizae. This experiment surrounding soil (Callaway 1995). These will also determine if there is a relationships between plants and significant difference in the effect mycorrhizal fungi form commonly in mycorrhizae has on plants grown in plant roots as a way of more effectively regular soil compared to those grown in providing both with a greater amount of burnt soil. It is expected that there will nutrients. The mycorrhizae are supplied be a significant difference in the growth with a constant supply of carbohydrates of plants with mycorrhizae in burnt soil to be ingested, while the plant roots use compared to those without mycorrhizae. the comparatively greater surface area of the fungi’s mycelia to increase their Materials and Methods water and mineral absorption from the A pack of wild arugula seeds soil (Harrison 2005). (Eruca sativa) weighing one gram and Fire has been shown to increase containing about 150 seeds was the amount of certain raw nutrient purchased at Green Thumb Nursery in factors present in soil such as nitrogen Lake Forest, California. Also purchased and phosphorous (Ahlgren 1974). If the were a bag of Miracle Gro potting mix soil was sterilized by a fire and the (28.3l) and a pack of Mykos arbuscular microorganisms living within it were mycorrhizae. The experiment consisted eliminated, simply having a greater of four different groups: unburned soil amount of the nutrient factors may not with no mycorrizae, unburned soil with mycorrizae, burned soil with no mycorrizae, and burned soil with mycorrizae. In order to simulate a fire, roughly 14.15 liters of potting soil was placed in the oven at 550 ̊F for one hour and fifteen minutes. For the groups containing mycorrhizae, one half of a teaspoon of arbuscular mycorrizae was added and mixed into the soil. Three days prior to preparing the variables for each group, 105 arugula seeds were placed in between a moist paper towel and put aside to germinate. Out of the 105 germinating seeds, the healthiest looking 60 seeds were transferred to containers containing about 355mL of soil. All 60 plants were grown and maintained outside. Each plant was given 150mL of water twice a day, once in the morning and once at night. After twenty five days of growing, various tests were conducted on the arugula plants. The total number of plants that grew in each group was counted and documented. Individually, each plant was placed into an 8L airtight plastic container. Using a PASPORT carbon dioxide gas sensor, carbon dioxide production was measured for each plant for four minutes. Results among the four groups were compared using a Chi2 analysis followed by a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences were considered significant at P<0.05. Results A Chi analysis was run on each of the distinctions in the groups. In the comparison of plants grown in burnt and unburned soils, regardless of mycorrhizae content there was a significant difference in plant growth (p=.0042 Chi2). In the comparison of mycorrhizae presence’s effect on plant growth, regardless of soil condition, no 2 significant difference was found (Chi2 P=.0698). In The comparison of mycorrhizal presence in unburned soil only, a significant difference was found (P=.0142 Chi2). In the comparison of mycorrhizal presence in burnt soil only, no significant difference in the growth of plants was found. (Chi2 p=.1.000) The rate of cell respiration based on CO2 production was also measured. No significant difference (ANOVA) was present between any of the groups. 25 20 15 Plants That Grew 10 No Growth 5 0 Unburned Burnt Soil Soil Figure 1: Number of plants grown in burnt and unburned soils. There is a significant difference in plants grown in burnt vs. unburned soil (P=.0042 Chi2 two-tailed) 20 12 10 15 10 Plants That Grew 5 No Growth 8 Plants That Grew 6 4 No Growth 2 0 0 Myco. Present Burnt Burnt with Myco without Myco. Myco. Absent Figure 2: Number of plants grown in any soil with mycorrhizae present or absent. There is no significant difference in cumulative plant growth with or without mycorrhizae present (P=.0698 Chi2 two tailed) Figure 4: Number of plants grown in burnt soil with and without mycorrhizae. There is no significant difference in plants grown in burnt soil with or without mycorrhizae present (P=1.000 Chi2 two-tailed) 2.00E-01 16 14 1.50E-01 12 10 1.00E-01 Plants That Grew 8 6 5.00E-02 No Growth 4 0.00E+00 2 Unburned burnt Unburned burtn w/ w/o myco w/o myco w/ myco myco 0 Unburned Unburned with Myco. without Myco. . Figure 3: Number of plants grown in unburned soil with and with mycorrhizae. There is a significant difference in plants grown in unburned soil with or without mycorrhizae (P=.0142 Chi2 two-tailed) Figure 5: Comparison of rate of CO2 production in all groups. No significant difference rate of CO2 production was found (ANOVA) Discussion In the observation of how many plants grew in each group, there was a significant difference between unburned soil and burnt soil. There was also a significant difference between the groups unburned with mycorrhizae and burnt with mycorrhizae. The data indicates that both plants and mycorrhizae had a difficult time growing in sterilized soil. The burnt soil was a much more difficult environment, and therefore the mycorrhizae may have been unable to survive effectively enough to form effective symbioses with the arugula roots. This may be a reason why there was a significant difference in the unburned soil in terms of mycorrhizal acitivity but not the burnt soil. On the contrary there was no significant difference between the presence of mycorrhizae compared to no mycorrhizae present. Lastly there was no significant difference between the burnt soil containing mycorrhizae and burnt soil without mycorrhizae present. The rate of CO2 production was not significant between all four groups. The experiment indicates that cellular metabolism is unaffected by the presence of mycorrhizae. References Cited Ahlgren, I. F. (1974). The Effect of Fire on Soil Organisms. Fire and Ecosystems. Amaranthus, M. P., & Trappe, J. M. (1993). Effects of erosion on ecto- and VA-mycorrhizal inoculum potential of soil following forest fire in southwest Oregon. Plant Soil, 150(1), 41-49. Callaway, R. M. (1995). Positive interactions among plants. The Botanical Review, 61(4), 306-349. Ortas, I. (2003). Effect of selected mycorrihzal inoculation on Phosphorus sustainability in sterile and non-sterile soils in the harran plain in south anatolia. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26(01), 1-17. Retrieved March 3, 2014 Harrison MJ (2005). "Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis". Annu Rev Microbiol. 59: 19–42.