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A Call for GAPPE Partnership with FG.
Team: GAPPE/F.G/N.Y.S.C.
Contact: GAPPE TEAM BUSINESS SCHOOL NIGERIA.
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13. 
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
14. Africa: 7.000.000. Historical Causes of Unemployment in Nigeria: Problem: = Unemployment was caused by the Political Creation of
NYSC Educational program without creation of Jobs for them at the end. Trouble caused in the Country: = Nigerian Youths
unrestiveness. God’s Recommendations and solution to the above problem! G.A.P.P.E. MEANS, Gods Affirmative, Partnership, for
Poverty Eradication. In Nigeria and African. By Professor Amanyadrfelixioe Prophet. 2013.
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15. 
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
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
34

35

36

37
17. 
38

39

40

41

42

43

44
18. 
45

46

47

48

49

50

51

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
53

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
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
56

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
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19. 
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20. Shehu Shagari, Was the candidate of the dominant party, the right-wing NPN, who narrowly won the 1979 Presidential election, defeating Chief Obafemi
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Awolowo.
21. The then NPN's party leaders, used political power as an opportunity to gain access to public treasuries and distribute privileges to their followers and created the
NYSC.Educational Embargo without good salary. Members of the public were angry, and many openly challenged the relevance of a democracy that could not
produce leaders who would improve their lives and provide moral authority and Education. Even in this climate, however, Shagari was reelected again as President in
August–September 1983, although his landslide victory was attributed to gross voting irregularities. Shagari was not able to manage the political crisis that followed or
to end Nigeria's continuing economic decline, and the military seized the opportunity to stage a coup with book harm on the Dec. 31, 1983, that brought Maj. Gen.
Muhammad Buhari to power now wanting to come back with Bokoharm power again.
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22. 
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
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
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90
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91
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92
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93
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
114

115

116

117

118

119

120
23. 
121
24. 
122
25. 
123

124
26. 
125

126

127
128
27. 

129
28. 
130

131

132
133
134
135
136
29. 

30. 

31. 
137

138

139
140
32. 

141
33. 
142

143

144

145

146
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34. 
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35. 
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36. 
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
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37. 
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
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38. By Professor Amanyadrfelixioe Prophet
39. amanyadrfelixioe@gmail.com +2348034057606.
40. www://emmanuelhealingministry.com READ PSLAM 92:1- TO THE END.
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42. 

43. 

180
44. 
181

182

183
45. 
184

185

186

187
46. 
188
47. 
189

190

191
48. 
192
49. 
193
194

50. 
195

196

52.  
51.
197
54. 
198

199

200
55. 
53
201
56. 
202

203

204
57. 
205

206

207
58. 
208
59. 
209

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
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
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
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
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
215
60. 
216
61. 
217

218

219
62. Fisheries
220
63. 
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
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
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64. 
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
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
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.
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
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65.

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66. 
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
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
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
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
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
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
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67. 
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
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
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
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
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
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68. 
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
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
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
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69. 
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70. 
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
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
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
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
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
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71. 
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72. 
256

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
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
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
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
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
262
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73. 

264
74. 
265
75. 
266
76. 
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77. 
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
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
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
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78. 

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

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
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

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

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
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

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

298

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

301

302

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79. 
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

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
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
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80. 

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81. 
311

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
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

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82. 
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
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83. 

84. 


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85. 
86. 
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
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87. 

88. 



89. 

90. 

91. 

92. 
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
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
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93. 

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94. 
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95. Nigeria
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96. Introduction
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97. Nigeria is a country located on the western coast of Africa? Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. However, Nigeria's
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most diverse feature is its people. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. The country
has abundant natural resources, notably large deposits of petroleum and natural gas Cat Fish Lakes and Lard Land for Agriculture.
98. The new national capital is Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory, which was created by decree in 1976. Lagos, the former capital, retains its standing as the country's
leading commercial and industrial city of Africa.
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99. Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. The country became independent on Oct. 1, 1960, and
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in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. The First Republic was replaced by the military, which ruled for 13
years. The Second Republic lasted from 1979 to 1983, followed by another 15 years of military rule.
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100. Land
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101. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin.
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Nigeria is not only large in area—larger than the U.S. state of Texas—but also Africa's most populous country.
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102. Relief
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103. In general, the topography of Nigeria consists of plains in the north and south interrupted by plateaus and hills in the centre of the country. The Sokoto Plains lie in the
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northwestern corner of the country, while the Borno Plains in the northeastern corner extend as far as the Lake Chad basin. The Lake Chad basin and the coastal
areas, including the Niger River delta and the western parts of the Sokoto region in the far northwest, are underlain by soft, geologically young sedimentary rocks.
Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. The characteristic landforms of the plateaus are high plains
with broad, shallow valleys dotted with numerous hills or isolated mountains, called inselbergs; the underlying rocks are crystalline, although sandstones appear in
river areas. The Jos Plateau rises almost in the centre of the country; it consists of extensive lava surfaces dotted with numerous extinct volcanoes. Other eroded
surfaces, such as the Udi-Nsukka escarpment (see Udi-Nsukka Plateau), rise abruptly above the plains at elevations of at least 1,000 feet (300 meters). The most
mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chapel Waddi (7,936 feet
[2,419 meters]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 meters]) in the Shebshi Mountains.
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
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104. The Drainage areas are the Agricultural and Fishing Zone.
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105. The major Fishing and Agriculture drainage areas in Nigeria are the Niger-Benue basin, the Lake Chad basin, and the Gulf of Guinea basin. The Niger River, for which
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the country is named, and the Benue, its largest tributary, are the principal rivers. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either
and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the
Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. The coastal areas are drained by short rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guinea. River basin development projects have
created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River.
106. The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. Characteristic landforms in this region include
oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. Large freshwater swamps give way to brackish mangrove thickets near the seacoast this is
where the wealth of Nigeria is in Agriculture and Fishery...
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107. Soils
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108. Soils in Nigeria and in Africa generally, are usually of a poorer quality than those in other regions of the world. However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized
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agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. In the pre-colonial
period the country normally produced enough agricultural commodities to feed its population, and it even maintained a surplus for export.
109. Nigeria's major soil zones conform to geographic location. Loose sandy soils consisting of wind-borne deposits and riverine sands are found in the northern regions,
although, in areas where there is a marked dry season, a dense surface layer of laterite develops, making these soils difficult to cultivate. The soils in the northern
states of Kano and Sokoto, however, are not subject to leaching and are therefore easily farmed. South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and
loess (wind-borne deposits). The middle two-thirds of the country, the savanna regions, contain reddish, laterite soils; they are somewhat less fertile than those of the
north because they are not subject to as much seasonal drying, nor do they receive the greater rainfall that occurs in the more southerly regions. The forest soils
represent the third zone. There the vegetation provides humus and protects it from erosion by heavy rainfall. Although these soils can readily be leached and lose their
fertility, they are the most productive agriculturally. Hydromorphic and organic soils, confined largely to areas underlain by sedimentary rocks along the coast and river
floodplains, are the youngest soil types.
110. Climate
111. Nigeria has a tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons, depending on location. It is hot and wet most of the year in the
southeast but dries in the southwest and farther inland. A savanna climate, with marked wet and dry seasons, prevails in the north
and west, while a steppe climate with little precipitation is found in the far north.
112. In general, the length of the rainy season decreases from south to north. In the south the rainy season lasts from March to November, whereas in the far north it lasts
only from mid-May to September. A marked interruption in the rains occurs during August in the south, resulting in a short dry season often referred to as the “August
break.” Precipitation is heavier in the south, especially in the southeast, which receives more than 120 inches (3,000 mm) of rain a year, compared with about 70
inches (1,800 mm) in the southwest. Rainfall decreases progressively away from the coast; the far north receives no more than 20 inches (500 mm) a year.
113. Temperature and humidity remain relatively constant throughout the year in the south, while the seasons vary considerably in the north; during the northern dry season
the daily temperature range becomes great as well. On the coast the mean monthly maximum temperatures are steady throughout the year, remaining about 90 °F (32
°C) at Lagos and about 91 °F (33 °C) at Port Harcourt; the mean monthly minimum temperatures are approximately 72 °F (22 °C) for Lagos and 68 °F (20 °C) for Port
Harcourt. In general, mean maximum temperatures are higher in the north, while mean minimum temperatures are lower. In the northeastern city of Maiduguri, for
example, the mean monthly maximum temperature may exceed 100 °F (38 °C) during the hot months of April and May, while in the same season frosts may occur at
night. The humidity generally is high in the north, but it falls during the harmattan (the hot, dry northeast trade wind), which blows for more than three months in the
north but rarely for more than two weeks along the coast.
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114. Plant and animal life
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115. The main vegetation patterns run in broad east-west belts, parallel to the Equator. Mangrove and freshwater swamps occur along the coast and in the Niger delta. A
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short way inland, the swamps give way to dense tropical rainforests. Economically valuable, the oil palm grows wild and is usually preserved when forest is cleared for
cultivation. In the more densely populated parts of the southeast, the original forest vegetation has been replaced by open palm bush. In the southwest large areas of
forest have been replaced by cacao and rubber plantations. Tropical grassland occupies the area north of the forest belt and is studded with baobab, tamarind, and
locust bean trees. The savanna becomes more open in the far north and is characterized by scattered stunted trees and short grasses. Semidesert conditions exist in
the Lake Chad region, where various species of acacia and the doum species of palm are common. Gallery forests (narrow forest zones along rivers) are also
characteristic of the open savanna in the north. In densely populated areas of the savanna, such as those around the towns of Sokoto, Kano, and Katsina, the
vegetation has been removed by continuous cropping, overgrazing, and bush burning. In the far northern areas the nearly total disappearance of plant life has
facilitated a gradual southward advance of the Sahara Camels, antelopes, hyenas, lions, baboons, and giraffes once inhabited the entire savanna region, and red
river hogs, forest elephants, and chimpanzees lived in the rainforest belt. Animals found in both forest and savanna included leopards, golden cats, monkeys, gorillas,
and wild pigs. Today these animals can be found only in such protected places as the Yankari National Park in Bauchi state, Gashaka Gumti National Park in Taraba
state, Kainji Lake National Park in Kwara state (see Kainji Lake), and Cross River National Park in Cross River state. Rodents such as squirrels, porcupines, and cane
rats constitute the largest family of mammals. The northern savanna abounds in guinea fowl. Other common birds include quail, vultures, kites, bustards, and gray
parrots. The rivers contain crocodiles, hippopotamuses, and a great variety of fishes.
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116. People
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117. Ethnic groups
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118. There are an estimated 250 ethnic groups in Nigeria. Each inhabits a territory that it considers to be its own by right of first occupancy and inheritance. Individuals who
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are not members of a dominant group but who have lived and worked for several decades in the territory of the group are still considered to be aliens. In most rural
areas, such aliens may not acquire outright title to land, yet considerable numbers of people have migrated from one ethnic territory to another in search of farmland.
There are three major ethnic groups in the country: the Hausa-Fulani, the Yoruba, and the Igbo.
119. The northern-dwelling Hausa, the most numerous group in the country, have become integrated with the smaller Fulani group, whose members conquered Hausaland
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in the early 19th century; the great majority of both are Muslims. Town-dwelling Fulani intermarry freely with the Hausa and other groups, and they continue to control
the administration of the Hausa towns. The cattle-herding rural Fulani, who generally do not intermarry, speak the Fulani language, Fula, rather than Hausa.
120. Another large and politically dominant group is the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. They consider the city of Ife their ancestral home and the deity Oduduwa their
progenitor. Most Yoruba are farmers but live in urban areas away from their rural farmland. Each Yoruba subgroup is ruled by a paramount chief, or oba, which is
usually supported by a council of chiefs. The one of Ife, who is the spiritual leader of the Yoruba, and the alafin of Oyo, who is their traditional political leader, are the
most powerful rulers, and their influence is still acknowledged throughout the Yoruba areas.
121. The third major ethnic group, the Igbo of southeastern Nigeria, lives in small decentralized and democratic settlements. The largest political unit is the village, which is
ruled by a council of elders (chosen by merit, not heredity) rather than by a chief. A smaller proportion live in large towns and are culturally much closer to the Edo of
neighboring Benin City (in Edo state) than to the Igbo east of the lower Niger valley.
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122. Less numerous are the Ibibio, who live near the Igbo and share many of their cultural traits, and the Edo, who created the important pre-colonial kingdom of Benin. In
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the middle belt, where the greatest concentration of ethnic groups (more than 180) occurs, the Tiv and the Nupe are the largest groups. Both are settled cultivators,
but, while Nupe society is hierarchical, that of the Tiv tends to be decentralized
123. Languages
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124. The languages of Nigeria are classified into three broad linguistic groups: Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic. The huge Niger-Congo group is further
subdivided into nine major branches, including the Kwa subgroup, spoken in the extreme southwestern corner of the country; the Ijoid branch, spoken in the Niger
Delta region; the Atlantic subgroup, which most notably includes Fula; the extensive Benue-Congo subgroup, which includes Tiv, Jukun, Edo, Igbo, Igala, Idoma,
Nupe, Gwari, Yoruba, and several languages of the Cross River basin such as Efik, Ibibio, Anang, and Ekoi; and the Adamawa-Ubangi languages, such as Awak,
Waja, Waka, and Tula, spoken in northern Nigeria. The Nilo-Saharan group is represented in Nigeria principally by Kanuri, although speakers of Bagirmi and Zerma
are also present in the country. Afro-Asiatic is a much larger linguistic group and comprises Hausa, Margi, and Bade, among others. Some peoples (such as the Fulani
and the Tiv) are relatively recent immigrants, but, on the basis of modern linguistic research, it is thought that the great majority of Nigerian languages—specifically the
Kwa subgroup—have been spoken in roughly the same locations for some 4,000 years.
125. Hausa was an official language of the northern states from 1951 to 1967. It is the most widely spoken language, although English is the official language of Nigeria. In
addition to English, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, and English Creole are widely spoken. Many of the languages exist in written form.
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126. Religion.
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127. At the beginning of the 20th century, most Nigerians were followers of traditional religions, but British colonial policies discouraged this to such an extent that by the
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time of independence in 1960 the great majority of the people were classified as Muslims or Christians. At the beginning of the 21st century, more than two-fifths of
the population was Muslim, slightly less than that was Christian, and about one-tenth claimed to follow traditional religions. However, many of those professing to be
Muslims and Christians also openly performed certain rights or rituals of traditional religions that were no longer condemned as they had been during the colonial
period. While a supreme god (called Olorun Olodumare in Yoruba, Chukwu in Igbo, Osalobua in Edo, and Abasi Ibom in Ibibio) is central to many of the traditional
religions, the deity is worshipped through a number of intermediaries or lesser gods.
128. Religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution, and Muslims and Christians live and work together, although there is continuing conflict between the
two groups and between them and adherents of traditional religions. The greatest concentration of Muslims is in the northern states; there, three-fourths
of the people profess the religion of Islam, which also is the dominant faith in a few of the southern states. Christians make up more than three-fourths of
the population in the eastern states.
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129. The main established Christian groups are Roman Catholics, Methodists, Anglicans, and Baptists. A growing number of breakaway Christian churches, which embrace
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indigenous cultural traditions, are gaining popularity—a development perceived as a threat by the older established churches. The breakaway Christian churches often
include drumming and dancing in their services, a practice since adopted by the established churches in an attempt to avoid losing members. Another issue has been
how Islam and Christianity have chosen to incorporate the traditional practice of polygamy. Christianity has officially disallowed it, while Islam has allowed men to have
up to four wives; however, breakaway Christian churches often have placed no limits on the practice.
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130. Geographic regions
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131. Marked differences exist between north and south, not only in physical landscape, climate, and vegetation but also in the social organization, religion, literacy, and
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agricultural practices of the people. These differences form the basis of the division of Nigeria into three geographic regions: the south or Guinea coastlands; the
central region; and the north, or Nigerian Sudan.
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132. South
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133. The south is the most economically developed part of Nigeria. Its forest resources are intensively exploited, and its tree crops are harvested on peasant
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farms and commercial plantations. All of the country's major industrial centres and oil fields, as well as its seaports, fishing gold are all concentrated in
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this region. Important cultural centres are also found in the south, such as those of the Yoruba in the western part of the region, the Edo in the region's
Midwestern section, and the Igbo-Ibibio in the east. Parts of the country's Igbo and Ibibio-inhabited areas are the most densely settled areas in subSaharan Africa. The Yoruba-inhabited areas where cacao is grown are also densely settled and attract many migrants from the congested Igbo and Ibibioinhabited areas. The eastern Cross River area is virtually uninhabited owing to the poor soil and climate.
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134. Central region
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135. The central region is the most sparsely settled and least developed part of Nigeria, comprising about two-fifths of the country's land area but supporting less than one-
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fifth of the total population. Small pockets of dense population occur in the tin fields of the Jos Plateau and in the southern Tiv-inhabited area. The remaining, and by
far the greater, part of this region is virtually uninhabited owing to the poor soil and climate.
136. Before 1970, large-scale development in this region, often referred to as the middle belt, was restricted to a few government-supported projects, such as the Kainji
Dam and the Bacita sugar project (both in the northwestern part of the region) and a few industries in the towns of Jos and Kaduna (now the capitals of Plateau and
Kaduna states, respectively). After the national administrative reorganization of 1975, this central region gained importance because 7 of the then 19 (now 36) state
capitals, as well as the approximately 2,800-square-mile (7,250-square-km) Federal Capital Territory were located there. In addition, during the early 1980s a giant iron
and steel complex was built at Ajaokuta, near Lokoja.
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137. North
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138. The north, or Nigerian Sudan, underwent significant change in the beginning of the 20th century, when a new economic pattern was created by the construction of a
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railroad that connected the region to the country's coastal ports. Before then, the Nigerian Sudan was more outward oriented through regular trans-Saharan contacts
with North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. Except in the Lake Chad basin, where the Kanuri people established the state of Borno, the Nigerian Sudan
has been dominated by a blend of the cultures of the Fulani and Hausa. The former are traditionally nomadic cattle herders, the latter settled cultivators; both groups
are predominantly Muslim.
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139. Two regions of dense population are found in the extreme north: the Sokoto area and the Kano-Katsina area. The Kano concentration is based on intensive agriculture
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in an area of relatively fertile soils, but the densely settled areas around nearby Katsina have impoverished soils and do not produce enough food for the local
population.
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140. Settlement patterns
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141. Rural settlement
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142. About half of the people live in rural areas. Densely populated settlements occur along the coast, in the Yoruba-inhabited area in the southwest, and in the Hausa- and
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Kanuri-inhabited areas of the far north. In parts of the Igbo and the Anang-Ibibio-inhabited areas in the southeast and the Tiv-inhabited areas in the central region,
settlements consist of dispersed homesteads called compounds. Each compound houses a man, his immediate family, and some relatives. A number of compounds
make up the village, usually inhabited by people claiming a common ancestor—often the founder of the village.
143. In the eastern states, each village has a chief, or headman, who, as one of the oldest and most prosperous men in the community, rules by the consent of the people.
In the Yoruba- and Edo-inhabited areas and in most parts of the northern states, the chief is chosen by, or with the consent of, the region's traditional ruler. A
characteristic feature of village life is the age-grade system, in which people are grouped together with others of a similar age. This system was more important
traditionally—serving to separate males into three-year groupings for purposes of labor and initiation—but its use has diminished since Nigeria is after Oil income...
144. Urban settlement
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145. Only the Yoruba, Hausa, Edo, Kanuri, and coastal peoples were town dwellers before the 20th century. The Yoruba long have been the most urbanized people in
tropical Africa. Their towns, most of them several hundred years old, were originally administrative and trading centres, a function many have retained. About half the
Yoruba now live in towns of more than 5,000, notably Ibadan, Ogbomosho, Abeokuta, Ife, and Oyo. Benin City, like Ibadan and Oyo, is a political as well as a cultural
capital; its history dates back several centuries to when it was the centre of the historic state of Benin.
146. The towns of Bonny, Opobo Town, Okrika, Buguma, Brass, Forcados, Creek Town, and Calabar grew from coastal fishing and salt-trading villages into towns as trade
(first in slaves and later in agricultural goods) increased between the coastal peoples and Europeans. At the beginning of colonial rule, these port towns had a more
cosmopolitan population than the Yoruba towns and the far north, but they were much smaller and negeleted by government of Nigeria.
147. Kano, Zaria, and Katsina, northern towns of the Nigerian Sudan are much older than the Yoruba towns. Owing their existence to the trans-Saharan trade as well as to
the agricultural wealth of the surrounding region, they were once walled cities. Today Kano, the most important of the ancient towns, contains separate quarters for
Hausa-Fulani, southern Nigerians, and Europeans.
148. Lagos, a cosmopolitan city consisting of islands and mainland areas, is the former capital of and the largest urban region in Nigeria. It was founded (probably through
the expansion of the kingdom of Benin) before the 15th century and had a population of about 250,000 when it was declared a British colony in 1861; that number
increased to some 8,000,000 in the early 21st century. The creation of many states since 1967 diverted some of the industries and job-seeking migrants from Lagos to
the new state capitals, especially the older and larger ones such as Ibadan, Kaduna, Kano, and Enugu. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri,
and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals.
149. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former
capital. The decision to create a new capital was made in the mid-1970s, and work on it began in the 1980s. The location was chosen so that no single ethnic group
would be favored over another, although one such group, the Gwari, was displaced by the construction.
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150. Demographic trends
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151. Nigeria, like other developing countries, has birth and mortality rates that are higher than the world average. Since the mid-20th century, however, infant mortality has
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declined drastically, and life expectancy has increased; as a consequence, population growth has been rapid. In the early 21st century, almost three-fourths of the
population was younger than age 30.
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152. There is considerable migration in Nigeria, especially between the north and the south. Large numbers of southern migrants have settled in the northern cities of Kano,
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Sokoto, Kaduna, and Jos, while seasonal migrants have often moved from the northern Sokoto and Kano areas to southern areas where cacao is grown. A more
significant number of people have migrated from the southeast to the more industrialized and urbanized western states of Lagos, Oyo, and Ogun or to the agricultural
western states of Ondo and Edo.
153. Before the end of the country's civil war in 1970, many Nigerians emigrated to work in Benin, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and Sierra Leone. African
migration into Nigeria began about 1972 and was officially encouraged in 1978 by the establishment of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS),
under which the citizens of member states were guaranteed free movement. In the early 1980s a downturn in the Nigerian economy and the alleged involvement of
foreigners in religious riots prompted the government to reverse its immigration policy. By 1985 some 2.7 million aliens had been expelled; such measures, however,
have not been repeated. The actions of the series of military governments in the 1980s and '90s caused many Nigerian citizens to immigrate to Europe and the United
States.
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154. Economy
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155. The Nigerian economy is one of the largest in Africa. Since the late 1960s it has been based primarily on the petroleum industry and Fishing and Agriculture
abounded. The new fishing technology will give Nigeria more money than Oil production and or agriculture. A series of world oil price increases from 1973 produced
rapid economic growth in transportation, construction, manufacturing, and government services. Because this led to a great influx of rural people into the larger urban
centres, Agricultural production stagnated to such an extent that cash crops such as palm oil, peanuts (groundnuts), and cotton were no longer significant export
commodities; in addition, from about 1975 Nigeria was forced to import such basic commodities as rice and cassava for domestic consumption and She refused using
her youths in the farm. This system worked well as long as revenues from petroleum remained constant, but since the late 1970s the agricultural sector has been in
continuing crisis because of the fluctuating world oil market and the country's rapid population growth. Although much of the local population remained engaged in
local farming, too little food was produced, requiring increasingly costly imports. The various governments (most of them military-run) have dealt with this problem by
banning agricultural imports and by focusing, albeit briefly, on various agricultural and indigenization plans which were not monitored FG. In the late 1990s the
government began to privatize many state-run enterprises—especially in communications, power, and transportation—in order to enhance the quality of service and
reduce dependence on the government. Most of the enterprises had been successfully privatized by the beginning of the 21st century, but a few remained in
government hands. Yet they don’t know where the problem is. The Problem is caused by the Caging of the NYSC Education in NYSC. And refusing to okay them good
salary while on service at the Farm Camp grand. And making them learn Technology by employing coach to teach them what to do like Chain and US students.
156. At the turn of the 21st century, Nigeria continued to face an unsteady revenue flow, which the government attempted to counter by borrowing from international
sources, introducing various austerity measures, or doing both at the same time instead of forcing her youths after high school {NYSC} to go and work a higher school
Farms for four after University Education and pay them good monthly salary of between N70.000 to N150.000.and teach them modern Technology. As a direct result
this, an ever-increasing share of the national budget was needed for debt repayment, which, with corruption dominating government operations, meant that very little
of Nigeria's income was being spent on the people and their needs. The country benefited from a 2005 debt-relief plan by which the majority of its debt to a group of
creditor countries known as the Paris Club would be forgiven once it had repaid a certain amount; Nigeria successfully met this condition in 2006, becoming the first
African country to settle its debt with the group. (For information on the role women have played in Nigeria's economy and culture, see Sidebar: Nigerian Women.)
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157. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
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158. Nigeria has no shortage of arable land overall, but there is an extreme shortage of farmland in the most densely settled areas of the Lagos states and around Kano,
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Katsina, and Sokoto. This has forced large numbers of land-hungry Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa people to migrate to other parts of the country. Often, however, cultural
traditions, such as the prohibition against selling family land, have restricted access to farmland in some localities that appear to have abundant cultivable land, and, in
the far north, desertification has severely limited the land area available for cultivation. About two-thirds of all Nigerians obtain a living from agricultural production.
Most are small-scale subsistence farmers who produce only a little surplus for sale and who derive additional income from one or more cash crops and from the sale of
local crafts. Farms are small, usually less than 2.5 acres (1 hectare) in the south and about 7.5 acres (3 hectares) in the open grassland areas of the north and
southern states. The soil is totally amenable to mechanized equipment, the hoe and matchet (machete) continue to be the dominant farm implements since the FG are
not interested in farming. The shortage of farmland in some localities and limited access to land in others are among the factors that restrict the size of farmland
cultivated per family. Environmental deterioration, inferior storage facilities, a poor transport system, and a lack of investment capital from the FG contribute to low
productivity and general stagnation in agriculture and Fishery. With the population growing rapidly and urbanization accelerating, the food deficit continues to worsen
despite government efforts to rectify the situation.
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159. 
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160. 
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161. 
582
162. 
583
584
163. 

