1
Supporting Information
2
3
Primate and non-primate mammal community assembly: the influence of biogeographic barriers and spatial scale.
4
Katherine H. Bannar-Martin
5
University of Texas at Austin, Department of Anthropology, kbannarm@utexas.edu
6
International Journal of Primatology
7
8
9
Table S1. Malagasy non-volant mammal species included in the analyses, in addition to their functional grouping as arboreal,
terrestrial, or both. Publication cutoff date for included sources of information was January 2013.
Arboreal or
Family
Species
Citation(s)
Terrestrial
Order Afrosoricida
Tenrecidae
Echinops telfairi
Both
Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Geogale aurita
Terrestrial
Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Hemicentetes nigriceps
Terrestrial
Stephenson 2003; Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus
2008
Tenrecidae
Hemicentetes semispinosus
Terrestrial
Stephenson 2003; Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus
2008
Tenrecidae
Limnogale mergulus
Terrestrial
Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Microgale brevicaudata
Terrestrial
Andrianjakarivelo et al. 2005
Tenrecidae
Microgale cowani
Terrestrial
Jenkins 2003; Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Microgale dobsoni
Terrestrial
Jenkins 2003; Salton & Szalay 2004
Tenrecidae
Microgale drouhardi
Terrestrial
Garbutt 2007
1
Tenrecidae
Microgale fotsifotsy
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Tenrecidae
Microgale gracilis
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Tenrecidae
Microgale grandidieri
Terrestrial
cf. Salton and Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Microgale gymnorhyncha
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Tenrecidae
Microgale jenkinsae
Terrestrial
Goodman and Soarimalala 2004
Tenrecidae
Microgale jobihely
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2006
Tenrecidae
Microgale longicaudata
Both
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Tenrecidae
Microgale majori
Both
Dammhahn et al. 2013
Tenrecidae
Microgale monticola
Terrestrial
cf. Salton and Szalay 2004
Tenrecidae
Microgale nasoloi
Terrestrial
Goodman and Benstead 2003, cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Tenrecidae
Microgale parvula
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003;Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Tenrecidae
Microgale principula
Terrestrial
cf. Salton and Szalay 2004
Tenrecidae
Microgale pusilla
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003
Tenrecidae
Microgale soricoides
Tenrecidae
Both
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Microgale taiva
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Jenkins 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006; Dammhahn et al. 2013
Tenrecidae
Microgale talazaci
Terrestrial
Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Microgale thomasi
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003
Tenrecidae
Oryzorictes hova
Terrestrial
Goodman 2003; Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus
2008
2
Tenrecidae
Setifer setosus
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and
Sargus 2008
Tenrecidae
Tenrec ecaudatus
Terrestrial
Salton & Szalay 2004; Salton and Sargus 2008
Order Carnivora
Eupleridae
Cryptoprocta ferox
Both
Hawkins 2003; Garbutt 2007
Eupleridae
Eupleres goudotii
Terrestrial
Dollar 1999, Nowak 1999; Garbutt 2007
Eupleridae
Fossa fossana
Terrestrial
Albignac 1972; Albignac 1984; Goodman et al. 2003; Garbutt
2007
Eupleridae
Galidia elegans
Terrestrial
Goodman 2003
Eupleridae
Galidictis fasciata
Terrestrial
Barden et al. 1991; Goodman 2003; Garbutt 2007
Eupleridae
Galidictis grandidieri
Terrestrial
Barden et al. 1991; Goodman 2003; Garbutt 2007
Eupleridae
Mungotictis decemlineata
Both
Razafimanantsoa 2003; Garbutt 2007
Eupleridae
Salanoia concolor
Both
Britt and Virkaitis 2003; Goodman and Benstead 2003;
Garbutt 2007; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Order Primates
Cheirogaleidae
Allocebus trichotis
Arboreal
Meier and Albignac 1989; Meier and Albignac 1991
Cheirogaleidae
Cheirogaleus crossleyi
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Garbutt 2007; cf. Muldoon and Goodman
2010
Cheirogaleidae
Cheirogaleus major
Arboreal
Wright and Martin 1995; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and
Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Cheirogaleus medius
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; Muller and Thalmann 2002; cf. Muldoon and
Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus arnholdi
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
3
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus berthae
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus griseorufus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus lehilahytsara
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus mittermeieri
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus murinus
Arboreal
Petter 1962; Martin 1973; Tattersall 1982