585
164. 
586

587

588
589
165. 

590
166. 
591

592

593
594
595
596
597
167. 

168. 

169. 
598

599

600
170. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
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PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
602
THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.000.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY
SALARIES. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO ANY
COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.000.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR.
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607
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609
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611
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171. Two decades of action against the epidemic have generated important insights into an effective response. While international political, financial and technical support is important,
lowering incidence and mitigating the epidemic’s impacts must be a nationally driven agenda. To be effective and credible, national responses require the persistent engagement of the
highest levels of government that have adopted forward-looking strategies to fight the epidemic Unemployment are reaping the rewards in falling incidence. Other countries are yet to
see the fruits of their efforts and in the absence of rapid and visible results, sustaining a response become more difficult.
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619
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172. However, evidence shows that the combination of approaches described in this book have brought about a lowering of incidence in some countries. At present, and until the arrival of
an Amanyadrfelixioe approaches are the strongest weapons in our fight back against Unemployment in Africa.
173. Agriculture and Fishery in Nigeria, a nation that would have derived her largest share of its export income from the production from Fish, Water Melon, Orange,
Tomatoes, Grand nut, Coco, Rubber, Palm Oil, Mango, Grape Vine sugarcane, pawpaw, shown here along with pineapple crops. Agriculture and Fishery would have
played a vital role in the country's economy but Political Education has largely determined its ethnic makeup. Most Nigerians today are of Israeli descent—after the
British Empire abolished slavery in 1833, Nigeria plantation owners brought in thousands of Ibo laborers to replace freed slaves in places like Benin.
174. Since prehistoric times, the majority of Nigerians have been farmers Fish men and herders who raised crops and livestock for subsistence. In pre-colonial times, a few
Nigerian states developed long-distance trade networks based on the exchange of raw materials and some specialized local goods. Starting in the 15th century,
European colonization of Africa brought overseas demand for certain agricultural and mineral products. The colonizers built new transportation networks and
introduced technological innovations and new crops. At the same time, they exported millions of able-bodied Africans as slaves, exploited African labor within the
continent, and undermined local industries, crafts, trade networks, and governments. By the mid-20th century, European colonies in Africa had established one-way
trade systems in which Africa’s wealth of raw materials were exported to enrich foreign coffers, with little regard for development within Africa and the African
Governments had followed this system till date.
175. As decolonization began in the late 1950s, the African economy was divided into two distinct sectors. Most of the population took part in the traditional rural sector,
632
which featured subsistence production of food and simple manufactured products. The remainder was involved in a relatively modern sector, based in cities and
mining and plantation centers. Here, Africans youths worked for wages, producing mineral or agricultural raw materials for export to industrialized countries. Although
people in most rural communities earned some money from seasonal work in the cities in Fisheries and modern industrial centers, the two sectors were largely
separate.
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176. In subsequent decades, African governments pursued various economic development initiatives in an attempt to improve the living standards of their people. In many
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countries, these efforts led to the growth of manufacturing of consumer goods and other products. Services—in education, health care, civil services, and other
areas—also grew in economic importance like OIL in Nigeria.
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177. Development efforts led to a greater degree of interaction and movement of people and money between the modern and subsistence sectors of the African economy.
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Is yet to be achieved, by the early 21st century, the sectors were still far from integrated. Most of the population still pursued traditional subsistence activities,
178. Which continued to provide sustenance for the majority of Africans? At the same time, despite increasing levels of industrialization in many countries, Africa’s raw
materials continued to be produced primarily for export.
179. Root crops—notably yams, taro, and cassava—are the main food crops in the south, while grains and legumes—such as sorghum, millet, cowpeas, and corn
(maize)—are the staple crops of the drier north. Rice is also an important domestic crop. Trees—notably oil palm, cacao, and rubber trees—are the principal industrial
crops of the south, while peanuts (groundnuts) and cotton are produced in the north. Small-scale farmers dominate the production of industrial crops, as they do with
staple food crops. Cocoa beans, from the cacao tree, are the major agricultural export; production of other industrial crops has declined, owing to the general
stagnation in agriculture.
180. In 1982, in the first major step taken to halt the decline in industrial crop production, the government disbanded the produce marketing boards, which paid prices set by
the government. Many farmers have since been motivated to cultivate tree crops, and the federal and state governments have established plantations of oil palm,
rubber, and cacao. Programs to alleviate the food shortage have featured the direct purchase and distribution of foodstuffs by government agencies and the production
by government parastatals of various staples on large commercial farms. The Operation Feed the Nation program of 1976–80 sought to increase local food production
and thereby reduce imports. Citizens were encouraged to cultivate any empty plot of land, urban dwellers being encouraged to garden undeveloped building plots.
Since 1980 agricultural policies have focused on the small farmer.
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181. The raising of sheep, pigs, and goats was underdeveloped at the beginning of the 21st century. The cattle-herding Fulani are still the main beef producers, although
some of the cattle under the care of these nomads belong to settled farmers and city dwellers. However, the level of meat consumption in Nigeria, as in most African
countries, does not approach that of the West.
182. Nigeria's permanent forest reserves occupy less than one-fifth of the total land area. Outside these reserves, much of the forest cover has been destroyed through
regular burning to prepare land for farming or to facilitate hunting. Forest destruction is most extensive in the more densely settled areas, such as the Niger delta, and
in the drier savanna, where overgrazing, bush fires, and the great demand for fuel wood prevent normal regeneration of plants on fallow land. There are many large
plantations of exotic species, such as gmelina and teak, established by the government to provide electric and telegraph poles and fuel wood. In the arid zone of
Sokoto, Kano, and Borno states, forest belts have been established to help arrest the southward advance of the Sahara. Forest plantations have been established in
many watersheds to protect water catchment areas of rivers and to reduce the incidence of soil erosion.
183. Fishing has assumed greater importance as a food source following the loss of thousands of head of livestock during the recurring drought in the Sahel since the early
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1970s. The domestic catch supplies more than half of the fish demand. Lake Chad and the southern coastal waters are the main sources of fish, but large quantities
are caught every year in pools in seasonal rivers of the northern states.
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184. Small-scale commerce, taking place in small, often periodic, markets, is vital to people's sustenance in Africa's rural areas. At these markets, rural Africans sell crop
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surpluses and cottage industry products to traders who, in return, sell them goods such as spices, condiments, kerosene (for domestic lighting), soap, matches,
batteries, clothing, and spare parts for bicycles and carts. The small-scale traders then sell the crops and manufactured products to larger-scale traders. These smallscale traders have played a crucial role in bringing the subsistence sector into the larger economy by buying farm products and making consumer goods available to
the rural producer before the NYSC came into Nigeria by 197 to 1982 when FG asked Ghana to go Companies were looking for youths who had passed elementary 6
for employment Class 5 students were made Companies Manager, but today after your University no work because we did not create work for our youths before they
came up in millions let’s start now before it is too late.
185. Goat Herding in Nigeria. One of the most commonly raised livestock animals in Nigeria. As an arid country with limited natural resources for the poor, Nigerians poor
people relies on the livestock, Agriculture, and Fishery industry to drive its economy in the past to pay their children School fees thinking that when they come out from
University that they
186. Will take over from them, but hope was lost when they finished Schooling work, was no-where to be found in Nigeria. This is where Nigerian Government failed into
too! The civil war halted efforts toward economic diversification and devastated the country’s economy.
187. Migratory herding, based on extensive and frequent movement of livestock, declined in importance over most of Nigerian, in the second half of the 20th century. The
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area required for migratory herding has been greatly reduced as pasturelands have been taken over for Oil production and explorations—particularly modern
plantations—and wildlife reserves. Fishing is a minor subsistence activity in most Africa because of a general scarcity of good fishing grounds and because most of the
continent’s rural population lives in the interior and they don’t know Amanya, God given Fishing style. Any Country that will use my fishing style will not have
unemployment problems. Call me now on +2348034057606 Amanyadrfelixioe Prophet, and I will come over to your country and stop unemployment in only 12
months. My charges will be discoursed before my coming..
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188. Development of the Modern Sector in Nigeria. The modern sector of the Nigerian economy was developed largely by Europeans during the colonial period and geared
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toward the export of raw materials. Industrialization was minimal. After independence, Nigerian government pursued industrialization programs with varying success.
Today in only Oil boomboom. Nigeria as a nation is facing the challenge of expanding her economies to fulfill the needs of her people while maintaining their profitable
export-oriented activities in OIL.
189. Economic Activities
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190. Despite the expansion of OIL industry and services and the growing economic importance of these activities, in almost all Nigerian States, Fishery and agriculture
continues to be the most important economic activity of all other African Countries except in Nigeria where Fishery and Agriculture is left for the poor uptill date.
Agriculture makes up about one-sixth of Africa’s total gross domestic product (GDP), while industry makes up about one-third, and services about half. My system if
introduced in any country of Africa hunger and unemployment will become a thing of the past. My President Dr, Goodluck, I want your Government to partner with us
before another country will indicate interest in my program my GAPPE Program
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191. Agriculture
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192. Despite being the most agriculture-based Country in the world, Nigeria does not produce enough food to feed its people because her Government is not after
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Agriculture and Fishery because of oil money. There are a variety of reasons for this problem, notably Nigerian high rate of population growth in Western Education
and pepper qualifications rather than African Occupation 2, Rejection of African Government introduction of composer Agricultural and Fishery and Technological
program to her youths. 3} The huge loss of farm labors due to widespread movement of workers, youths from rural areas to urban areas for Education and for
Employment, 4} The economic priority given to the production of export OIL, and a general lack of adequate Government investment in modern Fishery and
agricultural and technology for the Youths. Nigeria must import food staples and require food aid every year. Nigeria is the world number one importers of rice and
other food.
193. Nigeria’s most important export would have been Fish, Oil, Orange, water melon, onus, yam, petites, vine, pawpaw, sugar cane, coffee, cotton, cacao beans (cocoa
beans), peanuts, oil palms, tobacco, cloves, and sisal. Major food subsistence crops include maize, rice, millet, and cassava. Cattle, sheep, and goats are also
important sources of protein. Fish is a hidden highest African important export resources’ yet undiscovered. I am looking for a country which will require my work which
is not disclosed here.
194. The continent’s different climatic zones have their own opportunities and limitations for Fishery and agricultural development (see the Climatic Zones section of this
article). The lack of modern agricultural technology among African farmers renders them powerless to overcome the climatic limitations of their regions Especially
Nigeria {Niger Delta}
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195. Resources and power
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196. Nigeria has a variety of both renewable and nonrenewable resources, some of which have not yet been effectively tapped. Fishery and Agriculture, Solar energy,
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probably the most extensive of the underutilized renewable resources, is likely to remain untapped for some time, and the vast reserves of natural gas produced with
crude oil have yet to be fully exploited.
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197. Offshore oil rig near Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
198. Resource extraction is the most important and the fastest-growing sector of the economy, reflecting the rise to prominence of crude oil output. Nigeria has been a
member of OPEC since 1971. There are oil refineries at Port Harcourt, Warri, and Kaduna. The petroleum industry remains dominant, and crude petroleum continues
to account for virtually all export earnings. The most economically valuable minerals are crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, and columbite (an iron-bearing mineral that
accompanies tin). Petroleum, first discovered in 1956, is the most important source of government revenue and foreign exchange—its share of the gross domestic
product rose from virtually nothing in the 1950s to about two-fifths in the late 1990s. Most of the oil output comes from onshore fields in the Niger delta, although an
increasing proportion of the crude is produced at offshore locations. There are vast reserves of natural gas, but most of the gas produced is a by-product of crude oil;
in the past this was burned off, as there was no market for it, but efforts have been made to utilize more of this commodity. Since 1984, oil companies have been
required to reinject into the ground some of the natural gas produced in the course of pumping crude oil. Production has often been interrupted by protests, as the
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inhabitants of the oil-producing regions have demanded a larger share of the revenues. But Fishery will give her more money than Agric or Oil asks Dr Amanyafelixioe
and he wick teach you how!
199. Nigeria possesses significant reserves of coal, but these deposits are being developed gradually. Coal is used by the railroad, by traditional metal industries, and by
power plants to generate electricity. Coal mining, initially concentrated around the city of Enugu and its environs, began in 1915. It declined after the late 1950s with
the discovery of oil but subsequently increased. Substantial coal reserves of varying quality can be found in south-central states in a band that stretches from Benin to
Cameroon. Deposits discovered more recently in the southwestern part of the country at Lafia-Obi are being developed for the Ajaokuta steel complex.
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200. The Jos Plateau, where tin mining began in 1905, also contains columbite. By the early 21st century, the country's tin-smelting capacity had not been reached, a result
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of diminished world demand in the late 1980s; production of columbite has also declined since the mid-1970s.
201. There are iron-ore deposits in the Lokoja area, which is close to the Ajaokuta steel complex in the lower Niger valley, and limestone occurs in many areas, where it is
widely exploited for manufacturing cement and for use in the steel industry. Extensive iron-ore deposits found in Kwara state have been exploited since 1984.
Construction of a plant to process the ore began in 1992 with the intention of supplying the Ajaokuta steel complex, whose river port was completed in 1995.
202. Other mined minerals include gypsum, kaolin, rock salt, baryte, phosphates, gold, sapphires, topazes, and aquamarines. Uranium deposits discovered in the
northeastern part of the country have not yet been exploited.
203. About one-third of the country's power is provided by hydroelectricity, although this source has the potential to provide an even greater amount of power. The main
sources of hydroelectric power are the dams at Kainji, Shiroro (Niger state), and Jebba (Kwara state). Thermal plants fired with natural gas and coal is at Afam,
Sapele, and Lagos and on the Oji River and supply about three-fifths of the country's power. Demand, however, always exceeds supply. Fuelwood (firewood and
charcoal) is still an important energy source for domestic use.
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204. Manufacturing
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205. Revenue from mining has enabled the federal government to establish such capital-intensive industries as the Ajaokuta and Aladja steel mills, pulp and paper mills at
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Oku Iboku and Iwopin, petrochemical plants at Kaduna, Abuja, and Port Harcourt, and an aluminum smelter at Ikot Abasi. In the past, large-scale manufacturing—
dominated by the production of textiles, tobacco, beverages, and cement—was controlled by foreign investors. The government's indigenization efforts have altered
the ownership situation, although the management and effective control of most large factories have remained in the hands of expatriate representatives of
multinational corporations. The greatest weakness of this sector has been its dependence on imported raw materials. That situation changed in 1987, when the import
of a wide range of raw materials was prohibited, although the ban was later rescinded. Even so, imports were subject to some restrictions at the beginning of the 21st
century, and manufacturers were encouraged to use raw materials from local sources. The highest concentration of large factories is in the Greater Lagos area. Each
state capital has a number of large manufacturing industries, but a few major industries, such as paper mills and steel mills, are located in remote areas where new
towns have grown up to serve the factories.
206. Traditional industries carried out in homes or in makeshift workshops include the making of iron implements such as hoes and hatchets, door hinges, bolts, and Dane
guns (firearms of obsolete design, originally of European manufacture). Traditional soap- and salt-making workshops appeared in large numbers after the near
collapse of the Nigerian economy in 1983, when most wage earners were unable to pay for factory-made soap and imported table salt. These industries continued
after the economy recovered, but they were concentrated in rural areas. Pottery making and wood carving are widespread, as are canework and the making of bags
and mats from raffia.
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207. Finance
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208. Two hundred-naira banknote from Nigeria (front side).
209. The Central Bank of Nigeria issues the national currency, the naira, which has been devalued several times since 1980. The Central Bank has branches in all the state
capitals and provides guidelines to all commercial and merchant banks in the country. In 1976 all foreign banks were compelled to sell 60 percent of their shares to
Nigerians. Banks proliferated in the 1980s, after the financial sector was liberalized. Many of these banks proved unstable, however, and in 1995 the government was
forced to rescue some of them. Soon after, the government began privatizing banks and closing those that had violated banking regulations. By the beginning of the
21st century, the country had some 100 banks and financial institutions, and branch locations were widespread. There are a stock exchange and a securities
exchange commission in Lagos.
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210. Trade
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211. The direction of domestic trade in staple foods is largely north-south between different ecological zones but also between major urban centres in the southeast and
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southwest. The southern states supply plantains, cassava, kola nuts, and fruit to the northern states, which in turn supply beans, onions, and livestock to the southern
states. Yams from the central region are traded in the southern and the far northern cities. Women play a dominant role in marketing foodstuffs and manufactured
goods in the southern states. Most of the food items and manufactured goods are sold in open market stalls, in small neighborhood shops, and on the streets.
212. There is very little trade between Nigeria and other African countries. The main markets for Nigerian exports—consisting mostly of crude oil, cocoa beans, and
rubber—are the United States and the countries of the European Union (EU). The main imports are machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods (iron and
steel products, textiles, and paper products), chemicals, and food, most of which come from the EU, China, and the United States.
213. At independence Nigeria had accumulated a trade deficit, which resulted from the importation of large quantities of machinery and equipment. By the late 1960s it had
a trade surplus, as revenue from crude oil exports allowed the country to import capital goods and industrial raw materials. Trade deficits returned beginning in mid1970. Since then Nigeria's balance of trade has alternated between periods of deficits and of surpluses, driven by fluctuations in the global oil market and government
decisions on how to spend its money. A trade surplus in 1980, for example, allowed work to continue on the new federal capital designate of Abuja, but by 1982 the
surplus had become a deficit, and at the end of 1983 the country was virtually bankrupt. At the beginning of the 21st century, exports were greater than imports, but
the interest on the country's external debt was so high that a truly favorable balance of trade (as opposed to one that existed on paper only) hinged at least partly on
the effectiveness of debt relief.
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214. Services
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215. Nigeria has many attractions of interest to tourists. There are miles of coastal beaches, wildlife reserves, a variety of cultures, and many museums that house artistic
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treasures. However, the many decades Nigeria spent under military rule created a repressive environment not well suited to the tourist. Since the installation of the
democratically elected government in 1999, the country has faced periods of ethnic violence, also not conducive to attracting a tourist clientele. Nevertheless, more
than two million people visited the country annually in the early 2000s. But the TBG ministries had dragged the world to Nigeria in their millions as this GAPPE
program will also do.
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216. Labor and taxation
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217. Nigeria has a long history of labor movements and contains numerous unions. Under the various military governments, labor activity was sharply curtailed. After the
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democratic elections in 1999, however, labor movements were once again able to express their discontent, and various strikes took place at the end of the 20th
century and into the beginning of the 21st.
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218. In the southern part of Nigeria, women perform the majority of the agricultural labor, and, in cities such as Lagos, women dominate the market activity as well. No legal
barriers exclude women from universities and professions, particularly in the south. However, women in northern states, especially those following Islamic law
(Sharīʿah), have their activities more tightly controlled.
219. The main sources of government finance consist of petroleum royalties and rents, import duties, and corporate income and value-added taxes.
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220. Transportation and telecommunications
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221. Roads
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222. Roads are the most important means of transportation in Nigeria, carrying more than four-fifths of all passenger and freight traffic. The general pattern of road
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transport, from north to south and from the interior to the southern seaports, dates to the colonial period, when raw materials were shipped to Britain and other western
European countries, which returned them as finished goods. More roads were added in the 1970s and early '80s—an expressway running between Lagos and Ibadan
opened in 1978, and a road between Benin-Shagamu and Port Harcourt–Enugu was turned into a four-lane divided highway by 1981.
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223. Road traffic is heaviest in the cacao belt of southwestern Nigeria, the peanut and cotton belt of the Kano-Katsina region, the Jos Plateau tin fields, and the palm belt of
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southeastern Nigeria. These areas are served by a dense network of all-weather roads. The relatively unproductive and sparsely settled areas of the central region,
the Cross River region, and the Lake Chad basin have tenuous road links that carry only a few trucks a day.
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224. Because the well-developed road system of the 1970s and '80s was not maintained, it became increasingly dangerous to use. Moreover, as a result of deteriorating
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road conditions, a trip from Benin City to Lagos in the early 21st century took twice as long as it did in 1980. Road safety standards also are poor; the accident rate is
high; and, because of Nigeria's chronic economic problems, it is difficult to find spare parts to repair motor vehicles. Lagos has notorious traffic problems; its streets are
packed with both pedestrians and vehicles that create traffic tie-ups called “go slows.” To ease the traffic problems, people often share taxis or ride in trucks.
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225. Railroads
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226. Now surpassed by roads, railroads were once the dominant transport system. Nigeria's railroads have proved incapable of transporting large cargoes such as peanuts
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and cotton from the north. In addition, passenger volume dropped significantly by the 1980s because the trains were slow (attributed largely to the narrow-gauge track)
and service was poor. The railroad system has two single-track trunk lines: the eastern line from Port Harcourt to Maiduguri and the western line from Lagos to Kano.
Branch lines connect the western trunk line to Kaura Namoda, Nguru, and Baro on the Niger. A newer railway line includes the Ajaokuta steel complex. Since 1960
tracks have been relaid with heavier rails to permit greater loads and higher speeds, signals have been improved to speed rail movements, and steam engines have
been replaced by diesel locomotives. Beginning in the 1990s, there was expansion of the railway system, including the laying of new track between Warri and Ajaokuta
and the addition of mass transit lines between Lagos and several cities to the west. Dr, Goodluck is replacing the old for a new system Train in Nigeria North to West
to the East soon. East to the Southern Nigeria.
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227. Shipping and air transport
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228. Creeks and rivers were historically the primary avenue of transportation. The most important waterways, the Niger and Benue, were dredged in the 1990s because
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they were drying up; they still carry substantial quantities of goods. The Cross River is used to ship exports to the port at Calabar, but, like other rivers in Nigeria, it is
not navigable during the dry season. Passenger and cargo boats operate on the lagoons and on the many creeks along the Nigerian coast from Lagos to the Cross
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River. Ports at Lagos and Port Harcourt, administered by the Nigerian Ports Authority since its establishment in 1954, are the main international seaports. Chronic
congestion at these two ports was largely responsible for the authority's takeover in 1970 of the installation and administration of the smaller ports of Warri, Sapele,
Koko, and Calabar. The Lagos port complex (including the Apapa and Tin Can Island ports) was subsequently expanded, and facilities in the smaller ports also were
modernized and enlarged. Bonny and Burutu are the major ports for shipment of petroleum.
229. Almost all the state capitals are served by air transport. There are smaller airfields in some provincial cities and in the oil-producing areas of the Niger delta and the
Cross River estuary. Lagos, Kano, and Abuja handle most of the international air traffic. At the beginning of the 21st century, Nigeria had a notoriously poor aviation
safety record.
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230. Telecommunications
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231. Mobile phone service has expanded considerably more quickly than land telephone services. Although telephone lines have existed in the major cities since the late
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1970s, service was expensive and inadequate and was often cut off for no apparent reason. Use of cellular phones, on the other hand, has spread steadily since the
late 1990s. Internet service began to expand rapidly at the beginning of the 21st century.
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232. Government and society
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233. Constitutional framework
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234. Under the 1999 constitution, executive power is vested in a President who serves as both the head of state and chief executive, is directly elected to a four-year term,
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and nominates the vice president and members of the cabinet. The constitution provides for a bicameral National Assembly, which consists of the House of
Representatives and the Senate. Because Each state elects 10 members to the House of Representatives for four-year terms; members of the Senate—three from
each state and one from the Federal Capital Territory—also are elected to four-year terms, The states should be balanced in 3 go- political Zones of Nigeria. Namely
Yoruba states to be 12 states. House States 12 and the Ibo States 12 States as to balance it up in the upper house. This is where all our oil money are being spent on
election and Salaries etc, The Oil Subsidy should be used to empower our NYSC in GAPPE TEAM. This will make the Nigeria parents have in sending their Children
to school.
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235. Local government
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236. There are two tiers of government—state and local—below the federal level. The functions of the government at the local level were usurped by the state government
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until 1988, when the federal government decided to fund local government organizations directly and allowed them for the first time to function effectively.
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237. Nigeria is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory at Abuja; the constitution also includes a provision that more states can be created as needed. At
independence the country was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western. The Mid-West region was created out of the Western region in 1963. In
1967 Col. Yakubu Gowon, then the military leader, turned the regions into 12 states: 6 in the north, 3 in the east, and 3 in the west. Gen. Murtala Mohammed created
an additional 7 states in 1976. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida created 11 more states—2 in 1987 and 9 in 1991—for a total of 30. In 1996 Gen. Sani Abacha added 6 more
states.
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238. Justice
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239. The Nigerian legal and judicial system contains three codes of law: customary law, Nigerian statute law (following English law), and Sharīʿah (Islamic law). Customary
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laws, administered by native, or customary, courts, are usually presided over by traditional rulers, who generally hear cases about family problems such as divorce.
Kadis (judges) apply Sharīʿah based on the Maliki Islamic code. Since 1999, several states have instituted Sharīah law. Although the states claim that the law applies
only to Muslims, the minority non-Muslim population argues that it is affected by the law as well. Christian women, for example, must ride on female-only buses, and
some states have banned females from participating in sports.
240. Nigerian statute law includes much of the British colonial legislation, most of which has been revised. State legislatures may pass laws on matters that are not part of
the Exclusive Legislative List, which includes such areas as defense, foreign policy, and mining—all of which are the province of the federal government. Federal law
prevails whenever federal legislation conflicts with state legislation. In addition to Nigerian statutes, English law is used in the magistrates' and all higher courts. Each
state has a High Court, which is presided over by a chief judge. The Supreme Court, headed by the chief justice of Nigeria, is the highest court.
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241. Political process
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242. The constitution grants all citizens at least 18 years of age the right to vote. The Action Group (AG) and the Northern People's Congress (NPC) were the major
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Nigerian parties when the country became independent in 1960. However, their regional rather than national focus—the AG represented the west, the NPC the north,
and the National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons the east—ultimately contributed to the outbreak of civil war by the mid-1960s and more than 20 years of
military rule. Political parties were allowed briefly in 1993 and again starting from 1998, but only parties with national rather than regional representation were legal,
such as the newly created People's Democratic Party (PDP), the Alliance for Democracy, and the All Nigeria People's Party.
243. Women have participated in the government since the colonial period, especially in the south. Their political strength is rooted in the pre-colonial traditions among
particular ethnic groups, such as the Igbo, which gave women the power to correct excessive male behavior (known as “sitting on a man”). Igbo women, showing their
strength, rioted in 1929 when they believed colonial officials were going to levy taxes on women. Yoruba market women exercised significant economic power,
controlling the markets in such Yoruba cities as Lagos and Ibadan. Some ethnic groups, such as the Edo who constituted the kingdom of Benin, also gave important
political power to women; the mother of the oba (king) played an important part in the pre-colonial state. Women such as Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (the mother of the
musician Flea and human rights activist and physician Beko) actively participated in the colonial struggle, and several women have held ministerial positions in the
government. Although Nigerian women may wield influence and political power, particularly at the familial and local level, this has not always been reflected at the
federal level: in the early 21st century, women made up less than 5 percent of the House of Representatives and the Senate. (For more information on the historical
role of women in Nigerian politics and culture, see Sidebar: Nigerian Women.
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244. Security
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245. The Nigeria Police Force, established by the federal constitution, is headed by the inspector general of police, who is appointed by the president. The general
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inefficiency of the force is attributable in part to the low level of education and the low morale of police recruits, who are poorly housed and very poorly paid, and to the
lack of modern equipment. Corruption is widespread the Nigerian Police is the worst in Africa; if you give them money they will ask you to do anything in the country.
You can go to a Nigerian Amory and buy any type of Gun you need with money, you can come from any country and stay in Nigeria for Life, and you can contest
election and win in Nigeria. There is No law enforcement agency at all something has to be done to revilve them. That is why Bokoharm is capitalizing in it.
246. The federal military includes army, navy, and air force contingents. Nigerian troops have participated in missions sponsored by the Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS) Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) and by the United Nations (UN).
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247. Health and welfare
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248. The concentration of people in the cities has created enormous sanitary problems, particularly improper sewage disposal, water shortages, and poor drainage. Large
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heaps of domestic refuse spill across narrow streets, causing traffic delays, while the dumping of garbage along streambeds constitutes a major health hazard and has
contributed to the floods that have often plagued Ibadan, Lagos, and other cities during the rainy season. Malaria is still a major cause of death, and at the beginning of
the 21st century AIDS was becoming increasingly significant in the country.
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249. Health conditions are particularly poor in the shantytown suburbs of Greater Lagos and other lNarge cities, where domestic water supplies are obtained from wells that
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are often polluted by seepage from pit latrines. Rural communities also suffer from inadequate or impure water supplies. Some villagers have to walk as far as 6 miles
(10 km) to the nearest water point—usually a stream. Because people wash clothes, bathe, and fish (sometimes using fish poison) in the same streams, the water
drawn by people in villages farther downstream is often polluted. During the rainy season, wayside pits containing rainwater, often dug close to residential areas, are
the main source of domestic water supplies. Cattle are often watered in the shallower pools, and this contributes to the high incidence of intestinal diseases and guinea
worm in many rural areas.
250. Medical and health services are the responsibility of the state governments, which maintain hospitals in the large cities and towns. Most of the state capitals have
907
specialized hospitals, and many are home to a university teaching hospital. There are numerous private hospitals, clinics, and maternity centres. Medical services are
inadequate, even in the five western states (Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, and Oyo) where a free health service scheme was introduced in 1979. Many hospitals do not
have enough medical personnel, and drugs are scarce; often surgical patients must supply their own equipment for operations. Rural areas are extremely
undersupplied.
908
251. There is no nationwide health insurance scheme or social welfare system. Most commercial firms and factories provide free medical services for their employees and,
904
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in some cases, their immediate families. Civil servants are entitled to free medical care in government-financed hospitals. Most elderly Nigerians and the unemployed
depend on the extended family, which serves as the traditional social welfare system.
911
252. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
912
253. Introduction
913
254. The disease called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but better known as AIDS, is a complicated illness that may involve several phases. It is caused by the
915
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can be passed from person to person. AIDS impairs the human body's immune system—the system responsible for
warding off disease—and leaves the victim susceptible to various infections. (See also disease, human; immune system.)
916
255. AIDS was first conclusively identified in the United States in 1981, when 189 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Within a decade
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the disease had spread to virtually all populated areas of the world. At the end of 2001, 40 million people worldwide were living with the AIDS virus. Roughly 70
percent of these lived in sub-Saharan Africa and 17 percent in South and Southeast Asia. Worldwide, almost 14,000 people are infected with HIV each day, with 95
percent of these new infections occurring in developing countries. HIV and AIDS are not limited by global economics, however—approximately 940,000 people in the
United States and 560,000 people in Western Europe were living with HIV by the end of 2001; almost 5 percent of these infections were acquired that year. The region
with the fastest rising rate of new HIV infections was Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where roughly 1 million people were positive for HIV by the end of 2001, a
quarter of these newly infected that year.
256. The first AIDS patients in the Americas and Europe were almost exclusively male homosexuals. Later patients included those who used unsterilized intravenous
needles to inject illicit drugs; hemophiliacs (persons with a blood-clotting disorder) and others who had received blood transfusions; females whose male sexual
partners had AIDS; and the children of such couples. After 1989, heterosexual sex became the fastest growing means of transmission of the virus, with 80 percent of
new adult cases worldwide originating from heterosexual sex. Approximately 44 percent of the people living with HIV/AIDS in 2001 were women.
927
257. Although transmission via heterosexual sex became increasingly prevalent worldwide by the early 21st century, intravenous drug use and the sharing of contaminated
929
needles contributed greatly to the sharp rise in HIV infections in Eastern Europe as well as in the United States, particularly among young adults. In the United States,
roughly 30 percent of newly reported AIDS cases were related to intravenous drug use.
930
258. Public awareness of the disease gradually increased as high-profile individuals died from the disease or revealed that they were infected with the AIDS virus. The fact
928
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that these public figures had diverse backgrounds and lifestyles helped negate the stereotypes that were associated with AIDS and demonstrated that anyone could
be at risk for infection.
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259. HIV: The AIDS Virus
935
260. The initial name given to the virus that causes AIDS was the human T-lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III). In the late 1980s, scientists realized that there were
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several forms of the virus and renamed the original virus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Scientific evidence suggests that the virus originated in
nonhuman primates, probably chimpanzees, in Africa.
261. The virus enters the bloodstream and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells, a type of T lymphocyte that plays a key role in the functioning of the
immune system. The virus can also infect other types of cells in the body, including the immune-system cells known as macrophages. Unlike T lymphocytes, however,
macrophages are not killed by the virus. Research has suggested that macrophages may carry HIV to the brain, leading to the syndrome of neurological disorders
known as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) that is seen in some long-term patients.
942
943
262. After Infection
944
263. Most people recently infected by HIV look and feel healthy. In some people the virus may remain inactive, and these people act as carriers, remaining apparently
945
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healthy but still able to infect others. After a few years, some people may develop a series of ailments formerly labeled AIDS-related complex (ARC) but now called
symptomatic HIV infection. The symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, skin rashes, a fungal infection of the mouth known as thrush, lack of resistance to
infection, and swollen lymph nodes. Sometimes the symptoms disappear, but the condition frequently goes on to become full-blown AIDS. Although it can take up to
20 years after the virus is contracted for AIDS to fully manifest itself, the average time is one to two years.
264. HIV causes so much damage to the immune system that the body becomes susceptible to a variety of opportunistic infections—infections that are less harmful to
people with normal immune systems but take advantage of the breakdown in an AIDS sufferers immune system to produce devastating and eventually lethal diseases.
Among the most frequently occurring opportunistic infections are tuberculosis and a type of pneumonia caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis carinii. AIDS
sufferers also are more likely to develop certain tumors, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare form of cancer. HIV also may attack the nervous system and cause eye
damage.
265. The average life expectancy for an untreated AIDS victim from the onset of symptoms is one to five years. By the end of 2001, 60 million people had been infected
with HIV since the epidemic began in 1981. Of these, 17.5 million adults and 4.3 million children worldwide died of AIDS-related illnesses between 1981 and 2000. In
2001 alone, HIV/AIDS-associated illnesses claimed the lives of roughly 3 million people worldwide, including 580,000 children younger than 15 years. It is the leading
cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa—where it killed 2.3 million people in 2001—and the fourth leading cause worldwide.
958
959
266. The Spread of AIDS
960
961
962
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267. HIV is spread from person to person through direct contamination of the bloodstream with body fluids containing the virus. Such fluids include blood, semen, vaginal
fluid, and breast milk. The virus is usually transmitted through sexual intercourse and the sharing of contaminated intravenous needles. Infected women can pass HIV
to their babies during pregnancy or delivery or during nursing. Of the 2.7 million children worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, the majority became infected in this way. In
parts of Southern Africa in 2000, the prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women ranged from roughly 32 percent in urban areas of Swaziland to more than 43
percent in urban Botswana. Although blood transfusions were once a high risk, this has decreased dramatically; since 1985 all donated blood in the United States is
tested for HIV and discarded if there is evidence of HIV contamination.
268. HIV cannot penetrate intact bodily surfaces, such as skin, and quickly perishes outside the human body. Consequently, the virus is not spread by casual physical
969
contact or by sneezing. It has been found in tears and saliva, but it exists there in such low concentrations that transmission from these body fluids is extremely rare.
There are no known cases of HIV transmission by insects such as mosquitoes or by domestic animals. Health-care workers face special risks due to their exposure
not only to blood but also to other body fluids, such as those surrounding the spinal cord, bone joints, and unborn babies.
970
269. There are several ways to reduce the spread of HIV through sexual contact. These include practicing abstinence—no intercourse—or practicing safe sex. Practicing
967
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safe sex means either participating only in a monogamous, or mutually exclusive, relationship in which both people are free of HIV infection or using latex condoms
whenever engaging in intercourse.
973
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270. Detection and Treatment
975
271. Usually, when HIV enters the bloodstream, the body's immune system produces antibodies to battle the microorganism. Blood tests can detect these antibodies and
978
therefore can indicate exposure to the virus. These tests occasionally give false readings, however, and only begin to give accurate results within two weeks to three
months after infection, during which time an infected person may pass the virus to others. In 1995 a Nigerian Dr, discovered a 93 days total cure for HIV and six
months total cure for AIDS and it was rejected by Nigerian FG.
979
272. By 1987, the drug azidothymidine (AZT), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), had proved effective in preventing HIV from infecting new cells, but it was highly toxic
976
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and could not be taken by many patients. Treatment was adjusted and similar drugs were tried over the next several years. Although RTIs—so named because they
inhibit the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is needed by the virus—were effective in preventing HIV from infecting new cells, they could not halt
production of the virus. The approval in 1995 of a new class of drugs provided more power to combat HIV. Called protease inhibitors (PIs), these drugs stop the action
of a protease enzyme needed by the virus. When a PI is used in combination with two of the RTIs, the three-drug cocktail effectively halts production of the virus in the
body. While not a cure, the new drug therapy has been effective in allowing infected individuals to live longer and better manage their infections. The high cost of the
regimen, however, has kept it from the reach of HIV/AIDS victims in developing countries. While researchers continue to develop and test vaccines against the virus,
none have yet been proven effective apart from the rejected Dr Amanya hive drug.
987
273. Housing
988
274. Overcrowding in the cities has caused slums to spread and shantytown suburbs to emerge in most of the larger urban centres. Most houses are built by individuals,
989
990
991
992
993
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995
and, because banks do not normally lend money for home construction, most of these individuals must rely on their savings. A federal housing program provides funds
for the construction of low-cost housing for low- and middle-income workers in the state capitals, local government headquarters, and other large towns.
275. House types vary by geographic location. In the coastal areas the walls and roofs are made from the raffia palm, which abounds in the region. Rectangular mud
houses with mat roofs are found in the forest belt, although the houses of the more prosperous have corrugated iron roofs. In the savanna areas of the central region
and in parts of the north, houses are round mud buildings roofed with sloping grass thatch, but flat mud roofs appear in the drier areas of the extreme north. Some mud
houses are also covered with a layer of cement. Larger houses are designed around an open courtyard and traditionally contained barrels or cisterns in which
rainwater could be collected.
996
997
276. During the colonial period, British officials lived in segregated housing known as Government Reserve Areas (GRA). After independence GRA housing became very
desirable among the African population.
998
277. Education
999
278. This is where the problem of Nigeria is. Nigeria continued to face an unsteady revenue flow, which the government attempted to counter by borrowing from
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1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
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1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
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1025
1026
international sources, introducing various austerity measures, or doing both at the same time instead of forcing her youths after University to do their NYSC in 6
geopolitical private Entrepreneurship Bunnies School where they will learn so many things in four years and work in the school farm and is paid good monthly salary
N70.000 to N150, 000 for good grenades to encourage Fishing and farming in the country. As a result, an ever-increasing share of the national budget was needed for
debt repayment, which, with corruption dominating government operations, which means that very little of Nigeria's income was being spent on the people and their
needs. This is the cause of The Problem of Bokoharm, Unemployment, underdevelopment, Technology, Borrowing of money from overseas, Great Britain and Shehu
Shagari did little or nothing to promote education in Nigeria during their days and the colonial period. Until 1950 most schools were operated by Christian missionary
bodies, which introduced Western-style education into Nigeria beginning in the mid-19th century. The British colonial government funded a few schools, although its
policy was to give grants to mission schools rather than to expand its own system. In the northern, predominantly Muslim area, Western-style education was prohibited
since then uptill date because the religious leaders did not want Christian missionaries interfering with Islam, and Islamic education was provided in traditional Islamic
schools.
279. Give them chance to do what they like. Go to their own school go to their own church and all that. Today primary education, free and compulsory, begins at age six
and lasts for six years. Secondary education consists of two three-year cycles. Although federal and state governments have the major responsibility for education this
is where trouble comes in at NYSC, the FG are eating all the oil money without remerging their prophets the NYSC.the FG is advised strongly to invest on her NYSC
as a banker. Other organizations, such as local governments and religious groups, may establish and administer primary and secondary schools. Most secondary
schools, trade centres, technical institutes, teacher-training colleges, and colleges of education and of technology are controlled by the state governments.
280. Nigeria has more than 50 universities and colleges that were widely dispersed throughout the country in an attempt to make higher education easily accessible yet
when they finish No work. Let me ask you FG. If you are a farmer and you farm for 12 years and have no market to sale your products will you tell your children to join
you in such trade? Then why do you have over 50 breading universities where your youths are trained but you don’t have one place where 70% can work yearly? Most
of the universities are federally controlled, and the language of instruction is English at all the universities and colleges. At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960,
there were only two established postsecondary institutions, both of which were located in the southwestern part of the country: University College at Ibadan (founded
in 1948, now the University of Ibadan) and Yaba Higher College (founded in 1934, now Yaba College of Technology). Four more government-operated universities
were established in the 1960s: University of Nigeria, Nsukka (1960), in the east; University of Ife (founded in 1961, now Obafemi Awolowo University) in the west;
University of Northern Nigeria (founded in 1962, now Ahmadu Bello University) in the north; and University of Lagos (1962) in the south. In the 1970s and '80s the
government attempted to found a university in every state, but, with the ever-increasing number of states, this practice was abandoned. Attempts by individuals and
private organizations, including various Christian churches, to establish universities did not receive the approval of the federal Ministry of Education until the 1990s.
Since then, several private postsecondary institutions have been established.
281. Nigeria's educational system declined significantly in the 1980s and '90s. There was a shortage of qualified teachers, and the government was sometimes
1032
unable to pay them in a timely manner. Moreover, the number of schools did not increase proportionally with the population, and existing schools were not
always properly maintained. This led to an increase in the number of private primary and secondary schools. Nigerian universities and colleges also often
have inadequate space and resources, and semesters have been canceled owing to campus unrest for reasons ranging from students protesting tuition
increases to teachers and staff striking for higher salaries and better working conditions. Governors of some states began to address these issues at the
beginning of the 21st century.
282. 
1033
283. 
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1034
284. 
1035
285. 
1036

1037
286. 
1038

1039

1040
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287. 