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus myoxinus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus ravelobensis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus rufus
Arboreal
Ganzhorn 1988; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman
2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus sambiranensis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus simmonsi
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Microcebus tavaratra
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Mirza coquereli
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; Kappeler 2003; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Phaner electromontis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Phaner furcifer
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Phaner pallescens
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Cheirogaleidae
Phaner parienti
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Daubentoniidae
Daubentonia madagascariensis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Indriidae
Avahi cleesei
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Avahi laniger
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Avahi meridionalis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
4
Indriidae
Avahi mooreorum
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Avahi occidentalis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Avahi peyrierasi
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Avahi unicolor
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Indri indri
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Propithecus candidus
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Propithecus coquereli
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Propithecus deckenii
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Propithecus diadema
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Powzyk 1997
Indriidae
Propithecus edwardsi
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Propithecus perrieri
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Indriidae
Propithecus verreauxi
Arboreal
Jolly 1966; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lemuridae
Eulemur albifrons
Arboreal
Vasey 2000; Vasey 2002
Lemuridae
Eulemur cinereiceps
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur collaris
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur coronatus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur fulvus
Arboreal
Sussman 1974; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur macaco
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur mongoz
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur rubriventer
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
5
Lemuridae
Eulemur rufifrons
Arboreal
based on ecological similarity to Eulemur fulvus cf.
Mittermeier et al. 2008
Lemuridae
Eulemur rufus
Arboreal
Overdorff 1996; Fleagle 1999; Garbutt 2007; cf. Muldoon and
Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Eulemur sanfordi
Arboreal
Freed 1996; Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lemuridae
Hapalemur aureus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lemuridae
Hapalemur griseus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lemuridae
Hapalemur meridionalis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lemuridae
Hapalemur occidentalis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lemuridae
Lemur catta
Lemuridae
Prolemur simus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lemuridae
Varecia varecia
Arboreal
Balko 1996; Meldrum et al. 1997
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur ankaranensis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur dorsalis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur edwardsi
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur fleuretae
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur hollandorum
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Both
Sussman 1974; Jolly 2003; Garbutt 2007
6
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur hubbardi
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur leucopus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur microdon
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; Garbutt 2007; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur mustelinus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; Garbutt 2007; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur petteri
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur randrianasoli
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur ruficaudatus
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur scottorum
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur seali
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Lepilemuridae
Lepilemur septentrionalis
Arboreal
Fleagle 1999; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010 1
Order Rodentia
Nesomyidae
Brachytarsomys albicauda
Arboreal