1042
288. 
1043

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
1045
1046
1047
1048
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289. 

290. 

291. 
1050

1051

1052
1055
292. GET UP STAND UP AND FIGHT FOR YOUR RIGHT.
293. 
294. DEVELOPMENT OF NIGER DELTA A TOTAL CURE FOR BOKO HARM TERRORISMS-A CALL FOR The FG Partnership with Gappebeeps University for
1056
Sustainable Development In the Niger Delta and other 5 zones through Agriculture and Fishery is all we need to win this war says the Lord.
1053
1054
1057
1058
295. 
1059

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
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
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
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
1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103
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296. Main menu : From crisis to recovery: Better informed policies for a competitive and fair Nigeria - Four-year work program 2014-2018.
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297. Youth UN-Employment
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298. Featured
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299. The statistics show that unemployment among young people is increasing across Africa/Europe, where in several countries it has even reached more than 40%.
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Nowadays, being a graduate from a reputable university with high marks is not enough to ensure rapid employment. There are many reasons behind the problem of
youth unemployment, for example: lack of particular skills in New technology, wrong educational system and polices, mismatches between education and needs in
labor market, lack of self confidence, lack of self esteem, and of course structural lack of working places.
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300. What can young people do to increase their employability then? How are they going to find a job? How are they going to effectively present themselves in the labor
market and succeed? These are just some of the questions which youth and new graduates are looking for the answers.
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301. Your first EURES job
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302. Posted on June 18, 2014 by Florence Franks
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303. Do you want to work abroad? Here is your chance to do it! Read about the initiative of our partner, Gi Group, and EURES.
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304. “Your first EURES job” (YfEj) initiative provides support for foreign employment for young entrepreneurs.
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305. Your first EURES job
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306. What’s this?
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307. Your First EURES job is a free of charge mobility scheme that helps young EU citizens to find job opportunities in other EU countries. This is part of the European
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Union ‘Europe 2020′ flagship initiative “Youth on the Move” and one of the key actions to address youth unemployment and boost youth labor mobility.
308. Continue reading →
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309. Posted in Home, News | Tagged Employment policies, EURES
310. May 16
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311. Nielsen Europe is hiring young graduates: Become a candidate now!
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312. Posted on May 16, 2014 by George Dimitrakopoulos
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313. Dear AEGEE members,
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YuE Team is glad to announce you a new partnership with Nielsen Europe and a great internship opportunity for all AEGEE members across Europe! Nielsen is hiring
graduates and the AEGEE member profile perfectly suits what they are looking for.
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314. The Nielsen Company is a global information and measurement company with leading market positions in marketing and consumer
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information, television and other media measurement, online intelligence and mobile measurement. Nielsen has a presence in
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approximately 100 countries spread across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East, North America and South America, employing
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around 40.000 people. Founded in 1923, Nielsen has pioneered market research and promotes continuous innovation.
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315. Nielsen’s finance department is starting an important recruiting campaign; open to young graduates with economics and multicultural background. The open positions
are internships (paid) with a minimum duration of 6 months.
The final objective is to offer these graduates the opportunity to join, after the internship, an important cross function formation program which only the best candidates
will have access to, leading to definitive enrollment in the finance department.
316. So here the program at a glance :
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- 6 months paid internships
- In finance department
- Serious possibilities of longer term employment
- Europe wide program, 2 countries to start, more to come
317. At the moment the countries and respective cities impacted by this project are:
- Netherlands (Amsterdam)
- Poland (Warsaw)
318. Please find the internship descriptions at the following links:
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- for Warsaw: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7mWePsGHB4Nd2JNRE9hQ0twZzdNY1ZqelkwWUhRT2NOREJZ/edit?usp=sharing
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- for Amsterdam: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7mWePsGHB4Ndmc1UjdYb3ZTR0YzOFI3WnlZYkZIdjU1bjZJ/edit?usp=sharing
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319. If you are interested and you want to candidate please refer to the contacts mentioned in the job offers, moreover add also alberto.pantaleone@nielsen.com and
yue@aegee.org (you will help us to evaluate the impact of the partnership).
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320. Thanks
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321. Looking forward to reading from you soon,
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322. Best
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323. YuE team
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324. Posted in Home, News
325. Feb 08
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326. Open Call for new Team members
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327. Posted on February 8, 2014 by George Dimitrakopoulos
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328. Dear AEGEE members,
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329. The Youth Unemployment team is looking for new members, fresh ideas…YOUR ideas!
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330. The Youth Unemployment situation in Europe is one of the biggest problems of the present and the future. Have you ever paid any thought to the youth employment
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situation? Are you interested in what is happening in Europe? Are you interested in youth policies on employment, youth guarantee, quality of internship, volunteering,
and non-formal education?
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331. Do you want to be a member of a multicultural, active team? Do you want to inspire other people with your positive energy? Well now you can!
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332. We are starting a new cycle of the project and looking for fresh members for our team. It does not matter if you are experienced or not in the field, you are welcome to
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join us and we will learn all together! If you are interested in, please fill in the following form and we will get in touch with you.
http://goo.gl/8qc44c
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333. Deadline: 20.02.2014 – 23:59 CET
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334. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask at yue@aegee.org.
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335. Continue reading →
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336. Posted in Home
337. Feb 08
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338. Open Call: Host local for European School of Entrepreneurship 2014
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339. Posted on February 8, 2014 by George Dimitrakopoulos
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340. Dear AEGEE antennas!
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341. “Entrepreneurship is living a few years of your life like most people won’t so you can spend the rest of your life like most people
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can’t”
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A student in Warren G. Tracy’s class
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342. These sentences can be an inspiration for starting your business that can be one of the possible solutions for the current European problems affecting the transition
from education to work. Why don’t you take the future in your own hands?
343. Do you want to support our idea and be part of an interesting project?
Youth Unemployment team is looking for an Antenna that would like to host the 3rd edition of ESE (European School of Entrepreneurship).
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344. Are YOU ready for new challenges?
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345. Continue reading →
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346. Posted in Home
347. Dec 23
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348. Open Call: “Youth employment” concept development meeting
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349. Posted on December 23, 2013 by Florence Franks
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350. Dear AEGEE members
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351. If you are following attentively the Aegean, last week an article about
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AEGEE role in the Youth Unemployment issue:
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352. http://www.zeus.aegee.org/magazine/2013/12/12/aegee-as-a-key-player-on-youth-employment-in-europe/
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353. Therefore, since the topic will continue being one of the hot issues in
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Europe in the next years, and since YOUTH EMPLOYMENT was also chosen as one of the Focus Areas of the new Strategic Plan, the Committee Director and the
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Youth (un)Employment project want to invite all motivated members to join us for a meeting to redefine our work in the field. We are looking for new members, fresh
ideas…YOUR ideas!
Continue reading →
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354. Posted in Home, News
355. Dec 18
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356. The Youth Guarantee in France: la Garantie Jeunes
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357. Posted on December 18, 2013 by Florence Franks
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358. The article from Youth Policy Watch Issue 84 of the European Youth Forum state how the Youth Guarantee is becoming a reality in France
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359. [Read here]
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360. The European Commission has announced that only nine of the twenty-eight European Union countries have submitted plans to tackle the bloc’s youth unemployment
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crisis. Under the so-called Youth Guarantee Scheme, all member states must submit plans to the European Commission before the end of this month. Watch here
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361. Posted in Home, News | Tagged youth guarantee
362. Dec 17
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363. New publication: Quality Jobs for Young People
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364. Posted on December 17, 2013 by Florence Franks
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365. From Youth Policy Watch Issue 92 by YFJ
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366. Youth Summit calls for greater action to provide quality jobs
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367. Young people across Europe gathered in Paris to discuss and propose bold solutions to tackle the on-going youth unemployment crisis. The Youth Summit on Quality
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Jobs was held to coincide with the intergovernmental conference that EU leaders attended to discuss the same topic area.
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368. The full article here
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369. Please find the new publication from the European Youth Forum about quality jobs here
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370. Posted in Home, News | Tagged European Youth Forum, quality jobs
371. Aug 13
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372. URGENT: OPEN CALL for PARTICIPANTS// Training course on ADVOCACY in Portugal
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373. Posted on August 13, 2013 by George Dimitrakopoulos
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374. Hello all!
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375. Please find attached an open call for participants for a training course on advocacy that will take place in Portugal in October. The Youth Unemployment project of
AEGEE is partner of the training and can send 2 participants from France.
376. Please do not hesitate to contact us if interested! If you want to know more about advocacy strategies and processes, in a multicultural setting, using non-formal
education methods, this is the training for YOU!
377. More info here and here
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378. Posted in Home, News
379. Jun 28
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380. Press Release:European leaders should meet young people’s youth employment expectations
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381. Posted on June 28, 2013 by Florence Franks
382. The European Youth Forum has today issued a Press Release ahead of the European Council meeting tomorrow and on 28 June, calling for European leaders to meet young people’s
employment expectations.
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383. We urge the European Council to take coordinated action and ensure concrete European, national and regional investment to guarantee quality jobs for young people, through
implementing an efficient Youth Guarantee, fighting in-work precariousness as well as committing to adopting quality frameworks on internships and apprenticeships.
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384. Continue reading →
385. Posted in Home, News
386. Jun 26
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387. EU Employment and Social Situation Quarterly Review
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388. Posted on June 26, 2013 by Florence Franks
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389. The latest EU Employment and Social Situation Quarterly Review have been published.
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390. The Review highlights that the number of jobs is at an all time low since the onset of the crisis. Youth unemployment continues to rise in countries such as Greece,
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Spain, Portugal, Italy, Cyprus and Slovenia, and in April 2013 stood at 23.5% in the EU27.
391. Continue reading →
392. Posted in Home, News | Tagged quality internships, quality jobs, youth guarantee
393. Page 1 of 512345
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394. Do you want to make your life better? Start your own business!
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395. Tags
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396. article DG Employment economic crisis employability Employment policies EURES Eurofound European Commission european parliament European Social Fund
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European Youth Forum european youth week event France Germany ireland Irish Presidency MEP national youth council of ireland NEETs non-formal education
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press release publications quality charter quality internships quality jobs Report research resolution statistics Study videos YO!Fest youth guarantee Youth Intergroup
youth unemployment
397. Recent Posts
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398. Your first EURES job
399. Nielsen Europe is hiring young graduates: Become a candidate now!
400. Open Call for new Team members
401. Open Call: Host local for European School of Entrepreneurship 2014
402. Open Call: “Youth employment” concept development meeting
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403. Archives
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404. June 2014
405. May 2014
406. March 2014
407. February 2014
408. December 2013
409. August 2013
410. June 2013
411. May 2013
412. April 2013
413. March 2013
414. February 2013
415. January 2013
416. December 2012
417. November 2012
418. October 2012
419. September 2012
420. June 2012
421. May 2012
422. April 2012
423. March 2012
424. February 2012
425. January 2012
426. November 2011
427. January 2011
428. OUR OWN TEAM IS NIGERIA SHOULD BE LIKE THIS. =
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429. Measuring and Improving Academic Quality In our campus and in Nigerian classrooms across the Nigeria, we are optimistic for our students to become lifelong
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learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum, learning methods,
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and faculty. In addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance, The N4.000.000 Financial Aid farm and equipment
for 50 Student team on our school to utilize for 4 years. The Financial Aid Education, which is nicknamed, Gappe Team Work/study financial Aid program.
{G.T.W.S.F.A.P.} Plays a greater and major role in helping Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University students complete their enter ship degree program and secure
fulfilling careers after graduation in the same GAPPE.
430. N4.000.000 is provided to a team of 50 students for their five Farms of 500 feets. By 500feets areas each year for four years. Namely: 500 feets by 500feets Farm
Land for their cultivation or crops. 2} Equipment to be used in managing the farm Like Caterpillars, Graders, Atlas Excavators for the Digging of fish pound and making
ridges. 3} crops like Vegetables, Animal, fish, 5,000 plantain suckers, 5,000 sugar cane suckers, 5,000 pawpaw Suckers, one fishing trap and a pound to stuck their
fish before soling it. Feeds for the Animals and fish for the first one year before the students start their own productions. FG will pay for a student on Financial Aid
N200.000 each term for 4 years, which is N600.000 per year. FG will pay each Student N71, 000 as monthly Salary for 4 years only, the money for accommodation
and Feeding must be paid by a Student during Admission day the FG. He or she will have no monthly salary for such year, if school fees, accommodation and other
fees were not paid but will be admitted. The total for the year being N1.056.000 only. The FG has to be paying the NYSC in each of the 6 universities across the
country each for only four years to Gappe team. After four the school can be able to pay the Students across the Country their salaries and school fees through their
product income.
431. Yet is on financial Aid program. School fees, Feeding, and the accommodation money for such year has to be deducted from monthly salary and the balance paid to
such student monthly, The monthly salary for a Student on Financial Aid is only N71.000 each month by 4 years. Which give you a total of N840.000 yearly by 4 years;
it is advised that the student enter this partnership by scarifying their one-year monthly salary for their school fee if they do not have it and/or if FG did not pay for them.
432. So it is compulsory that each student pay only one year school fees of N1.000.000 to enable the school feed them and provides accommodations and farming
equipment’s and croup to be used for the take-off of this GAPPE Agricultural partnership project through the F.G. The rest fees are deducted each year through their
income on or before the end of each year by the School. The financial Aid will not cover only the Student feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years. Accommodation
N84.000 yearly for 4 years and N600.000 annual School Fees, Which total will be N1.056.000 per year per student.
433. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.056.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY SALARIES
THROUGH THE FG. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO
ANY COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.056.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR
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434. Cultural life
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435. Cultural milieu
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436. Nigeria's rich and varied cultural heritage derives from the mixture of its ethnic groups with Arabic and western European influences. The country combines traditional
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culture with international urban sophistication. Secret societies, such as Ekpo and Ekpe among the Igbo, were formerly used as instruments of government, while other
institutions were associated with matrimony. According to the Fulani custom of sharo (test of young manhood), rival suitors underwent the ordeal of caning as a means
of eliminating those who were less persistent. In Ibibio territory, girls approaching marriageable age were confined for several years in bride-fattening rooms before
they were given to their husbands. A girl was well-fed during this confinement, with the intent of making her plump and therefore more attractive to her future husband;
she would also receive instruction from older women on how to be a good wife. These and other customs were discouraged by colonial administrators and
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missionaries. Some of the more adaptable cultural institutions have been revived since independence; these include Ekpo and Ekong societies for young boys in parts
of the southeast and the Ogboni society found in the Yoruba and Edo areas of southern Nigeria. (For information on the historical role of women in Nigerian society,
see Sidebar: Nigerian Women.)
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437. Daily life and social customs
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438. Nigeria's vibrant popular culture reflects great changes in inherited traditions and adaptations of imported ones. Establishments serving alcoholic beverages are found
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everywhere except where Islamic laws prohibit them. Hotels and nightclubs are part of the landscape of the larger cities. Movie theatres, showing mostly Indian and
American films, are popular among the urban middle- and low-income groups. Radio, television, and other forms of home entertainment (e.g., recorded music and
movies) have also grown in popularity, though their use is dependent on the availability of electricity.
439. Whether in urban or rural areas, the family is the central institution. Families gather to celebrate births and weddings. Funerals are also times when the family gathers.
Because so many Nigerians live outside the country, funerals for non-Muslims are often delayed for a month or more to allow all the family members to make plans to
return home.
440. Food is an important part of Nigerian life. Seafood, beef, poultry, and goat are the primary sources of protein. With so many different cultures and regions, food can
vary greatly. In the southern areas a variety of soups containing a base of tomatoes, onions, red pepper, and palm oil are prepared with vegetables such as okra and
meat or fish. Soups can be thickened by adding ground egusi (melon) seeds. Gari (ground cassava), iyan (yam paste), or plantains accompany the soup. Rice is eaten
throughout the country, and in the north grains such as millet and wheat are a large part of the diet. Beans and root vegetables are ubiquitous. Many dishes are
flavored with onions, palm oil, and chilies.
441. Nigerians celebrate several holidays throughout the year, including Independence Day (October 1), Workers Day (May 1), and various Christian and Islamic holidays.
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442. The arts
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443. A Nok head, made of terra-cotta, found near Jemaa, Nigeria.
444. Nigeria has a rich artistic heritage, including both traditional and contemporary art forms. From the naturalistic statues produced at Ife to the bronzes made for the king
of Benin, Nigerian artists have crafted art that is world famous. The terra-cotta figurines of the Nok are some of the earliest statues in existence from sub-Saharan
Africa. Ekpe masks and ikenga (personal shrines) from the Igbo in eastern Nigeria and ibeji (twin) sculptures from the Yoruba in western Nigeria are just three
examples of the art produced in pre-colonial Nigeria. While many artists still work in these traditions, more-contemporary artists, who combine African and Western
traditions, also abound. One of the earliest of these was Ben Ewonwu, who painted in oils as well as producing sculptures; to commemorate the visit to Nigeria of
Queen Elizabeth II of England in 1956, Ewonwu made a bronze statue of her, later displayed at the Nigerian House of Representatives in Lagos. Other Nigerian artists
include the Nsukka group, formed at the University of Nigeria at Nsukka in the early 1970s, consisting of Uche Okeke, Chike Aniakor, Obiora Udechukwu, El Anatsui,
Tayo Adenaike, Ada Udechukwu, and Olu Oguibe. The Oshogbo movement, founded in the early 1960s, includes the artists Muraina Oyelami, Twins Seven-Seven
(Prince Taiwo Osuntoki), Bisi Fabunmi, Tijani Mayakiri, Rufus Ogundele, and Ademola Onibonokuta.
445. Music and dance are integral to Nigerian culture, and each ethnic group has its own specialties. Traditional instruments include various types of flutes, trumpets,
musical bows, xylophones, and wooden clappers, as well as many varieties of drums. Music is used to celebrate rulers and to accompany public assemblies,
weddings and funerals, festivals, and storytelling. At one time the Edo of the kingdom of Benin distinguished between urban music that was performed at the palace
and less complex music that was played in rural areas. Dance also has many varieties: Ishan stilt dancers in colourful costumes twist themselves in the air; one Tiv
dance, called ajo, features male dancers who work in pairs, and another involves teams of women who perform a dance called icough while composing songs about
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current events. Dance for the Ubakala shows their value system, helps resolve conflicts, and also institutes change. Ekiti Yoruba dancers wear head masks so heavy
that they can do only processional dances. The Hausa, who do not consider dancing to be an art, divide their dances into the categories of social dancing and
ceremonial bòorii dances.
446. Nigerian playwright and musician Hubert Ogunde, founder of Nigeria's first professional theatrical company (the Ogunde Concert Party), incorporated traditional
instruments into his musical dramas of the 1940s in an effort to revive interest in indigenous culture. After radio and television stations were established in all the state
capitals, they began broadcasting programs featuring traditional music and dance, folk operas, and storytelling; these programs are now available in some 25
languages.
447. Nigerian contemporary music, which combines Western popular music with indigenous forms, has been exported throughout the world and has had wide influence
(see also African popular music). Notable musicians include King Sunny Ade, who performs a style called juju that combines the sounds of several guitars, vocals, and
talking drums; and the politically charged Fela Anikulapo Kuti, whose music is characterized by short songs and extended instrumental pieces. Each musician has
organized a large band with a horn section, a variety of drummers, and many guitar players.
448. Wole Soyinka, 2000.
449. Nigerian literature is known throughout the world. Wole Soyinka, who won the 1986 Nobel Prize for Literature, was the first black African to receive the award. Other
Nigerian writers with a worldwide audience include Chinua Achebe, Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, and Amos Tutuola.
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450. Cultural institutions
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451. Nigeria has many national museums, generally found in large cities and state capitals. The National Library of Nigeria is located in Lagos, as is the National Theatre.
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The Institutes of African Studies, at the Universities of Ibadan and Nigeria (Nsukka), have done much to reawaken interest in traditional folk dancing and poetry.
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452. Physical features with cultural significance include the Sukur cultural landscape in Adamawa state, which provides a glimpse into the past of the Sukur people, and the
Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove in Osun state, a forest that contains several shrines and artwork in honour of the Yoruba deity Osun. These places were designated
UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1999 and 2005, respectively.
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453. Sports and recreation
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454. In pre-colonial times the sport of wrestling was a vehicle for expressing individual and social identity, status, and prestige. British colonizers introduced other sports to
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Nigeria in the early 20th century; football (soccer), boxing, athletics (track and field), and tennis were spread through mission schools, railroad companies, the armed
forces, and the colonial bureaucracy. After independence in 1960, the Nigerian government used domestic and international sporting events to foster a sense of
national identity among the various ethnic groups and to gain global recognition.
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455. Football is a national obsession in Nigeria. The national team, the Super Eagles, led by such outstanding players as Nwanko Kanu and Jay-Jay Okocha, reached the
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World Cup finals in 1994, 1998, and 2002 and won the gold medal at the 1996 Olympics. Likewise, the national women's team has repeatedly reached the Women's
World Cup finals. The acclaim won by many Nigerian footballers playing abroad was mirrored by Hakeem Olajuwon, who became a superstar in the National
Basketball Association in the United States, sparking widespread interest in the sport in Nigeria by the end of the 20th century. Nigerian boxers have also achieved
international success, most notably middleweight and light-heavyweight world champion Richard Ihetu, who fought as “Dick Tiger.” Nigerians have excelled in boxing
and athletics in the Olympic Games, to which the country sent its first team in 1952, in Helsinki.
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456. Media and publishing
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457. There are many dozens of daily, Sunday, and weekly newspapers in Nigeria, most of which are in English. The Nigerian Television Authority operates stations
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throughout the country, and the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria broadcasts in English as well as several African languages; there are also many privately owned
television and radio stations.
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458. History
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459. Early Nigerian cultures
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460. The Nok culture
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461. Evidence of human occupation in Nigeria dates back thousands of years. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru,
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near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 BC. There are isolated collections of ancient tools and artifacts of different periods of the Stone Age, but the oldest
recognizable evidence of an organized society belongs to the Nok culture (c. 500 BC–c. AD 200).
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462. Pottery head found at Nok, Nigeria. In the Jos Museum, Nigeria. Height 21 cm.
463. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the
Jos Plateau in the 1930s. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. Its people raised crops and cattle and seem to have
paid particular attention to personal adornment, especially of the hair. Distinctive features of Nok art include naturalism, stylized treatment of the mouth and eyes,
relative proportions of the human head, body, and feet, distortions of the human facial features, and treatment of animal forms. The spread of Nok-type figures in a
wide area south of the Jos Plateau, covering southern Kaduna state southeastward to Katsina Ala, south of the Benue River, suggests a well-established culture that
left traces still identifiable in the lives of the peoples of the area today. Many of the distinctive features of Nok art can also be traced in later developments of Nigerian
art produced in such places as Igbo Ukwu, Ife, Esie, and Benin City.
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464. Igbo Ukwu
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465. Bronzes, which have been dated to about the 9th century AD, were discovered in the 1930s and '40s at Igbo Ukwu, near the southwestern city of Onitsha. (See also
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African art.) They reveal not only a high artistic tradition but also a well-structured society with wide-ranging economic relationships. Of particular interest is the source
of the copper and lead used to make the bronzes, which may have been Tadmekka in the Sahara, and of the coloured glass beads, some of which may have come
from Venice and India, the latter via trade routes through Egypt, the Nile valley, and the Chad basin. It is believed that the bronzes were part of the furniture in the
burial chamber of a high personage, possibly a forerunner of the eze nri, a priest-king, who held religious but not political power over large parts of the Igbo-inhabited
region well into the 20th century.
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466. Kingdoms and empires of pre-colonial Nigeria
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467. Many indigenous polities emerged in Nigeria before the British took control in the late 19th century. In the north there were several large and developed systems,
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including the Hausa states of Kano, Katsina, Zaria, and Gobir; Kanem-Borno; and the Jukun states of Kwararafa, Kona, Pinduga, and Wukari. Smaller kingdoms
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included those of the Igala, Nupe, and Ebira. Notable in the south were the Yoruba states of Ife and Oyo, the Edo state of Benin, the Itsekiri state of Warri, the Efik
state of Calabar, and the Ijo city-states of Nembe, Elem Kalabari, Bonny, and Okrika.
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468. Kanem-Borno
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469. The history of Borno antedates the 9th century, when Arabic writers in North Africa first noted the kingdom of Kanem, east of Lake Chad. The lake was then much
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larger than the present-day body of water, and its basin attracted settlements and encouraged exchange. A pastoral group, ancestors of the Kanuri, established a
centralized state over those referred to collectively as the Sao. Initially, trading links extended to the Nile valley of Egypt. There is some evidence that Kanem had
made contact with the Christian kingdoms of Nubia before it was overrun by Muslims, who gained a foothold in the ruling family of Kanem in the 11th century. From
Kanem the rulers tried to dominate the areas south and west of the lake as well. By the 12th century they had been compelled by attacks from the Sao to move their
capital to the region west of Lake Chad, and they gradually lost control of most of the original Kanem.
470. For a long time, Borno was the dominant power in the central Sudan, including much of Hausaland. The Bayajidda legend, concerning a mythical Middle Eastern
ancestor of the Hausa, seems to suggest that the rise of a centralized political system in Hausaland was influenced from Borno. Though the rulers of Borno embraced
Islam, the structure of the monarchy remained traditional, with the queen mother and other female officials exercising considerable power. The selection of the
monarch, the coronation rites, and other bases of royal authority were dictated by pre-Islamic beliefs. The princes and other members of the royal family were granted
fiefs and posted away from the capital to govern frontier zones, while people of slave origin were preferred for the royal guard and palace officials.
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471. Hausaland
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472. For centuries the Hausa have occupied the northern plains beyond the Jos Plateau, which were a crossroads open not only to Borno but also to the states of Mali and
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Songhai in the western Sudan, the trans-Saharan routes to northern Africa, and various trade routes to the forest areas of Borgu, Oyo, and Benin. Perhaps because of
this strategic location, the Hausa developed a number of centralized states—such as Daura, Katsina, Kano, Zaria, Gobir, and, later, Kebbi—each with a walled city, a
market centre, and a monarchical system of government. Islam, which was introduced from the Mali Empire in the 14th century, strengthened both the monarchical
system and the commercial contacts, but it remained predominantly an urban religion until the beginning of the 19th century. Even within the walled cities, however,
some pre-Islamic rites remained part of the ceremonies that sustained monarchical authority. A considerable rivalry existed between the different states over
agricultural land and the control of trade and trade routes, and Hausaland was periodically conquered by powerful neighbors such as Borno and Songhai.
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473. Yoruba land and Benin
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474. Ife, which flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries, emerged as a major power in the forested areas west of the Niger and south of Hausaland. Some of the
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characteristic features of Yoruba culture emerged during that time: a monarchical system based on city-states and nucleated villages; a pantheon of gods, a few of
which were recognized widely but with several local variations; and divination centered on the deity If, with its corpus of sacred chants. Ife is best known for its
potsherd pavements and for the great artistry of its terra-cottas and bronzes, especially the naturalism of many of its bronze figures. (See also African art.) Ife's
influence on surrounding states is evident in the fact that all the monarchies of Yoruba states claim descent from Ife as a way of establishing legitimacy, sometimes
borrowing regalia from Ife to use in coronation rites and sometimes sending remains of deceased rulers to Ife for burial.
475. Oyo, founded in the 14th century and located in the savanna to the north of the forest, gradually supplanted the older kingdom of Ife. After more than a century of
struggle with nearby Borgu and Nupe, it established itself strategically as the emporium for exchanging goods from the north—rock salt, copper, textiles, leather goods,
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and horses—with products from the south—kola nuts, indigo, parrots, and cowries. By the 17th century it had built up a cavalry force with which it dominated people in
western Yoruba land and in the dry gap to the coast; to the south, infestations of tsetse flies prevented kingdoms there from effectively utilizing horses.
476. When the Portuguese arrived in the kingdom of Benin in the 15th century, they found a monarchy, dating back many centuries, with a complex structure of chiefs and
palace officials presiding over a kingdom that was expanding in all directions. In time, Benin dominated not only the Edo-speaking peoples to the north and south but
also the area eastward to the Niger and, along the coast, to Lagos (which the Edo now claim to have founded) and even into present-day Ghana. It also exerted
considerable influence on eastern Yoruba land and maintained trading connections with Oyo. Benin art, which began to flourish in the 15th century, was characterized
by naturalistic bronze sculptures and bronze door panels that covered the outside of the royal palace.
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477. Igbo land and the delta city-states
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478. Many Nigerian peoples did not develop centralized monarchical states. Of these, the Igbo were probably the most remarkable because of the size of their territory and
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the density of population. The Igbo characteristic decentralized society seems to have been a deliberate departure from the earlier traditions of Nri; monarchical
institutions in such outlying cities as Asaba, Onitsha, and Aboh probably arose through the influence of the kingdoms of Igala and Benin. Igbo lineages were organized
in self-contained villages or federations of village communities, with societies of elders and age grade associations sharing various governmental functions. The same
was true of the Ijo of the Niger delta and peoples of the Cross River area, where secret societies also played a prominent role in administration. Monarchical structures
began to emerge by the 18th century in response to the needs of the overseas trade.
479. Initially, Portuguese contacts focused on Benin and Warri. By the 17th and 18th centuries, at the height of the slave trade, the delta city-states had become the
principal outlets of that activity. Various coastal communities organized themselves as entrepôts of the slave trade, so that they would not also become its victims.
Similarly, the Igbo, like the Benin and Yoruba kingdoms, supplied slaves to the coast, although Benin had largely ended its involvement in the Atlantic slave trade by
the 18th century. The deleterious effect of the slave trade on the society and the economy was felt everywhere, but, in terms of loss of population, those who suffered
most appear to have been the noncentralized peoples of the middle belt. The trade also caused severe economic and political dislocations, intercommunal rivalries,
and the forced migrations of millions of people out of Nigeria.
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480. The Sokoto jihad
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481. At the beginning of the 19th century, Islam was well established at all the major centres of the Hausa states and Borno. The etsu (ruler) of Nupe had accepted Islam,
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and a few teachers and itinerant preachers were also known in parts of the Oyo Empire. A group of Muslim intellectuals, most of them Fulani led by Usman dan Fodio,
were unhappy that in all these places the rulers allowed the practice of Islam to be mixed with aspects of traditional religion and that nowhere was Islamic law (the
Sharīʿah) observed in full. After 20 years of writing, teaching, and preaching in Gobir and surrounding states, Shehu (meaning “chief” or “senior”) Usman (as he was
now called) withdrew his followers to Gudu, where they formally proclaimed him amīr al-muʾminīn (“commander of the faithful”), pledged their loyalty, and prepared for
war. In 1804 he called on his followers and all lovers of true Islam to rise up and overthrow the unjust rulers. He appealed to the masses of slaves and to the pastoral
Fulani as oppressed people to join the revolt.
482. The high degree of communication that existed at this time among the different peoples in the area that would become Nigeria was evidenced when the call to jihad
(“struggle” or “battle”)—made in Gudu, in the northwest—had repercussions throughout the entire area comprising the present-day country. As a result of the
considerable interaction along trade routes and rivers draining the northern plains to the Niger-Benue valley, through the delta, and across the coastal lagoons, the call
to jihad was answered not only in the Hausa states, such as Kano, Katsina, and Zaria, but also in Borno, Bauchi, Gombe, and Adamawa and eventually in Nupe, Ilorin,
and other places where there were pockets of Fulani scholars.
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483. Thus was created a caliphate, with its seat at the newly established town of Sokoto. Each emirate enjoyed autonomy but pledged loyalty to the amīr al-muʾminīn and
made contributions for the upkeep of Sokoto. Disputes within or between emirates were referred to Sokoto for settlement by officials who traveled as often as possible
to oversee developments. Usman himself retired in 1811 to concentrate on the intellectual direction of the movement, which followed the teachings of the Qadiri
brotherhood and strict adherence to the Maliki code of laws. His brother Abdullahi and his son Muhammad Bello carried on the jihad and laid the basis of
administration. When Usman died in 1817, Muhammad Bello succeeded him as amīr al-muʾminīn, while Abdullahi, as emir of Gwandu, and was given charge of the
western emirates, notably Nupe and Ilorin. In this way, all the Hausa states, parts of Borno, Nupe, Ilorin, and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were drawn into
a single politico-religious system. The rulers of Borno invited Shehu (Sheikh) Muḥammad al-Amīn al-Kānemī, a distinguished scholar and statesman who disagreed
with the Fulani view that jihad was an acceptable tool against backsliding Muslims, to lead their defense of Borno against the Fulani jihad. In the process Islam was
revived in Borno, and the old Seyfawa dynasty was eventually replaced by that of Shehu Muḥammad al-Kānemī.
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484. The collapse of Oyo
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485. Although the Fulani intrusion into Ilorin largely contributed to the collapse of the Oyo Empire, it was not the only cause. Deep-seated conflicts arose between the alafin,
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or ruler, and his chiefs, including both provincial rulers and lineage chiefs and councillors at the capital. In spite of the external threat from the Fulani and others, the
conflicts could not be resolved. Fulani ascendancy at Ilorin cut off the supply of horses to Oyo and made the defense of the capital untenable. Large groups of people
from Oyo had to migrate southward, where they established a new capital (at present-day Oyo) and other centres such as Ibadan and Ijaye. This pressure, in turn,
pushed the Egba farther south, where they founded the town of Abeokuta about 1830. The collapse of the Oyo Empire unleashed a major redistribution of the Yoruba
people and precipitated a series of Yoruba wars that lasted until 1886.
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486. The arrival of the British
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487. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. Slaves formerly had been traded for
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European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves.
They later discovered that the demand for palm oil was in fact stimulating an internal slave trade, because slaves were largely responsible for collecting palm fruits,
manufacturing palm oil, and transporting it to the coast, whether by canoe or by human porter age. The palm oil trade was also linked to the Sokoto jihad and the
Yoruba wars, because many warriors recognized the importance of slaves not only as soldiers and producers of food to feed soldiers but additionally as producers of
palm oil to trade for European Dane guns and other goods.
488. Many of the slaves exported in the 1820s and '30s were intercepted by the ships of the Royal Navy, emancipated, and deposited in Sierra Leone under missionary
tutelage. Some of them began to migrate back from Sierra Leone in search of home and trade. They invited missionaries to follow them and, in the 1840s, made
themselves available as agents who allowed missionaries and British traders to gain access to such places as Lagos, Abeokuta, Calabar, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass, and
Bonny. In 1841 the British tried to settle some Egba on a model farm in Lokoja, but the plan was aborted because the mortality rate among European officials was so
high. It was also partly to protect the Egba that the British shelled Lagos in 1851, expelled Kosoko, the reigning oba, and restored his uncle, Akitoye, who appeared
more willing to join in a campaign to abolish the slave trade. The British annexed Lagos in 1861 in order to protect Akitoye's son and successor, foil Kosoko's bid to
return, and secure a base for further activities.
489. The British were not yet willing to assume the expense of maintaining an administration in Nigeria. To reduce costs, Lagos was administered first from Freetown in
Sierra Leone, along with Gold Coast forts such as Elmina, and later from Accra (in present-day Ghana); only in 1886 did Lagos become a separate colony. A consul
was maintained at Fernando Po to oversee the lucrative palm oil trade in the region called the Oil Rivers. Missionaries were active: Presbyterians in Calabar and the
Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodists, and Baptists in Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo, and Ogbomoso. The CMS pioneered trade on the Niger by encouraging
Scottish explorer and merchant Macgregor Laird to run a monthly steamboat, which provided transportation for missionary agents and Sierra Leonean traders going up
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the Niger. In this way Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther—born in the Yoruba-inhabited area of Oshogbo and the first African ordained by the CMS—was able to establish
mission stations at Onitsha, Lokoja, and Eggan and later at Brass and Bonny.
490. By the 1870s the Niger trade was becoming profitable, and a few French companies took notice. French Roman Catholic missionaries, established in Ouidah
(Whydah), arrived in Lagos and considered missionary work on the Niger. The British responded to such evidence of rivalry by defending their right to free navigation
on the river at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884–85. At the same time, George Dashwood Goldie, a British businessman, bought out all French rivals and
created the Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886) in order to control trade on the Niger and administer the immense territories of the Sokoto caliphate and Borno. In
addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also
British “spheres of interest.”
491. The boundaries of the two protectorates and the territories of the Royal Niger Company were difficult to define, but the tension was eased in 1894 when both entities
were merged into the Niger Coast Protectorate. Rivalry between the Royal Niger Company and the Lagos Protectorate over the boundary between the emirate of Ilorin
and the empire of Ibadan was resolved with the abrogation of the charter of the Royal Niger Company on Jan. 1, 1900, in return for wide mineral concessions.
492. In the north Frederick Lugard, the first high commissioner of Northern Nigeria, was instrumental in subjugating the Fulani emirs. Some were deposed, some were
defeated in battle, and others collaborated. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a
vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultan's capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. All the territories were now under British control, and the search for an identity
began, first as Northern and Southern Nigeria and then with eventual amalgamation.
493. The British penetration of Nigeria met with various forms of resistance throughout the country. In the south the British had to fight many wars, in particular the wars
against the Ijebu (a Yoruba group) in 1892, the Aro of eastern Igbo land, and, until 1914, and the Aniocha of western Igbo land. In the north many emirates did not take
military action, but the deposed caliph, Atahiru I, rebelled in 1903. Many Muslims resorted to migration as a form of resistance, a tactic known as the hejira, in which
those perceived as infidels are avoided.
494. Resistance was strong in western Igbo land, where a series of wars were waged against the British. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were
joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. Their forces, which were drawn from hundreds of Igbo youth from all parts of the region,
created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. The Ekumeku,
however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism.
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495.
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496. Nigeria as a colony of Jesus Christ.
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497. After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Company's territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria,
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and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern
Nigeria. Lagos remained the capital of the south, with Zungeru the new capital of the North. On Jan. 1, 1914, following the recommendations of Sir Frederick Lugard,
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the two protectorates were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria under a single Governor-general resident in Lagos. Between 1919 and 1954
the title reverted to governor.
498. Following Lugard's success in the North, he set out the principles of the administrative system subsequently institutionalized as “indirect rule.” Essentially, local
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government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. Native institutions were utilized and interference with local
customs kept to a minimum, although the British did not always understand the local customs. While this system had built-in contradictions, over the years the Nigerian
system developed into a sophisticated form of local government, especially in the emirates and under the banner of “native administration,” which became the hallmark
of British colonial rule in Africa.
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499. Many changes accompanied British rule: Western education, the English language, and Christianity spread during the period; new forms of money, transportation, and
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communication were developed; and the Nigerian economy became based on the export of cash crops. Areas with lucrative crops such as cacao and peanuts
(groundnuts) profited, while many people in different parts of the country had to migrate to work elsewhere as tenant farmers or use their newly acquired education and
skills to work in cities as wage earners, traders, and artisans. Two tiers of government emerged, central and local. The central government, presided over by the
Governor-general and accountable to the secretary for the colonies in London, was more powerful but distant from the people. Local administration, where the colonial
citizens typically experienced colonial authority, was based on the policy of indirect rule first developed in the north.
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500. To prevent any united opposition to its authority, the British adopted a divide-and-rule policy, keeping Nigerian groups separate from one another as much as possible.
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Traditional authorities were co-opted in the north, where the spread of Western education by Christian missionaries was strongly resisted by Muslim leaders. In the
south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable,
whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. Because Western education and Christianity spread rapidly in the south and not in the north,
development was much slower in the north, and the growing disparity between north and south later caused political tensions.
501. Further dislocation accompanied the outbreak of World War I. Locally this involved the immediate invasion of the German-held Cameron (Cameroon) by Nigerian
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forces, followed by a costly campaign that lasted until 1916. Later Nigerian troops were sent to East Africa. (During World War II they again served in East Africa, as
well as in Burma [now Myanmar].) In 1922 Cameron was divided under a League of Nations mandate between France and Britain, Britain administering its area within
the government of Nigeria; after 1946 the mandated areas were redesignated as a United Nations (UN) trust territory.
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502. Although colonial rule appeared secure in the first two decades of the 20th century, the British struggled to keep control of their Nigerian colony and continued to do so
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until Nigeria became independent in 1960. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical
suggestions. Early on in colonial rule, for example, Nigerians protested the manner in which water rates and head taxes were collected. Nigerians also requested more
political representation. The Nigerian Legislative Council was established in 1914 and was given limited jurisdiction; it was replaced in 1922 by a larger one that
included elected members from Lagos and Calabar, although its powers also were limited and the Northern provinces remained outside its control. A more
representative system did not appear until 1946, when each geographic group of provinces had its own House of Assembly, with a majority of nonofficial (though not
yet all elected) members; there were also a House of Chiefs and, in Lagos, a central Legislative Council. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an
organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West
Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service.
503. Beginning in the 1920s, a number of Nigerians joined other blacks in various parts of the world to embark on the wider project of Pan-Africanism, which sought to
liberate black people from racism and European domination. In 1923 Herbert Macaulay, the grandson of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, established the first Nigerian political
party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which successfully contested three Lagos seats in the Legislative Council. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he
came to be regarded as the “father of modern Nigerian Nationalism.”
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504. Nnamdi Azikiwe.
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505. After the 1930s, political activities focused primarily on ways to end British rule. A national party, the Nigerian Youth Movement, emerged in 1934, and its members
won elections to the Legislative Council. After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people. In 1944 Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe, an Igbo who
had been educated in the United States, united more than 40 different groups to establish the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The forces
unleashed against the British were now diverse, including soldiers who had served in World War II, the media, restless youth, market women, educated people, and
farmers, all of whom became committed to the ant colonial movement. Political leaders resorted to the use of political parties and the media to mobilize millions of
Nigerians against the continuation of British rule.
506. The British answered this activity by attempting to create a more representational colonial system. The Macpherson constitution, promulgated in 1951, provided for a
central House of Representatives, but friction between the central and regional legislatures, related to the question of where supreme party authority lay, soon caused
a breakdown. In response to Azikiwe and other nationalists, the Lyttelton constitution of 1954 created a fully federal system, comprising the three geographic regions
of Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons, and the Federal Territory of Lagos. Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the
significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate.
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507. Obafemi Awolowo.
508. The southern protectorate was divided into two provinces in 1939—Western and Eastern—and in 1954 they, along with the northern protectorate, were renamed the
Western, Eastern, and Northern regions as part of Nigeria's reconstruction into a federal state. Internal self-government was granted to the Western and Eastern
regions in 1957. The Eastern region was dominated by Azikiwe and the Western one by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a Yoruba lawyer who in 1950 founded the Action
Group. Demanding immediate self-government, the Action Group was opposed by the Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was composed largely of northerners
and headed by several leaders, including Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. At its own request the Northern region was not given internal self-government until 1959, because
northerners feared that their region might lose its claim to an equal share in the operation and opportunities of the federal government if it was not given time to catch
up with the educationally advanced south. Among the problems needing attention before the British would grant full independence was the minorities' fear of
discrimination by a future government based on majority ethnic groups. After the Willink Commission examined and reported on this issue in 1958, independence was
granted.
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509. Independent Nigeria
510. Nigeria administrative boundaries in 1960.
511. Nigeria was granted independence on Oct. 1, 1960. A new constitution established a federal system with an elected prime minister and a ceremonial head of state.