Carleton and Goodman 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Brachytarsomys villosa
Arboreal
Carleton and Goodman 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Brachyuromys betsileoensis
Terrestrial
Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006
Nesomyidae
Brachyuromys ramirohitra
Terrestrial
Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006
Nesomyidae
Eliurus antsingy
Arboreal
Goodman and Benstead 2003; cf. Muldoon and Goodman
2010
Nesomyidae
Eliurus carletoni
Arboreal
Goodman and Benstead 2003; cf. Muldoon and Goodman
2010
7
Nesomyidae
Eliurus danieli
Terrestrial
cf. Carleton and Goodman 2007
Nesomyidae
Eliurus grandidieri
Terrestrial
Goodman et al. 2003; Carleton 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Eliurus majori
Arboreal
Goodman and Carleton 1996; Goodman and Carleton 1998;
Goodman et al. 1999; Goodman et al. 2003; Carleton 2003;
Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Eliurus minor
Arboreal
Goodman et al. 2003; Carleton 2003; Rasolonandrasana and
Goodman 2006
Nesomyidae
Eliurus myoxinus
Arboreal
Carleton 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Eliurus tanala
Arboreal
Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006; Laakkonen et al. 2003
Nesomyidae
Eliurus webbi
Terrestrial
Carleton 1994; Goodman and Carleton 1996; Ramanamanjato
and Ganzhorn 2001
Nesomyidae
Gymnuromys roberti
Terrestrial
Carleton and Goodman 2003; Goodman et al. 2003;
Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Hypogeomys antimena
Terrestrial
Sommer 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Macrotarsomys bastardi
Terrestrial
Carleton and Goodman 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Macrotarsomys ingens
Arboreal
Carleton and Goodman 2003; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Macrotarsomys petteri
Terrestrial
Goodman and Benstead 2003; Goodman and Soarimalala
2005; cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
Nesomyidae
Monticolomys koopmani
Terrestrial
Carleton and Goodman 1996; Goodman et al. 1999;
Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Nesomys audeberti
Terrestrial
Ryan 2003; Andrianjakarivelo et al. 2005; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Nesomys lambertoni
Terrestrial
Andrianjakarivelo et al. 2005
Nesomyidae
Nesomys rufus
Terrestrial
Ryan et al. 1993; Goodman et al. 2003; Andrianjakarivelo et
al. 2005; Rasolonandrasana and Goodman 2006; Garbutt 2007
Nesomyidae
Voalavo antsahabensis
Both
cf. Muldoon and Goodman 2010
8
Nesomyidae
1
1
Voalavo gymnocaudus
Both
Goodman and Carleton 1998; Carleton and Goodman 2000;
Garbutt 2007
Based on vertical clingers and leapers (VCL) being arboreal species due to their locomotory adaptations.
9
1
Supplementary Results – Model 2 (detrended composition)
2
3
PCNM Analyses and Forward Selection
4
Model 2 (detrended composition data): The global PCNM analyses were significant for all non-
5
volant mammals (F = 1.34, df = 10, P = 0.006), primates (F = 1.82, df = 10, P < 0.001), and
6
arboreal mammals (F = 1.62, df = 10, P < 0.001), and non-significant for non-primate mammals
7
(F = 1.02, df = 10, P = 0.407) and terrestrial mammals (F = 1.13, df = 10, P = 0.183). All
8
mammals had three significant PCNMs, and primates and arboreal mammals had four significant
9
PCNMs at both broad and medium spatial scales (Table S2 & S3). Since the global PCNM
10
models were not significant for non-primate and terrestrial mammals, forward selection of
11
variables was not performed (Table S2 & S3). No biogeographic effective distance ratios were
12
forward selected for the detrended composition data. For all community groupings, elevation was
13
the only significant variable for detrended community data.
14
15
Variation Partitioning
16
Model 2 (detrended composition data): The variation partitioning models for detrended
17
community compositions did not include biogeographic effective distance ratios because none
18
were significant. Furthermore, only one environmental variable (elevation) was significant
19
(Table S2 & S3). Model fit for Model 2 was lower than for Model 1, explaining 8.3-18.1% of
20
community variation (Fig. S1, Table S2 & S3). Pure spatial effects versus environmental effects
21
explained the greatest proportion of variation for all non-volant mammals (7.5% vs. 2.6%),
22
primates (15.1% vs. 0.7% (non-significant)) and arboreal mammals (12.9% vs. 2.6%).
23
Conversely, the pure environmental effect of elevation was the only variable explaining
24
community variation for non-primates (6.8%) and terrestrial mammals (6.5%). The variation
25
partitioning for all non-volant mammals, primates and arboreal mammals across medium and
26
broad scales had similar patterns. The PCNMs representing broad scales explained almost twice
27
the variation in community composition than those at medium scales. Furthermore the total
28
variation explained by broad scale structuring of composition was two to three times that of
29
medium scale for analyses of all mammals, primates and arboreal mammals (Fig. S1, Table S2 &
30
S3).