The NCNC, now headed by Azikiwe (who had taken control after Macaulay's death in 1946), formed a coalition with Balewa's NPC after neither party won a majority in
the 1959 elections. Balewa continued to serve as the prime minister, a position he had held since 1957, while Azikiwe took the largely ceremonial position of president
of the Senate. Following an UN-supervised referendum, the northern part of the Trust Territory of the Cameroons joined the Northern region in June 1961, while in
October the Southern Cameroons united with Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. On Oct. 1, 1963, Nigeria became a republic. Azikiwe became
president of the country, although as prime minister Balewa was still more powerful.
512. After a brief honeymoon period, Nigeria's long-standing regional stresses, caused by ethnic competitiveness, educational inequality, and economic imbalance, again
came to the fore in the controversial census of 1962–63. In an attempt to stave off ethnic conflict, the Mid-West region was created in August 1963 by dividing the
Western region. Despite this division, the country still was segmented into three large geographic regions, each of which was essentially controlled by an ethnic group:
the west by the Yoruba, the east by the Igbo, and the north by the Hausa-Fulani. Conflicts were endemic, as regional leaders protected their privileges; the south
complained of northern domination, and the north feared that the southern elite was bent on capturing power. In the west the government had fallen apart in 1962, and
a boycott of the federal election of December 1964 brought the country to the brink of breakdown. The point of no return was reached in January 1966, when, after the
collapse of order in the west following the fraudulent election of October 1965, a group of army officers attempted to overthrow the federal government and Prime
Minister Balewa and two of the regional premiers were murdered. A military administration was set up under Maj. Gen. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, but his plan to abolish
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the regions and impose a unitary government met with anti-Igbo riots in the north. The military intervention worsened the political situation, as the army itself split along
ethnic lines, its officers clashed over power, and the instigators and leaders of the January coup were accused of favoring Igbo domination. In July 1966 northern
officers staged a countercoup, Aguiyi-Ironsi was assassinated, and Lieut. Col. (later Gen.) Yakubu Gowon came to power. The crisis was compounded by
intercommunal clashes in the north and threats of secession in the south.
513. Gowon's attempt to hold a conference to settle the constitutional future of Nigeria was abandoned after a series of ethnic massacres in October. A last-ditch effort to
save the country was made in January 1967, when the Eastern delegation, led by Lieut. Col. (later Gen.) Odumegwu Ojukwu, agreed to meet the others on neutral
ground at Aburi, Ghana, but the situation deteriorated after differences developed over the interpretation of the accord. In May the Eastern region's consultative
assembly authorized Ojukwu to establish a sovereign republic, while, at the same time, the federal military government promulgated a decree dividing the four regions
into 12 states, including 6 in the north and 3 in the east, in an attempt to break the power of the regions.
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514. The civil war
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515. On May 30, 1967, Ojukwu declared the secession of the three states of the Eastern region under the name of the Republic of Biafra, which the federal government
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interpreted as an act of rebellion. Fighting broke out in early July and within weeks had escalated into a full-scale civil war. In August Biafran troops crossed the Niger,
seized Benin City, and were well on their way to Lagos before they were checked at Ore, a small town in Western state (now Ondo state). Shortly thereafter, federal
troops entered Enugu, the provisional capital of Biafra, and penetrated the Igbo heartland. The next two years were marked by stiff resistance in the shrinking Biafran
enclave and by heavy casualties among civilians as well as in both armies, all set within what threatened to be a military stalemate. Peacemaking attempts by the
Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) remained ineffective, while Biafra began earning recognition from African states and securing aid from
international organizations for what was by then a starving population.
516. The final Biafran collapse began on Dec. 24, 1969, when federal troops launched a massive effort at a time when Biafra was short on ammunition, its people were
desperate for food, and its leaders controlled only one-sixth of the territory that had formed the Biafran republic in 1967. Ojukwu fled to Côte d'Ivoire on Jan. 11, 1970,
and a Biafran deputation formally surrendered in Lagos four days later.
517. General Gowon was able, through his own personal magnetism, to reconcile the two sides so that the former Biafran states were integrated into the country once
again and were not blamed for the war. The oil boom that followed the war allowed the federal government to finance development programs and consolidate its
power. In 1974 Gowon postponed until 1976 the target date for a return to civilian rule, but he was overthrown in July 1975 and fled to Great Britain. The new head of
state, Brig. Gen. Murtala Ramat Mohammed, initiated many changes during his brief time in office: he began the process of moving the federal capital to Abuja,
addressed the issue of government inefficiency, and, most important, initiated the process for a return to civilian rule. He was assassinated in February 1976 during an
unsuccessful coup attempt, and his top aide, Lieut. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo, became head of the government.
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518. The Second Republic
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519. Obasanjo pursued Mohammed's desire to return the country to civilian rule. As a first step, a new constitution was promulgated that replaced the British-style
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parliamentary system with a presidential one. The president was invested with greater power but could assume office only after winning one-fourth of the votes in twothirds of the states in the federation.
520. Many political parties emerged, but only five were registered: the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), the Unity Party of Nigeria, the People's Redemption Party (PRP), the
Great Nigeria People's Party, and the Nigeria People's Party. All promised to improve education and social services, provide welfare, rebuild the economy and support
private industry, and pursue a radical, anti-imperialist foreign policy. The PRP was notable for expressing socialist ideas and rhetoric. Shehu Shagari, the candidate of
the dominant party, the right-wing NPN, narrowly won the 1979 presidential election, defeating Chief Obafemi Awolowo.
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521. The NPN's party leaders used political power as an opportunity to gain access to public treasuries and distribute privileges to their followers. Members of the public
were angry, and many openly challenged the relevance of a democracy that could not produce leaders who would improve their lives and provide moral authority.
Even in this climate, however, Shagari was reelected president in August–September 1983, although his landslide victory was attributed to gross voting irregularities.
Shagari was not able to manage the political crisis that followed or to end Nigeria's continuing economic decline, and the military seized the opportunity to stage a
coup on Dec. 31, 1983, that brought Maj. Gen. Muhammad Buhari to power.
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522. Military regimes, 1983–99
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523. Buhari justified his coup and subsequent actions by citing the troubles of the Second Republic and the declining economy. The regime declared a “War against
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Indiscipline” (WAI), which resulted in the arrest, detention, and jailing of a number of politicians. When the WAI was extended to journalists and others not responsible
for the social decay and economic problems, the government's popularity began to wane. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida assumed power following a bloodless coup in
August 1985.
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524. Babangida at first presented to the public and the media the image of an affectionate and considerate leader. He released political detainees and promised that public
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opinion would influence his decisions and those of the Armed Forces Ruling Council, the supreme governing body. The public, however, demanded an end to military
rule. Babangida outwardly supported a return to civilian government but worked to undermine the process in order to retain power.
525. A transition program was announced in 1986 that was to terminate in 1990 (later extended to 1993), and the military controlled the process. The government created
two political parties, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Party (NRP), and produced their agendas for them; freely formed parties were not
registered, and many politicians were banned from politics. The 1979 constitution was modified by a Constituent Assembly, and a series of elections were then held for
local government councillors, state governors, and legislatures.
526. Although Babangida voided presidential primary elections held in 1992, and all the candidates were banned from politics, a presidential election was slated for June
1993 between two pro-government candidates: Chief M.K.O. Abiola of the SDP and Alhaji Bashir Tofa of the NRP. The Babangida government believed that the
elections would never take place and felt that, even if they did, the north-south divide would lead to a stalemate, as Abiola came from the south and Tofa from the
north. Contrary to government expectation, however, the election was held on schedule, and it was free, fair, and peaceful. Chief Abiola won, but Babangida annulled
the results before they became official. This turned out to be a serious miscalculation that forced him out of power in August 1993, and an Interim National Government
(ING) was instituted, led by Yoruba businessman Ernest Shonekan. The ING faced opposition from all sides, and Gen. Sani Abacha, the defense minister under
Babangida, overthrew it in November, reinstating military rule. Like Babangida, he promised a transition to civilian rule while pursuing the means to maintain power,
but, unlike Babangida, he used excessive force to attain his ambition.
527. If the political future of Nigeria appeared bright with the victory of Chief Abiola in June 1993, Abacha's seizure of power and subsequent rule reversed most of the
gains that the country had made since 1960. At no time since the mid-1960s did so many questions the existence of Nigeria as a political entity. When leading
politicians did not call for the breakup of the country, they advocated a confederacy with a weakened centre and even a divided army and police force. Opposition
forces called for a national conference to renegotiate the basis of Nigerian unity. The country's international image was damaged, as it suffered serious condemnation
and isolation.
528. The Abacha regime ignored due process of law, press freedom, individual liberty, and human rights. The government used violence as a weapon against its opponents
and critics; when Abiola proclaimed he president, he was arrested in June 1994 and died in jail in 1998. Trade union movements were suspended and protesters were
killed, yet opposition to the government, particularly outside of the country, did not abate. Abacha and his loyalists again used the state as an instrument of personal
gain.
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529. The decisive turning point in military disengagement came with Abacha's sudden death in June 1998. Gen. Abdulsalam Abubakar, appointed to replace him, promised
to transfer power to civilians. He freed political prisoners, ended the harassment of political opponents, and set forth a timetable for the transition to civilian rule. The
country's international image improved, but economic performance remained sluggish.
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530. Return to civilian rule
531. President Olusegun Obasanjo (left) is handed the government's seals from outgoing Nigerian …
532. After Abacha's death, political activity blossomed as numerous parties were formed. Of these, three emerged that were able to contest elections: the People's
Democratic Party (PDP), the Alliance for Democracy, and the All People's Party. A series of elections were held in January–March 1999 in which councillors for local
governments, legislatures for state and federal assemblies, and state governors were selected. The presidential election took place in February and was carefully
monitored by an international team of observers that included former U.S. president Jimmy Carter. Olusegun Obasanjo of the PDP, who as head of state in 1976–79
had overseen the last transition from military rule, was declared the winner and was sworn in on May 29. A new constitution was also promulgated that month.
Nigerians, tired of prolonged and crisis-prone military regimes, welcomed the change of government, as did the international community. In the first civilianadministered elections since the country achieved independence in 1960, Obasanjo was reelected in 2003, although there were widespread reports of voting
irregularities.
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533. Protesters demonstrate in 2005 in Lagos, Nigeria, over the government's policy on oil resource …
534. Although conditions in Nigeria were generally improved under Obasanjo, there was still considerable strife within the country. Ethnic conflict—previously kept in check
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during the periods of military rule—now erupted in various parts of Nigeria, and friction increased between Muslims and Christians when some of the northern and
central states chose to adopt Islamic law (the Sharīʿah). Demonstrations were held to protest the government's oil policies and high fuel prices. Residents of the Niger
delta also protested the operations of petroleum companies in their area, asserting that the companies exploited their land while not providing a reasonable share of
the petroleum profits in return. Their protests evolved into coordinated militant action in 2006; the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) was
among the most active of such militant groups. Petroleum companies were targeted: their employees were kidnapped and refineries and pipelines were damaged as
militants attempted to disrupt oil production and inflict economic loss.
535. Obasanjo was also faced with resolving an ongoing border dispute with neighboring Cameroon over rights to the Bakassi Peninsula, an oil-rich area to which both
countries had strong cultural ties. Under the terms of a 2002 International Court of Justice ruling, the region was awarded to Cameroon, and Obasanjo was criticized
by the international community when Nigeria did not immediately comply by withdrawing its troops from the area in the subsequent years. He also received much
domestic criticism for contemplating withdrawal from the peninsula by those who questioned the fate of the large number of Nigerians living in the region and cited the
long-standing cultural ties between the Bakassi Peninsula and Nigeria. Nevertheless, Obasanjo eventually honoured the terms of the ruling in 2006 when Nigeria
relinquished its claim to the peninsula and withdrew its forces.
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536. The transfer of the peninsula to Cameroon was not without its problems, including the ongoing issue of resettling Nigerians displaced by the transfer and the
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dissatisfaction of those who remained but were now under Cameroonian rule. Still, the region experienced a relative peace until November 2007, when Cameroonian
troops stationed in the area were killed by assailants who reportedly wore Nigerian military uniforms. Nigeria quickly asserted that its military was not involved in the
incident and cited recent criminal activity in the Niger delta region, where military supplies—including uniforms—had been stolen; the actual identities of the assailants
were not immediately known. Later that month Nigeria's Senate voted to void the agreement that had ceded the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon. However, this action
did not affect the actual status of the peninsula, and a ceremony held on Aug. 14, 2008, marked the completion of the peninsula's transfer from Nigeria to Cameroon.
537. Meanwhile, Obasanjo was the subject of domestic and international criticism for his attempt to amend the constitution to allow him to stand for a third term as
president; the proposed amendment was rejected by the Senate in 2006. With Obasanjo unable to contest the election, Umaru Yar'Adua was selected to stand as the
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PDP's candidate in the April 2007 presidential poll. He was declared the winner, but international observers strongly condemned the election as being marred by
voting irregularities and fraud. Nonetheless, Yar'Adua was sworn in as president on May 29, 2007.
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538. Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.
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539. Yar'Adua's health was the subject of rumours, as he had traveled abroad for medical treatment several times in the years prior to his presidency and continued to do
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so after the election. His ability to serve as president while dealing with health issues was called into question after he went to Saudi Arabia in late November 2009 for
treatment of heart problems and kidney problems. After he had been absent from Nigeria for several weeks, critics complained of a power vacuum in the country, and
there were calls for Yar'Adua to formally transfer power to the vice President, Good luck Jonathan. Although a ruling by a Nigerian court on Jan. 29, 2010, indicated
that Yar'Adua was not obligated to hand over power to the vice president while he was out of the country for medical treatment, the controversy surrounding his
prolonged absence remained. On Feb. 9, 2010, the National Assembly voted to have Jonathan assume full power and serve as acting president until Yar'Adua was
able to resume his duties. Jonathan agreed and assumed power later that day, but it was unclear whether or not the assumption of power was constitutional. When
Yar'Adua returned to Nigeria on Feb. 24, 2010, it was announced that Jonathan would remain as acting president while Yar'Adua continued to recuperate. Yar'Adua
never fully recovered, however, and died on May 5, 2010; Jonathan was sworn in as president the following day. Good luck is our Next Present come 2015. The man
God sent to change Nigeria to Agricultural and Fishery Oil Country! The man who came from Vice Principal to Principal, Vice Governor to Governor, Vice President to
President! The man with New and Fresh air! All we are saying give us good salary and we will farm and vote for you! Good luck Carry Go!
540. Measuring and Improving Academic Quality In our campus and in Nigerian classrooms across the Nigeria, we are optimistic for our students to become lifelong
learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum, learning methods,
and faculty. In addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance, The N4.000.000 Financial Aid farm and equipment
for 50 Student team on our school to utilize for 4 years. The Financial Aid Education, which is nicknamed, Gappe Team Work/study financial Aid program.
{G.T.W.S.F.A.P.} Plays a greater and major role in helping Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University students complete their internship degree program and secure
fulfilling careers after graduation in the same GAPPE.
541. N4.000.000 is provided to a team of 50 students for their five Farms of 500 feets. By 500feets areas each year for four years. Namely: 500 feets by 500feets Farm
Land for their cultivation or crops. 2} Equipment to be used in managing the farm Like Caterpillars, Graders, Atlas Excavators for the Digging of fish pound and making
ridges. 3} crops like Vegetables, Animal, fish, 5,000 plantain suckers, 5,000 sugar cane suckers, 5,000 pawpaw Suckers, one fishing trap and a pound to stuck their
fish before sailing it. Feeds for the Animals and fish for the first one year before the students start their own productions. FG will pay for a student on Financial Aid
N200.000 each term for 4 years, which is N600.000 per year. FG will pay each Student N71, 000 as monthly Salary for 4 years only, the money for accommodation
and Feeding must be paid by a Student during Admission day the FG. He or she will have no monthly salary for such year, if school fees, accommodation and other
fees were not paid but will be admitted. The total for the year being N1.056.000 only. The FG has to be paying the NYSC in each of the 6 universities across the
country each for only four years to Gappe team. After four the school can be able to pay the Students across the Country their salaries and school fees through their
product income.
542. Yet is on financial Aid program. School fees, Feeding, and the accommodation money for such year has to be deducted from monthly salary and the balance paid to
such student monthly, The monthly salary for a Student on Financial Aid is only N71.000 each month by 4 years. Which give you a total of N840.000 yearly by 4 years;
it is advised that the student enter this partnership by scarifying their one-year monthly salary for their school fee if they do not have it and/or if FG did not pay for them.
543. So it is compulsory that each student pay only one year school fees of N1.000.000 to enable the school feed them and provides accommodations and farming
equipment’s and croup to be used for the take-off of this GAPPE Agricultural partnership project through the the F.G. The rest fees are deducted each year through
their income on or before the end of each year by the School. The financial Aid will not cover only the Student feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years.
Accommodation N84.000 yearly for 4 years and N600.000 annual School Fees, Which total will be N1.056.000 per year per student.
544. 
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545. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
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PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
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THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
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THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.056.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY SALARIES
THROUGH THE FG. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO
ANY COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.056.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR
546. NIGERIAN YOUTHS, NOTHING HAPPEN IN LIFE JUST BECAUSE YOU WANT IT TO HAPPEN
547. Emmanuel Healing Ministries. Says!
548. For whatever is born of God overcomes the World.
549. In addition, this is the victory that we have overcome the world through our faith. (1 John 5:4)
550. We have been designed to overcome the things of the world by our A.Q. Problem solving is a skill that you need to master. I call it something that you can learn and
develop. And you have to, if you want to be successful. NYSC, The ability to overcome is a characteristic of all successful people. See Dangote and other Nigerians
they did not wait for the Federal government to help them out of headship. They think differently about the problems they face. They think differently about the
problems that 5% group that we want to be a part of, do not avoid problems.
551. They overcome them. Roman 12:21 says, “Do not be overcome by evil by bribing the wrong doer or paying them salary because he, who fights and run away, live to
fight another day! But overcome your problems by trying again, and again like the! Chicken. Always believe that some day it will become possible Noting is possible to
do.
552. That means that we can and must become an overcome. Successful people welcome challenges Mr., President; welcome Boko Harm, Boko Harm is allowed in every
situation, they are distracters. What do you think the football fans are? They are singing praises to distract their opponent. The only problem they have is that they are
killing the innocent people they should have been after the former leaders and or the politicians who are eating the Nigerian money rather.
553. Millionaires look for mountain to climb. I am a Millionaire; I am looking for the Government trouble if they do not understand what I am saying. But if they do! The money
will start rolling into my pocket. The Federal Government of Nigeria doesn’t. The average Past Nigerian President egg: Shagari tries to find a way around the mountains
instead of climbing them. They try to circum-vent or avoid problems. They try to get away from any negative circumstances in their lives, so they avoid and never face
their problems. Of course they never grow or change either this is the cause of boko harm.
554. After graduation no work, they join cult. James tells us that we should learn to think of problems as something that will do us good. Boko haram had brought Nigerian
youths well. Without boko harm our government will be sleeping in her duties of keeping watch on the Nation. If boko harm will come to Rivers State, AwkaIbom, to
mention but a few states they will capture over 20.000 girls who are still under insecurity. The only thing the Nigeria police and her Army. Are all political Organization.
All what they do, is to follow the current politicians and do what they want in their presence and their back they do what they like. I call them, {AGIP}. Any Government,
In, Power.
555. My Christian brethren, count it all joy when you fall into various trials Nigerians. But let patience have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking
nothing. (James 1:2-4)
556. We all like the ending of this verse. “Perfect” and “lacking nothing” are things that appeal to us. But we often forget that the way to get there is through “various trials.” It
is the testing of your faith that produces perfection and abundance Mr. President, so think differentially and boko harm will not distract you anymore. They were in
Obasanjo time they bombed Ikeja just to distract him; he came by flight and asked that the people should be buried there and constructed a better road at Ikotu where
over 1,000 people died. He was not distracted at all. By their behavior for one day.
557. When you start to think like the successful People, you will see problems in a different light. Like the chicken and its shell at the time of confinement.
558. You will begin to attack problems in a different way, let us attack Boko harm in a different way Nigerians! You will not survive Terrorist attack like other African
countries by compromising with them; Build your National Security, with Helicopter’s, phone Net works across the Nation. Let us attack Boko harm in a different way by
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empowering our youths. If uncle Siege were to be around he will inaugurate an inquiry into the cause of the boko haram and 200 Nigerian girls that are all. Go back to
our history and you will be comprehensively Amuse!
559. The stress and fear and anxiety that weighted you down in the past will disappear as you partner with God to solve Youths problems in your life Nigeria. If you want to
move to the next level, you have to become a problem solver, not a problem avoider like other Presidents of Nigeria.
560. How successful you become in life is based on how you will handle life problem that you will meet along the road.
561. 
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562. 
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563. 
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564.  They can have a great life. Understand this. The more successful you are in
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life, the more problem you will have. When my dad had a church of a hundred people, he had a few problems. Now the church of a hundred people, he had a few
problems. Now the church is over 7,000 and he has a lot more problems. Success brings problems with it. Nevertheless, the more problem you solve, the better your
life will be.
565. If you are a problems solver on your job, your boss will love you. You will become irresplacement in his life. But in Nigeria it is different; Prophet Dr Isaiah Felix
Amanya. 58 years old, which was barrel for over 20 years solved the problem of barrenness and now has a total of 8 boys and 3 daughters, Whose parents were poor
and couldn’t train him in secondary school got his Doctorate Degree Education at home privately
566. Discovered total cure to many disease including HIV/AIDS Ibola and the cause and cure for boko harm yet not recognized by the Nigerian Government... You may say
Nigerian Government is going to give you raises and promotions and do anything he can to keep you there. Do you want security in Nigeria? Become a Nigerian
youth’s unemployment problem solver. There are plenty of problem finders in every business. Problem solvers are the ones who rise to the top because they are so
rare yet they Nigerians don’t know the Nigerian Joseph! I am your Joseph Nigeria. This book alone had made me the Nigerian Joseph. How many advise did Joseph
give to the Egypt that made Pharaoh of Egypt make him their Prime Minister? But here in Nigeria everything is always differently done that is why we are not growing!
People who claimed to know it all were always filled in the system of authority and their ideology is weighbridge to this country’s underdevelopment. We put people
who are graduate of book and not graduate from the wisdom of God. When next you will chose a leader, let there be a debate on how the person will bring Nigeria to
her desire Heaven when elected as President! We elect rulers without vision to lead us, and when a blind man lead in vision lead a Nation, such Nation are doomed for
such period of tenure-ship.
567. In fact, I wonder sometimes if God would rather that we bring Him solutions instead of just problems of boko harm and boko Benson! He did say to
speak to the mountain and it will be removed. He didn’t say talk about it or ask Him to be removing. He said, “Speak to it.” God gave us the ability
to think and to reason. He is always there to help us to participate in the solution of boko harm! It is for own good.
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568. I recently saw a documentary on the Discovery Channel the revelation of Gappebeeps Executive Entrepreneurial Cooperate Financial Aid 4 year’s Educational
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plan Vision. It was a vision indeed. It showed the process of how new chicks get out of the egg. {NYSC getting out of unemployment} The chick starts to peck
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at the shell, {Nigerian Government} a little at a time. It takes forever but he keeps working at it and working at it. {Cult Amnesty, boko harm}
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569. As I watched, I noticed that the mama hen just stood there and watched. {Nigerian Government in confusion} “Why don’t you help?” I thought. “Just kick the
stupid egg so we can get on with the next show. You could have that chick out in a few seconds.”
570. However, at the end of the show, they answered my question. If the mama hen helped the chick get out of the shell, the chick would die. As it is pecking at
that shell, it builds up endurance. It strengthens the muscles that it will need to survive once it is out of the shell. If the mom helped, the chick would die.
Now the Nigerian youths had built up endurance and had come to the Earth both the mom abandoned her to die of hunger. Now she is attacking everybody in
the country.
571. Let me ask one Question. What will save the small chicken coming to this world from dying from packing their shell? The answer is new Technology called
incubator and harsher machine. What will save the Nigerian Government from the Youths is a Technology called General Agriculture, Aquaculture and Animal
husbandry, and Crop farming.
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572. We live in a world today that wants to take away everybody’s shell. We want to make it too easy for people. We do not want competition because we think it
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will harm those poor underdeveloped emotions. We do not want to have a score for a basketball game because we do not want any kids to lose. We want
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everyone to be the same. I will take my child out of any of my program like that because he needs to learn. Life is about winning and losing. It is about
competition.
573. If you don’t learn that, then you will never become a problem solver, than he would learn in a lifetime of being the same as everyone else. I want him to learn.
I want him to learn the importance of perseverance, of not giving up. I want him to learn that he can face adversity and overcome it. I want him to work at
his skills until he becomes the absolute best that he can be. I want him to learn that he can handle the pressure because if he is going to be successful in life,
he will have to face pressure and overcomes it.
574. If kids don’t learn those things at an early age, what will happen when they are adults and working at their first job? As children, they didn’t do well with
time constraints and they were told that it was okay. They should work at whatever pace they are comfortable with.
575. Now the boss wants a project done by Thursdays. What will they say? I’ll get it done sometime, but I’m not really sure when.” That kind of training won’t help
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your child in the real world. You have to teach them to handle pressure and overcome it like you teach your footballers to win World cup for your Nation by
getting coach to teach them football.
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576. Be a type of problem solvers there are three types of people in this world. Which type you are will determine the level of success you have in your life. The
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first type of person is {the quitter}. This person will come to a mountain or a challenge in life and just quit. He cannot imagine ever getting past the problem.
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This is the person who will settle for a job, work forty hours a week, retire at sixty-five and live for weekends and that two weeks of vacation every year.
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577. Quitters do not change. They go --------through life without ever learning anything or growing. These are the people that you have known for twenty or thirty
years and they are exactly the same now as they ever were. They have the exact same problems. They still complain about that they complain about. They
have not resolved or solved a problem in decades. In addition, they never will. They have quit.
578. The second type of person is {the campers}. This is the average person living today. campers are
579. The third type of person is {The Climber}. This person does not have time to sit down. he might take a quick
580. Goodluck is in this group, he sets goals for finishing college and once that goal is accomplished, he sets more goals for teaching business and for political
investment education, he starts his ascent and he never slows down and plans to become a deputy governor. if you make him a governor, he plan to become the
vice president, if he gets the vice president, he plan to become the country president, if he become the country President, he plan on how to get his people to
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their promised Land, and if that is done, he plane on how to better the life of his people Nigeria with the knowledge he acquired through the Joseph
connection in Niger Delta. And so on! Who is like unto thee our Goodluck, Zink of Africa they called him before and he comes!
581. Climbers stop occasionally to enjoy the moment at different levels but they do not stop long. They are driven to reach the ultimate victory and achieve a
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sense of fulfillment. They want to be able to say. “Look what I have done for myself and for my people. Boko harm will never stop Goodluck my Brother move
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on till you bring us to our Paradise in Jesus Christ mighty name Amen!
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582. Climbers are known as people, who said they were not just dreaming that they would make it. However, they didn’t listen advice, they faced the challenges
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and they preserved and every problem that they encountered, they overcome. They do not stop until they reached the top. They were problem solvers and
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the mountain was not an obstacle in their minds. It was a thing to be conquered. The Niger Delta Industrial Zone should not be left under the hands of
Saboteurs’ like the NDDC.
583. This brings us to the Academic Quality at Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University - Student 4 years
584. : This is the International Industrial Technological Training Agreement between the Student and Gappebeeps University “2015 to 2018.
585. . GAPPE BEEPSS: Means: Gods Affirmative Partnership for Poverty Eradication and Basic Entrepreneurial Education and Professional Scientific Studies.
586. This is the golden preamble or the manifest from God that will make anybody who will use it as his Manifesto for the next Nigerian Presidential Election become the
president Elect; this book of 132 pages is the key and a magic wand that will solve so many Nigerian problems, ranging from who will be the next Nigerian President, it
will create over 3 billion jobs for the Nigerian youths once and for-all.
587. Without the Government borrowing money from the World Bank any more, till the end of time. It will replace the Nigerian only source and foundation of annual income
the Black Gold.
588. It will solve the problem of youths unrestiveness, In the form of OPC, BOKOHARAM, and the most deadly group and the worst in the Nigerian History known as the as
THE NIGER DELTA FORCE {N.D.F} Which is Nicknamed as MMASOB and Amnesty
589. Which stands for BIAFRA? and let us stop now the building up of Nigeria disintegrations, fragmentations, breakups, degenerations, dissolutions, crumbling, collapses,
breakdowns, destructions that is now written all over the walls of Nigeria now that that there is still time and resources at hand. This book will bring Nigeria back to its
limelight in technology. It will bring about the rise of her annual GDP to 70% from what it is now.
590. It will destroy unemployment forever and return our youths to the villages thereby decongesting our big cities with its misfortunes, Calamities, disasters, adversities,
hardships, and troubles it is causing Nigeria. This Manifest has in its bag the solution of in high technology impartation, disclosures, releases freedoms, depictions and
interpretation of High Technology by extraneous, connoisseur’s experts and professionals with little or no money to be spend, this book will make our Present
President have recognitions all over the world for his good visions.
591. This book is published and sent across Nigeria; Goodluck Jonathan will win the next election to become the president of Nigeria if he is the one who has the magic
want in this book! If a new party implements the information through one or two governors now in the office in 2 to 3 geopolitical Zones and tell Nigerians that this is
what they intending doing when voted in. as to vote their party in the next elections, they will sweep across Nigeria! A months before the governorship elections May,
June July 2014 is the deadline;
592. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has a long history of providing quality, integrity, and innovation in higher education in Agriculture advance technological
Education. We have helped NYSC students earn associate, bachelors, and master's degrees in a variety of in-demand fields for over 20 years. With more than a
quarter-million alumni, we are proud to be one of the largest private, degree-granting, regionally accredited higher education systems in Africa.
593. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University Academic Annual Report. A student who completed Gappebeeps four years of Industrial and Technological Training He or
She will become a Rich person because,
594. 1] They had acquired the knowledge of manufacturing goods of their choice on the first year.
595. They will have the financial ability to open their own factory from their monthly and annual income from the sales of their goods and crops and salaries.
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596. Since the students make over N15.000.000 each from their goods after shearing their income monthly with the school yearly. Any Student on Gappebeeps Financial
Aid is paid a total of N70.000 as their monthly salary for four years. Their accommodations and Feeding for four years are covered by the Financial Aid the Student can
remain forever managing his factory or Industry or go home and establish his own.
597. The Student on Financial Aid is given a mentor to teach him or how to manufacture one item or another. They are given a fish pound of their own. A factory of where
their own goods are manufactured, A farm of their own where the income comes from daily, weekly, monthly and yearly. All the student has to do is to pay for his
School fees each term, which is only N50.000 each 4 months, work in his factory 4 daily, work in his farm 8 hours daily. Sale his goods and crops and share it into
three with the school.
598. The income is shared into three while because the student has to pay for their accommodation monthly. Pay for their feeding yearly. The school takes two poisons
while the student takes his monthly salary and a potion any time income arrive. .
599. For decades, Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has publicly reported the rates at which our students graduate and become employed in their chosen fields. We
have now published a report that reflects our commitment to also provide a thorough and straightforward reporting on our academic initiatives and progress: The
Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University Academic Annual Report confirms our high standards, our academic quality, and our student-centered approach to education.
It also presents opportunities for improvement as we strive to attain the highest standards in Agricultural and Fishery Technology possible for all our students.
Following is a summary of this comprehensive report.
600. Laying the Groundwork for Academic Quality: The rigors of academic coursework funding a college education fitting studies into a full and busy life these are the
hurdles many students ‘especially non-traditional students face when they pursue a degree. At Gappe Beeps University, we are committed to helping students
succeed by providing an accessible education that includes on-going support and student services such as the Gappebeeps NYSC financial aids work/study student
programs. Gappe beeps entrepreneurial university pay students on work/study program N70.000 monthly as financial aid at the end of each month.
601. Articulations: My book the Divine Magic wand for Wealth and power will do all I had said 100% in four years. This will be a tip of the Ice bag; NYSE program me caged
Nigerians advancements in technology. Nigerians future hope was caged by past admirations, constitutions, regulations, and bylaws thereby terminating the road to
our children’s progression in Technological Education. This had resulted in our children turning to Bokoharm Amenity, MASOP. OPC. Kidnappers etc. any State
Governor or President who has a solution to the above problem will be the Government of the day is my submission Sir. I want to be very brief: to make sure you will
have an idea of my proposal and recommendations. My book has the whole solution in its 300 pages like thunder. I cannot sale it for N400.000.000, 000 but I will give
it to you free of charge so that you will know that I love you and God loves you the more. I will not give it to you if you will not sign an agreement to work with me as I
said above. I will not do anything with you if we did not sit down, agree, and sign it. This letter is the only thing I will give you if you did not call me or reply me Witten 14
working days I will give it to another person.
602. Please on a very serious note, we are working against time. About 1,460 of your factory workers and NYSC members will pay you about N4.70120.000 between now
and four months, and N1.880.480.000 each year by 4 years will be about N10.658.000.000 we need to see me to show Illustration, demonstration about the workability
of this program through me. You will use me because I have the Vision. You will use the NDDC because we would need their Equipment’s and financial support. You
will need these projects to start as soon as possible now because from it your good work will win the Presidential seat for you. We need you to make only an
announcement that the Rivers state Government had established a partnership with a group of overseas Universities in U.S.A who are now in O.N.E L.G.A Rivers
State to teach the NYSC members and other Nigerian Graduates Agriculture and modern technology. This graduate will be given a jeep as there are learning, working,
and schooling at the same time. They will be fed by a financial Aid program of these Universities, which makes Shore 50 to 100 of these student, have their own
factory where their goods are produced
603. While still learning its technology. For an example 50 students have five different crops farm where they plant foodstuffs, and a factory where the learn how to
manufacture car battery and sale it and share the income with the school daily monthly. All other graduates will have their own Fish/farms and factories where these
experts will be teaching them and at the same time working for them yearly until they are perfected.
604. We are therefore keen in our call for partnership/ request; it is not a Loan request from your Office as the President of this Country Since your Organization is caperable of providing Her Nigerian NYSC and Graduates with an array of products and services to promote business growth and ensure sustainable wealth creation in
Nigeria.
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605. We know you Goodluck the ZIK of Africa, as the only man in Nigeria that is dedicated, devoted committed faithful, steadfast, enthusiastic to her cause as a customer
centric Person and constantly seeking ways to add measurable value to the Life and businesses of your people by offering a solution to the NYSC members monthly
Salaries of N71.000 and job opportunities and financial AID advances to fit NYSC various financial needs in Gappe business school , such as the GAPPE Financial
AID Industrial training Educational program for the Nigerian Graduates:
606. Which is a medium to long term facility aimed at assisting established and well-structured Graduates in the expansion of their technological knowledge to meet obvious
or anticipated technological business demand? Which tenor spans from 1years to 4 years, giving each graduate crops and equipment AID and funds of up to
N4.000.000
607. By identifying with the noble causes your Government will be contributing to salvaging the destiny of future generations from the revenging hunger of unemployment,
more importantly, you must have succeeded in consolidating, combining, amalgamating, uniting associating, our fore fathers cry for Agricultural and Fishery
Educational process currently being threatened by this monster called Boko harm.
608. This is the Academic Quality at Gappe Beeps University: Gappe Beeps University has a long history of providing quality, integrity, and innovation in higher education.
We have helped students earn associate, bachelors, and master's degrees in a variety of in-demand fields for over 20 years. With more than a quarter-million alumni,
we are proud to be one of the largest private, degree-granting, regionally accredited higher education systems in Africa. Gappe Beeps University Academic Annual
Report. For decades, Gappe Beeps University has publicly reported the rates at which our students graduate and become employed in their chosen fields. We have
now published a report that reflects our commitment to also provide a thorough and straightforward reporting on our academic initiatives and progress.
609. The Gappe Beeps University Academic Annual Report confirms our high standards, our academic quality, and our student-centered approach to education. It also
presents opportunities for improvement as we strive to attain the highest standards possible for all our students. Following is a summary of this comprehensive report.
610. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University will partners with your Government, Your Party, community, colleges, election team to make you successful by making the
most of previously earned credits as President bring you Goodluck. To help provide you with a pathways to the Presidential election victory in 2015. We will also work
directly with your employer PDP education programs to build the Nation with our wonderful Manifesto as a fast-track means for the winning team in the oncoming
Presidential elections. GAPPE BEEPSS: Means: Gods Affirmative Partnership for Poverty Eradication and Basic Entrepreneurial Education and Professional Scientific
Studies.
611. This letter is not the Golden manifesto from God, rather it is a preamble, a prelude addendum, and or an introduction to the great and wonderful manifesto that would
cost you N400.000.000 or you will lose the next election. This book of 1,783 pages, written by me, Prophet Dr Isaiah Felix Amanya Has the latest Key to the 2015
Presidential seat. It will make anybody who will use the Manifest a Frontrunner of the Nigerians next President Elect, come 2015. It is a preamble of the Golden
Magical wand the only workable Manifesto for the next Nigerian Presidential Election. It will cause you to become the President Elect;
612. This book of 1,783 pages is the key and a magic wand that will solve so many Nigerian problems, ranging from who will be the next Nigerian President, it will create
over 3 billion jobs for the Nigerian youths once and for-all. Without the Government borrowing money from the World Bank any more, till the end of time. It will teach us
how to turn shit into money.
613. It will replace the Nigerian only source of income with Fishery and Agriculture. Our foundation of annual income, the Black Gold. it will solve the problem of youths
unrestiveness, In the form of OPC, BOKOHARAM, and the most deadly group and the worst in the Nigerian History known as the NIGER DELTA FORCE {N.D.F}
Which is Nicknamed MMASOB and Amnesty, which stands for BIAFRA
614. Let us stop now the building up of Nigeria disintegrations, fragmentations, breakups, degenerations, dissolutions, crumbling, collapses, breakdowns, destructions that
is now written all over the walls of Nigeria Politico now that that there is still time and resources at our hand. Because our brothers out for war if they don’t win Nigeria
over to sharpie anything can happen they say.
615. This book will bring Nigeria back to its limelight in Agricultural and aquaculture technology. It will bring about the rise of her annual GDP to 90% from what it is now in
just 4 years only if they will implement my advice it will destroy unemployment completely forever and return our youths to the villages, thereby decongesting our big
cities with its misfortunes, Calamities, disasters, adversities, hardships, and troubles it is causing Nigerians. This Manifest has in its bag the solution of high technology
impartation, disclosures, released freedoms, depictions and interpretation of High Technology by extraneous, connoisseur’s experts and professionals with little or no
money to be spent.
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616. This book, which you have not heard about before or seen, will make you our next President. It will confiscate you from getting to this office if you ignored snubbed,
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degraded, unheeded, and ridiculed it.
617. However, if you welcome it you will have recognitions from all over the world for these good visions. If this book is published and sent across Nigeria, Dr, Goodluck
Jonathan will win the next election to become the next President of Nigeria. If he is the one, who has the magic wand in a book! He may be the last Nigerian President
if this book is not used.
618. Measuring and Improving Academic Quality In our campus and in Nigerian classrooms across the Nigeria, we are optimistic for our students to become lifelong
learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum, learning methods,
and faculty. In addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance, The N4.000.000 Financial Aid farm and equipment
for 50 Student team on our school to utilize for 4 years. The Financial Aid Education, which is nicknamed, Gappe Team Work/study financial Aid program.
{G.T.W.S.F.A.P.} Plays a greater and major role in helping Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University students complete their internship degree program and secure
fulfilling careers after graduation in the same GAPPE.
619. N4.000.000 is provided to a team of 50 students for their five Farms of 500 feets. By 500feets areas each year for four years. Namely: 500 feets by 500feets Farm
Land for their cultivation or crops. 2} Equipment to be used in managing the farm Like Caterpillars, Graders, Atlas Excavators for the Digging of fish pound and making
ridges. 3} crops like Vegetables, Animal, fish, 5,000 plantain suckers, 5,000 sugar cane suckers, 5,000 pawpaw Suckers, one fishing trap and a pound to stuck their
fish before sailing it. Feeds for the Animals and fish for the first one year before the students start their own productions. FG will pay for a student on Financial Aid
N200.000 each term for 4 years, which is N600.000 per year. FG will pay each Student N71, 000 as monthly Salary for 4 years only, the money for accommodation
and Feeding must be paid by a Student during Admission day the FG. He or she will have no monthly salary for such year, if school fees, accommodation and other
fees were not paid but will be admitted. The total for the year being N1.056.000 only. The FG has to be paying the NYSC in each of the 6 universities across the
country each for only four years to Gappe team. After four the school can be able to pay the Students across the Country their salaries and school fees through their
product income.
620. Yet is on financial Aid program. School fees, Feeding, and the accommodation money for such year has to be deducted from monthly salary and the balance paid to
such student monthly, The monthly salary for a Student on Financial Aid is only N71.000 each month by 4 years. Which give you a total of N840.000 yearly by 4 years;
it is advised that the student enter this partnership by scarifying their one-year monthly salary for their school fee if they do not have it and/or if FG did not pay for them.
621. So it is compulsory that each student pay only one year school fees of N1.000.000 to enable the school feed them and provides accommodations and farming
equipment’s and croup to be used for the take-off of this GAPPE Agricultural partnership project through the the F.G. The rest fees are deducted each year through
their income on or before the end of each year by the School. The financial Aid will not cover only the Student feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years.
Accommodation N84.000 yearly for 4 years and N600.000 annual School Fees, Which total will be N1.056.000 per year per student.
622. 
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623. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
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PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
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THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.056.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY SALARIES
THROUGH THE FG. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO
ANY COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.056.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR The only thing
you have to do is to join the group farming partnership to bread or train, and or farmed with these Crops and or Animals yearly and sale them at the end of each year
for 3 years. Divide the income from your farm into 2 after deducting the above expenditures at on set each year for 3 remaining years. It is the duty of the school to
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provide accommodation to each student, and feed him or her each day, each month, each year until the contract is completed. No salary will be paid on the first year
since it is deducted as feeding, accommodation and school fees from the student’s annual income of N840.000.
624. From the second year student who did not pay their N50.000 at on set are paid a total of N71.000 each month because they can now pay by themselves at the first
year. Each student will have his own farm to plant his type of crops and harvest it daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly, and shear it with the school each year for 4 years.
625. Since No Government or Company can be able to pay about of 1,000 Student monthly salary of N70.000 if the student will not first of all pay their school fee and
accommodation, feeding fees and or sacrifice their one year Agricultural production Income as a contribution towards accomplishing this partnership. Please it shall be
noted that the Financial Aid and shearing into three, starting from first year in the school.
626. That you have to work in the school farm for 4 years to produce crops to be used for the next year farming season for the school and for sale.. That if you chose to go
home with your crops or Animals at the end of, second. 3rd. 4th. Year, That you are free to do so at the end of each day or month or year. That all these materials,
are the property of the School and can be sold to anybody or new students who wants them at a very good price yearly and money is not sheared into two with the
financial Aid students who produced them because they were paid monthly salary. But seeing that new Students cannot afford paying up to N4.000.000 for crops and
all these materials at the onset Gappebeeps had decided to take the task of providing every of her student with the above logistics like Alban provided Jacob of the
bible in Geneses 37.
627. Since Emmanuel Healing Ministry Worldwide: Is a Jesus Christ Worldwide Ministry that is following the teaching of Jesus Christ by healing the sick free of charge and
Using the Alban type of partnership with Jacob, Joseph in the Bible through Agricultural partnership. Our partners are thought how to treat their illness, they are not
given fish daily for life but we teach our partners how to catch their own Fish, rather than giving them fish daily for life.
628. It is an Agricultural Partnership School for Jesus Christ for 4 years, if you play your part I will play my part. We believe that if you gave a man a fish and you will feed
him for one day. Teach a man how to fish and you will feed him for lifetime. Teach a person how to start a fish farm of his own and you will feed a community for a
lifetime. Emmanuel healing ministry dedicates this book to all our Agricultural partners who want to make a difference in this world by teaching other people how to
start their own business and organization that will feed, clothe, and provide for all the needs of people throughout the world.
629. In addition, to the President of Nigeria, President Dr, Goodluck Jonathan. Prophet, Dr, Isaiah. I had Constructively Criticized the Nigerian NDDC for not achieving its
goals in the Niger Delta region. They do not know what they are doing and as such they should henceforth close down and hand over all their remaining property to
Gappebeeps Universities for a better usage of that vision. We accept anybody, any man or woman, from Nigeria and or from any part of this World. We shall teach
them how to catch their own fish in so many ways whiten a very short time of 1 years. It took Jacob 21 years but our own is only 4 years. We shall put you in our Laban
and Jacob/Joseph, Pharaoh Type of School for 4 years only and when will graduate, and come out you will come out as billionaire with your entire life requirement like
Jacob and Joseph of the Bible fulfilled. Since GAPPEBEEPSS: Means: Gods Affirmative Partnership for Poverty Eradication and Basic Entrepreneurial Education and
Professional Scientific Studies.
630. One of a few selected schools for the prestigious Academic Quality Improvement Program (AQIP), Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University engages in three AQIP
action projects each year designed to produce clear evidence of our commitment to improving academic quality. Projects have included:
631. Project Snapshot. The goal of this project is to help students learn more effectively, measure student learning outcomes, and gauge improvement in learning over time.
Our student pays to the School N322.000 each term as school fees for four years. A student has to come to school on the admission day with Knife, Spade, Head pan,
Tent and Sleeping Bed.3] A student has to pay for a team only for the for years cash the rest he will pay when his income is ready. A term is N322.000 only.4] Feeding
N144.000 per term, Accommodation N28.000 per term, School Fees N50.000, per term. Which total is N322.00 per term by four terms =N1.288.000 X 4 Years =
N5.152.000 per Student.
632. We shall teach them Business Education; Religion, General Agriculture, Planting of grape orange and grape vine and the Manufacturing of Grape juice in Nigeria.
Fishery, manufacturing Animal feeds, and bread backing, planting of general vegetable, mango and pawpaw. Bricklaying, Building and Civil Engineering, Iron-Bending,
Hospitality and Tourism, Plumbing. Animal Husbandry, Brick-Laying, Welding, Sawing, Fashion, and Designs. Computer and its Scientific Technology, Driving, Hear
Saloon, Conditioner, Car, Radio, Computer, Repairs. We shall teach them how to manufacture, Fruit juice, wine, Beer, coulter, Motto Battery, TV. Furniture’s, GSM
Manufacturing, Concrete Nails, Fishing Nets. Cement, Hammer, Head pan. Knife, Ceramics Cups and Plates. Building of Dams and Fish Pounds, Music, and Football
to mention bet few.
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633. We shall teach our students how to make the above things by themselves and make millions each year by 4 years through manufacturing the above items for