10
1
2
3
Fig. S1 Percent of variation in detrended community composition explained by environmental and spatial effects for 34 non-volant,
primate, arboreal, non-primate, and terrestrial mammal communities in Madagascar. For clarity, unexplained variation is a numeric
value at the top of each column.
50
Variation Explained (%)
40
30
81.9
20
82.0
87.5
10
93.2
93.5
Non-primate
mammals
Terrestrial mammals
0
All non-volant
mammals
4
Primate mammals
Arboreal mammals
Pure Broad Scale Spatial
Pure Medium Scale Spatial
Pure Environmental
Shared Environmental and Spatial
Unexplained
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table S2. Variation partitioning of community composition attributed to environmental effects (climate and elevation), spatial effects
(PCNMs), and biogeographic barriers (biogeographic effective distance ratios) using partial redundancy analysis. Two components of
variation are reported (as percentages): pure variation (the amount of variation only attributable to that source), and total variation (the
amount of variation in total attributable to that source, including its covariations with other variables, shown in parentheses).
Significant forward selected variables from each source of variation are included in the order of their contribution. Sources that were
not significant once the data were detrended were not analyzed. Asterisks indicate significant components of pure variation: p <
0.001***, p < 0.01**, p < 0.05*.
Community
Source
All mammals
Variables
Primates
Non-primates
Variation
Variables
Variation
Variables
Variation
Long, Lat
2.0* (25.2)
Long, Lat
2.3* (24.8)
Long, Lat
2.5*
(24.8)
Environmental
effects
AT, AP, TS, PS
7.0** (34.9)
AP, AT, TS, PS
5.7**
(33.7)
AT, AP, TS, Elev
12.4**
(36.9)
Biogeographic
barriers NT, a
EdgeDR
<1
EdgeDR
<1
EdgeDR
<1
Model 1 (including linear trend)
Geographic location
Pure spatial effectsb
(all scales)
Broad scale spatial
effects (PCNMsc)
Medium scale spatial
effects (PCNMsc)
7.3
11.2
2,1,3,5,4
3.7** (30.6)
2,1,3,5,4
6.0**
(35.4)
6,7
3.6** (1.9)
6,7
5.2* (3.3)
1.3
2,1,5,4
1.3
(27.0)
Shared
environmental effects
+ geographic
location
0.6
<0
<0
Shared
environmental +
7.2
10.2
2.5
12
broad scale spatial
effects
Shared
environmental +
medium scale spatial
effects
Total explained
variation in model
<0
<0
44.9
50.1
41.1
Model 2 (detrended composition data)
Environmental
effects
Elev
Pure spatial effects b
(all scales)
Broad scale spatial
effects
2.6* (5.2)
Elev
7.5
0.7ns (3.7)
Elev
6.8**d
15.1
4,2
3.8** (6.0)
4,2,3
10.8**
(13.1)
6
2.2** (2.0)
6
4.2** (3.5)
4
(PCNMsc)
Medium scale spatial
effects
(PCNMsc)
Shared
environmental +
broad scale spatial
effects
2.6
3.1
Shared
environmental +
medium scale spatial
effects
0.2
0.1
13
Total explained
variation in model
12.5
18.1
6.8d
1
2
Abbreviations: Long: longitude; Lat: latitude; AT: mean annual temperature; TS: temperature seasonality; AP: annual precipitation;
PS: precipitation seasonality; Elev: elevation; EdgeDR: island edge effective distance ratio; NS: not significant; NT: not tested.
3
4
a
5
b Combined variation of the pure broad scale effects and pure medium scale effects, consequently significance is not shown.
6
7
c
8
9
d
Not tested because variation partitioning can only have a maximum of four explanatory matrices, and in the overall global RDA
model biogeographic processes’ contribution to variation in composition was minor.
Eigenvectors from the principal coordinate analysis of the neighbor matrix (PCNM) based on the Euclidean distance between site
centroids.
Adjusted R2 value from the global RDA for environmental effects because no other variable sets were significant, and consequently
did not undergo the forward selection procedure.
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table S3. Variation partitioning of functional community groups (see Table S1) attributed to environmental effects (climate and
elevation), spatial effects (PCNMs), and biogeographic barriers (biogeographic effective distance ratios) using partial redundancy
analysis. Two components of variation are reported (as percentages): pure variation (the amount of variation only attributable to that
source), and total variation (the amount of variation in total attributable to that source, including its covariations with other variables,
shown in parentheses). Significant forward selected variables from each source of variation are included in the order of their
contribution. Sources that were not significant once the data were detrended were not analyzed. Asterisks indicate significant
components of pure variation: p < 0.001***, p < 0.01**, p < 0.05*.
Community
Arboreal mammals
Source
Terrestrial mammals
Variables
Variation
Variables
Variation
Long, Lat
2.0* (24.0)
Long, Lat
1.8 (25.7)
AP, AT, TS, PS
7.5** (35.1)
AT, AP, TS, Elev
10.8** (37.2)
EdgeDR
<1
EdgeDR
<1
Model 1 (including linear trend)
Geographic location
Environmental effects
biogeographic barriers
NT, a
Pure spatial effects b (all
scales)
Broad scale spatial effects
(PCNMs c)
Medium scale spatial effects
(PCNMs c)
9.8
2,1,5,4,3
5.1** (31.9)
6,7
4.7** (4.0)
1.8
2,1,5,4
1.8 (29.4)
Shared environmental
effects + geographic location
0.2
<0
Shared environmental +
broad scale spatial effects
8.3
3.7
Shared environmental +
medium scale spatial effects
<0
Total explained variation in
model
48.9
42.0
15
Model 2 (detrended composition data)
Environmental effects
Elev
Pure spatial effects b (all
scales)
Broad scale spatial effects
2.6* (5.6)
Elev
6.5*d
12.9
4,2,3
8.3** (10.4)
6
4.6** (4.2)
(PCNMs c)
Medium scale spatial effects
(PCNMs c)
Shared environmental +
broad scale spatial effects
2.9
Shared environmental +
medium scale spatial effects
0.4
Total explained variation in
model
18.0
6.5d
1
2
Abbreviations: Long: longitude; Lat: latitude; AT: mean annual temperature; TS: temperature seasonality; AP: annual precipitation;
PS: precipitation seasonality; Elev: elevation; EdgeDR: island edge effective distance ratio; NS: not significant; NT: not tested.
3
4
a
5
b
6
7
c
8
9
d
Not tested because variation partitioning can only have a maximum of four explanatory matrices, and in the overall model
biogeographic processes’ contribution to variation in composition was minor (less than 1%).
Combined variation of the pure broad scale effects and pure medium scale effects, consequently significance is not shown.
Eigenvectors from the principal coordinate analysis of the neighbor matrix (PCNM) based on the Euclidean distance between site
centroids.
Adjusted R2 value from the global RDA for environmental effects because no other variable sets were significant, and consequently
did not undergo the forward selection procedure.
16
1
2
3
4
5
Figure S1. The significant forward selected Principle Coordinate of Neighbour Matrices
(PCNM) variables with positive spatial correlation used in the PCNM analysis (shown on a map
of Madagascar). PCNMs 1-5 depicted broad spatial scales and PCNMs 6-10 depicted medium
spatial scales. The circles of similar size and colour represent sites structured at similar spatial
scales. Filled circles: positive eigenvalues; empty circles: negative eigenvalues.
17
1
18
1
References (for Table S1)
2
3
4
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