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themselves and planting of crops for themselves and the school. 1] Apart from working in the Manufacturing Industry in the School for one thing or the other Forever
the Gappe Student will have his own Fish-pound of 100ft by 100ft four years only. 2] Each Student of Gappe must have a 100ft. by 100ft. Plantain farm.,3, Sugar cane
farm, 4] pawpaw farm.5] Water melon farm 6] cassava farm. 7] Vegetable farm. Coco 8] yam farm.9] yam farm 10] A student will have his own group of Factory where
his group are manufacturing daily one type of goods mentioned above or the other in the type of Nigerian University.
634. From the second First year to Year 4 and forever in the Manufacturing Industries. An Expert is employed in all the fields to teach our student and Graduates High
Technology. When it is time for planting, cutting, harvesting, Sailing of crops all the Students do it together and go back to the Factories. All the manufactured goods
yearly income are sheared 50% for the School, 50% for the Students at the end plus their Salary monthly and annually.11] If you had paid your school fees etc. for one
year, Gappeebeepss Universities will give you a grant of N7.000.000 a Jeep and N300.000 is for 4 years Fuelling of the car.
635. Every student of Gappebeeps is entitled to a Jeep of N7.300.000. Your admission Number is your Grant Number in the School. 12] To qualify for the N7, 300.000
grant is very simply, When you had been admitted as a Student in Gappebeeps Universities, You simply enter the School Club called {GAPPE 1460 Financial
Investment Club} You will be in this club for life if you want, the school is in charge of collecting and paying all the students money daily and monthly and yearly. If you
automatically join the club by paying your school fees, it has only two qualifications; one your school fees paid for a team, two you will not belong to any cult group.
When you join this Club in Gappebeeps before a year, it will reach your turn to own a car of N7.300.000. 31 Student are given each month until 4 years from the day
you were admitted to four years. 13] You will only qualify for this grant if only you have a farm and crops which can be used as collateral for this car Loan.14] You must
agree that the total sum be deducted from your daily, monthly, and or your yearly income in 4 years N5.000 daily. It may be deducted after the sale of you Crops or
manufactured goods.15] The Crops are sold weekly, monthly, yearly to cover these deductions.
636. Gappebeeps Universities spends a total of N10.658.000.000 each four years to buy her 1,460 students Jeep of N7.300.000. Since each student of Gappebeeps
Universities makes an annual income of over N15.000.000 from her crops and manufactured goods shears in her farm and factory, It will be a very small thing to do on
the first day of admission day by the payment of one term school fees to qualify for the grant when it is your turn before 4 years.17] Our financial AID Student pay a
total ofN322.000 per term to qualify for a self-contain one bedroom for 4 month,4 months, intensive 3 times feeding per day for 4 months a term. 500 ft by 500ft. plots
of land for their crop farm. N4.000.000.000, grant for crops and materials and Equipment’s for their farm and factories. N7.300.000 for a jeep.
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637. Since the school makes more than N470.120.000 per term from School fees per term alone. In one year alone she makes over N470.120.000 X 4 terms = to
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N1.880.480.000 in a year and in four years she maker over N1.880.480.000 X 4 years which will be a total of N7.531.920.000 only from school fees alone we had not
talked about other sources of income like the income from student farm or their factories shears annually If your remove N10.658.000.000 from N7.521.920.000 you
will have a balance of only N3.136.080.000 which goes a long way to show you that the NDDC are just joking with our money time without vision and understanding of
what it takes to bring the Youths of Niger Delta to her Dream or promise Land before the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
638. What is your School Secrets, or where did you get all this Secrets and or Wisdom and Understanding from? God is my Secrets: He gives Wisdom and Understanding
anybody he likes. 19] Paying the work/study graduates huge Salary monthly, had never been done in Nigeria before. Engaging all the NYSC graduates into one large
mechanized farming Zone for Generalized Agricultural output in annual income had never been implemented before. Creating large job factory for the NYSC and large
farm of their own is another magic. Bringing Experts from Over sea near and far away to bring High Agricultural Techniques and the teaching and impartation of their
Technology to our Graduates is another game.
639. The modes of encouraging our NYSC by give them the chance to choose what to do in their lifetime is a nice vision that will put Nigeria in her railway track to her
promise Land. The modus-operand and or the system adopted in the Gappe methods ode of paying the Student their salary through their monthly, trebly, and yearly
shears and or Industrial income for life will save Nigeria and the World from dying of hunger and Remove our youths from or Unemployment problems. Close the
Youths unrestiveness of Boko harems and Amnesty, OPC, and the Niger Delta Force, Or MASOB. From the streets of Nigeria.
640. To Acquire the Niger Delta Lands and the Rivers of the Niger Delta with little or No money for its owners now and build these Industries and Farms when they are still
useful is Madness in Vision ideas.
641. Project Delight. This action project is designed to improve many of our student services by providing service training for all Gappe Beeps University faculty, staff, and
management.
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642. University College. An engaging first-year experience, the goal of this project is to improve student progression from one semester and year to the next and to promote
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career success and lifelong learning.
643. The Five Tenets of Academic Quality
644. Learning Methodologies. From the eLearning platform to information literacy, our learning methodologies help foster a dynamic, student-centered, active learning
environment and foster the life skills necessary in a global environment. In our campus and online classrooms across the country, we are optimistic for our students to
become lifelong learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum,
learning methods, and faculty. In addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance, The Academic Quality at Gappe
Beeps Entrepreneurial University/4 years Agreement:
645. GAPPE BEEPSS: Means: Gods Affirmative Partnership for Poverty Eradication and Basic Entrepreneurial Education and Professional Scientific Studies.
646. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has a long history of providing quality, integrity, and innovation in higher education in Agriculture advance technological
Education. We have helped NYSC students earn associate, bachelors, and master's degrees in a variety of in-demand fields for over 20 years. With more than a
quarter-million alumni, we are proud to be one of the largest private, degree-granting, regionally accredited higher education systems in Africa.
647. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University Academic Annual Report. For decades, Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has publicly reported the rates at which our
students graduate and become employed in their chosen fields. We have now published a report that reflects our commitment to also provide a thorough and
straightforward reporting on our academic initiatives and progress: The Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University Academic Annual Report confirms our high standards,
our academic quality, and our student-centered approach to education. It also presents opportunities for improvement as we strive to attain the highest standards in
Agricultural and Fishery Technology possible for all our students. Following is a summary of this comprehensive report.
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648. Laying the Groundwork for Academic Quality: The rigors of academic coursework funding a college education…fitting studies into a full and busy life these are the
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hurdles many students ‘especially non-traditional students face when they pursue a degree. At Gappe Beeps University, we are committed to helping students
succeed by providing an accessible education that includes on-going support and student services such as the Gappebeeps NYSC financial aids work/study student
programs. Gappe beeps entrepreneurial university pay students on work/study program N71.000 monthly as financial aid at the end of each month
649. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University collaborates with Federal and Local Government and community colleges, making the most of previously earned credits, to
help provide pathways to two-year universities for hardworking students. We also work directly with employer education programs to build on employee training as a
fast track to a degree and or for Advance Technological Education
650. Measuring and Improving Academic Quality In our campus and online classrooms across the World, we are optimistic for our students to become lifelong learners and
valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum, learning methods, and faculty. In
addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance, The N4.000.000 Financial Aid farm and equipment for each Student
on our school to utilize for 4 years. The Financial Aid Education, which is nicknamed, Work/study financial Aid program. {WSFAP} Plays a greater and major role in
helping Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University students complete their internship degree program and secure fulfilling careers after graduation in the same GAPPE
team.
651. N4.000.000 is provided to each student for his five Farms of 500ft. by 500ft areas each year for four years. Namely: 500 feet by 500feet Farm Land for the cultivation
or crops. 2} Equipment to be used in managing the farm Like Caterpillars, Graders, Atlas Excavators for the Digging of fish pound and making ridges. 3} crops like
Vegetables, Animal, fish, 5,000 plantain suckers, 5,000 sugar cane suckers, 5,000 pawpaw Suckers one fishing trap/pound.etc. Each student on Financial Aid pays
N200.000 each term for 4 years, which is N600.000 per year. Since they are paid N71, 000 monthly Salary, The money for accommodation and Feeding must be paid
by a Student during Admission day he or she will have no monthly salary for such year, if school fees, accommodation and other fees were not paid but will be
admitted. The total for the year being N1.000.000 The FG has to be paying for the NYSC in each of the 6 universities each four year to Gappe team.
652. Yet is on financial Aid program. School fees, Feeding, and the accommodation money for such year has to be deducted from monthly salary and the balance paid to
such student monthly, The monthly salary for a Student on Financial Aid is only N71.000 each month by 4 years. Which give you a total of N840.000 yearly by 4 years;
it is advised that the student enter this partnership by scarifying their one-year monthly salary for their school fee if they do not have it and/or if FG did not pay for them.
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653. So it is compulsory that each student pay only one year school fees of N1.000.000 to enable the school feed them and provides accommodations and farming
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equipment’s and croup to be used for the take-off of this GAPPE Agricultural partnership project through the the F.G. The rest fees are deducted each year through
their income on or before the end of each year by the School. The financial Aid will not cover only the Student feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years.
Accommodation N84.000 yearly for 4 years and N600.000 annual School Fees, Which total will be N1.056.000 per year per student.
654. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.056.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY SALARIES
THROUGH THE FG. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO
ANY COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.056.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR.
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655. If the Student did not pay the above fees. The financial Aid will not cover Student feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years. Accommodation N84.000 yearly for 4
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years and N200.000 each term School Fees for 4 years if the student did not have the money to pay or the FG did not pay for him.
656. The financial Aid will cover school fees of N200.000 each term by 3 terms years which is N600.000. N600.000 each year X 4 years = N24.000.000 per student
Education.
657. This financial Aid covers Only the crops, vegetables, cattle, Goat, sugar cane suckers, plantain suckers, banana suckers, Ducklings, Fingerlings feeds to be supplied
to you and your group of ten people for 4 years farming season. If you have no money to pay for them.
658. The only thing you have to do is to join the group farming partnership to bread or train sale, and or farm with these Crops and or Animals yearly and sale them at the
end of each month or year for 3 years. Divide the income from your farm into 3 after deducting the above expenditures at on set each year for 3 remaining years. It is
the duty of the school to provide accommodation to each student on Gappe financial Aid, and feed those two times each day, each month, each year till the contract is
completed.
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659. No salary will be paid on the first year since it is deducted as feeding, accommodation and school fees from the student’s annual income of N840.000. From the
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second year, each student is paid a total of N70.000 each month because they can now pay by themselves at the end of the year. Each student will now have his own
farm to plant his crops and harvest it daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly, and shear with school each year for 3 years. No Government or Company can be able to pay
about of 1,000 Student monthly salary of N70.000 if the student will not first of all pay their school fee and accommodation, feeding fees and or sacrifice their one year
Agricultural production Income as a contribution towards accomplishing this partnership.
660. ELearning Platform. Providing a common course structure, communication vehicle, and centralized set of course resources for all our courses, the eLearning platform
supports our blended learning modality. An early adopter of technology-driven education and blended courses, Gappe Beeps University is continually seeking to
improve the platform, course creation, and delivery process to provide the best possible active learning environment for all students.
661. Library Resources and Information Literacy.
662. The Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University Library network of 25 campus libraries and online resources offers a comprehensive range of learning resources and
tools and a strategic approach to information literacy. During a course of study and through reference services like Ask-a-Librarian, students are provided with
instruction in information literacy and opportunities to practice and hone the related skills.
663. 21st Century Learning Initiatives. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has planned three-years, N600.000.000 million investments in high-tech new Okwuzi six
classrooms hostel for General Agricultural and for Entrepreneurial Education department to ensure that our students are well equipped for the workplace of the future
and to best facilitate active learning. Three leading-edge initiativesAdvanced Technology Classrooms, eLab2, and DevStudio2.0—are helping us to meet our goals and
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foster collaboration; increase student interaction, mimic real laboratory, studio and high-tech work environments, and provide dynamic learning experiences for
students.
664. Outcomes Assessment Initiatives. To continue our legacy of academic quality, Gappe Beeps University has introduced initiatives to measure and improve our student
learning outcomes.
665. Writing Assessment Program (WRAP). In the information-rich workplace, employers are placing greater value on writing and communication skills. The Writing
Assessment Program, which has shown clear evidence of success in the four years since it has been implemented, evaluates students' ability to think critically and
communicate in writing. WRAP also allows us to calibrate writing instruction across the system to ensure that all students receive the same rigorous writing instruction.
666. Gappe Project Course. A valuable experience in team building, skills application, and cooperative effort that is essential in today's workplace, the senior
seminar/capstone course that is part of every Gappe Beeps University program also helps develop intellectual curiosity, independent learning, critical thinking, and
decision-making. Another valuable outcome of this initiative is the resulting electronic portfolio, in which students can showcase their best work for potential employers.
667. Standardized Assessments. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University is piloting three standardized assessments to be given periodically in the Entrepreneurial
process: The Education Testing Service (ETS) Proficiency Profile®, which documents a program's effectiveness for accreditation purposes; Major Field Tests, to
measure the knowledge, analytical, and problem-solving skills gained by students in their field of study; and the skills™ Assessment, which measure Agricultural
techniques, information and communication technology literacy.
668. University College of Aquaculture. A pilot program, University College is a comprehensive first-year Agricultural educational experience that provides freshmen with
the skills and support they need for early success. Learning outcomes from the University College pilot will be used to track the program's effect on student
progression, GPAs, and withdrawal rates.
669. Faculty Development. Long known for industry experience and an ability to impart to students real-world practices from the field, our professors are also first-rate
academicians and passionate about teaching. In recent years, Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has made significant progress in strengthening the role that
our faculty plays in maintaining academic quality especially in Agriculture. In our campus and online classrooms across the country, we have great expectations for our
students to become lifelong learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our
curriculum, learning methods, and faculty. In addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance,
670. Investment in Growth and Development. With 70 full-time faculty members and thousands of other faculty, Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University has plans to grow
its full-time group as well as significantly increase the number of professors with Ph.D.'s. In addition, the new dean of faculty position, the annual Faculty Symposium,
and the new faculty development and advancement system has formalized opportunities for faculty development and promotion. Evaluation and Assessment.
671. Through the Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University End of Course Evaluation and our Noel Levitz Student Satisfaction Inventory (SSI), Gappe Beeps University
students provide on-going feedback about our faculty programs, services, and classroom settings. In the 2009 evaluations, Gappe Beeps University's undergraduate,
graduate and adult learner students were more satisfied with Gappe Beeps University's faculty than their counterparts were at all other four-year private universities
surveyed.
672. Student Persistence and Graduation. Since 2003, more than 6,000 students have graduated from Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University. Through tracking and early
intervention, we have improved persistence rates (a student's enrolment from one semester to the next) and the first-year retention rate, and we continue to work to
improve graduation rates. By investing in programs aimed at retention and support, like University College (see above) and Student Central, we are striving to help
students particularly our underserved populations make it to graduation.
673. Student Central. Through this one-stop student solutions centre, students are provided with a "success team," consisting of a student success coach (academic
advisor) and a student finance consultant that is an available and reliable support system. All Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University locations are launching Student
Central, and data shows that student satisfaction rates have significantly improved as a result.
674. Academic Success Centers and Online Tutoring. Studies show that tutoring and a specifically drop-in tutoring service effectively improves a student's persistence and
GPA. All Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University students can take advantage of the Academic Success Centers as well as access the online tutoring resource smart
inking. ™ Student Career Progression. At Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University, we evaluate our effectiveness based on the number of graduates we prepare for
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today's marketplace. To this end, our career services advisors work closely with students to help them individually hone their job search skills. We also invest
significantly in promoting alumni networks through our alumni association.
675. Alumni Community and Engagements. To foster the growth and success of future alumni, we have a full-scale alumni engagement plan that includes the Gappe Beeps
University and Keller Alumni Association, a bi-yearly alumni survey, and active social media engagement. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University values alumni
feedback and uses input to improve our initiatives to students and alumni and foster a community of thriving lifelong learners.
676. Nothing happen in life just because you want it to happen. The Six participating universities in this country will have to be paid a total of N7.521.920.000 each as to
carry out the work of teaching the NYSC in their zone for 4 years only. After 4 years the next group will arrive and you will pay from your income from the partnership
and will have a turn over yearly,
677. You have to make some effort. There will always be obstacles to your progress. But you have to start thinking differently about the problems you are facing. The cost
of the Nigeria investing in technology and the cost of salary to be paid to these NYSC members to continue in their Technology Education cannot be things that will
cause you to give up Nigerian Heads of States Present and Past. Yet you spend billions each 3 to four years on new elections in Nigeria. Why, Will you continue to
Follow, Follow, America until you fall into a pit? They have to be over-come. They can be conquered by new investment and new ideas not by Harlotry or becoming a
boko Haram member.
678. The work of the fifth day was the creation of fish and fowl. (Gen: 1: 20 -23) {This was the creation of our meat and Occupation; this is what I want those who rule us to
take example from.]
679. The creative work of the Sixth day was twofold. That of land, animal and man. {Land and Animal means Occupation for the man. (Gen. 1: 24 -28) The most remarkable
verse of this chapter is verses 26 – 28. God created man in His own image. It is a great thing to hear man was created in the image of God. God rested in the seventh
day. There must always be a rest after the day’s works. ‘‘There remained therefore a rest to the people of God. (Hebrews. 4:4, 9) The universe for a while enjoyed a
perfect condition after these six literal days of God’s creation. But the world entered into another chaotic condition, which it is still experiencing up to date, as a result of
Adams disobedience.
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680. In the fall of man the triumph of Satan was complete. The relationship between man and his maker was lost. He started eating anything he like apart from the fruits and
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herbs and sickness entered. God has been at work to restore the fallen man and to take away sickness even HIV/AIDS, toil and death brought upon him as a result of
sin. This was the reason why He brought Jesus Christ. What brought Jesus Christ to this world? He came that we might have abundant life. (John 10; 10, 20:31) Jesus
Christ said to those who saw him working tirelessly in towns and cities of Palestine: My Father worked hitherto and I work (John 5:17)
681. If God the Father. The Son and the Holy Spirit are always at work to redeem, as well as sustain us, it behaves the redeemed that they should work. One of the
commonest complains made against the present generation is that nowadays people have no conception of hard work Nigeria use your Children the NYSC in
Agriculture and Fishery and it shall be well with thee. Benjamin Franklin said, ‘‘There are laze minds as well as lazy bodies’’ All the people of Nigeria wants is more
money to spend in their leisure time. Big jeep, big houses, big bank account, they have no pride in their jobs. The Nigerian Youths don’t know how to work. They have
no sense of responsibility, and no desire to achieve it, Nigerian government want to learn the trick of the world Technology trade without the trouble of paying the
people for their youth to learn the secret of Technology trades from. Only the politicians are eating our Nigerian money without minding the consequences in future, If
You want to be the world manufacturers of Electrical Cable you most establish a world Class Cable manufactory company for your NYSC through your tread relation
with the Original World Cable manufacturing country.
682. The problems of the Nigeria youths are so numerous and they are caused by their past Presidents of this great country Shehu Shagari on NYSC. Nigeria and their
counterparts the Political Governors of the States.
683. These Problems seem to be increasing with the days and years and had constituted a great threat to the Nigeria society and Government. As it looks poised to defy
every solution from the Nigerian Government.
684. This situation has generated much public outcries against the moral laxity of our youths in Nigeria, if not decadence that has becomes the order of the day among the
Nigerian youths. While these young people have their own share of the blame, one can’t help seeing them, in most cases, as victims of gross societal neglect. How
they were neglected brought about the youths unrestiveness in Nigeria.
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685. Yet the Authority did not know until date where the fire started in the house. Nun does any of them have any solution to it apart from what God had reviled to me about
the NYSC and Bokoharm. Different segments of the society have failed to have them adequate guidance by the way of instructing and providing with them with work
and training on sound moral principle. Some professionals in this area only hand out high-sounding theories that lack in practical values.
686. This Book is a genuine effort on the part of one who is genuinely concerned with the plight of the Nigeria youths in general. Its contents portray the author as someone
possessed with a sense of mission among the Nigerian youths, which, also one can say he has accomplished creditably. In a simple and clear language, the author
here provides the solutions to the Nigerian Government and the Nigerian youths with practical guidance based on the word of God, which can ensure their success in
life. I, therefore, recombined this book to both the Nigerian Christian and Muslim.
687. Everything in life has what I, Prophet, Isaiah Dr, Felix Amanya call the resistant force. If you want to fly, you have to overcome gravity. If you want your Country to be
winning football game or marches, you must have a field a Stardom or Field where your footballers will learn and practice how to play Football, Have a Football trainer.
You must be ready to pay good salary as to retain good players for your team. You must have the best football team in the world as to win the world Cup at the end.
Since there is another team in your way that you have to overcome in order to score points in the World Cup. Why did you Cage the Nigerian Youths in NYSC only? If
you want to get ahead in certain areas of your life Nigeria don’t run away from Technological advancements, for your Youths to score point in the world for your
country if the Northern Nigeria does not want it ok. Five they chance to learn what they like. Don’t force them to become Christians it is up to anyone to choose what
God he or she will worship. If you don’t want what your people are worshiping go away from that zone to a zone of your choice and worship the God your choice.
688. For assistance deciding which specialization fits your goals, call an enrolment advisor at:
689. +2348034057606 Gappe offers state-approved educator licensure programs as well as programs and courses that do not lead to licensure or endorsements.
Prospective students must review their state licensure requirements prior to enrolling. For more information, please refer to www.gappebeepsuniversity.com.
690. Request free Information on how to become a Rich man... My Occupation for life?: What do I have to Plant, breed, manufacture, sale, discover to help me make
money daily, monthly, yearly in Gappebeeps University that will make me become very rich in 4 years? My money Occupation for life? What will be the Occupation for
my money daily monthly and yearly when I make the money? What would I manufacture in large Number that will give large money
691. Courses, Admission & Financial Aid Choose your Program of Interest M.S. in Entrepreneurial Education, MS in Civil Engineering Building and Construction. MS in
Theatre Arts, M.S. in Sales and Marketing. MS In Theological Education M.S. in Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry Studies M.S. in Higher Education M.S. in
Instructional Design and Technology Ph.D. in Education, Doctor of Education (Eddy.) Education Specialist (Ed.D.) Education Specialist (Ed.D.) in Reading, Literacy
and Leadership (non-licensure)
692. First Name:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------693. Last Name: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------694. Email:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------695. Phone:
----------------------------------------------------------------696. ©2013 Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University
697. We would appreciate and indeed anticipate your gesture of love to a worthy cause designed to put our youths on Skyline of Educational growth and development in
Entrepreneurial Education, by your choice to join Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University through this Agreement
698. Name of grantor-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------699. Address…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
700. Sex ………………………………..Age………………………….State………………………………………………
701. Amount paid, as admission fee is N56.000-----------------------------------702. Amount paid, as school fee per term is N100.000
703. The total School fees paid per Student in a year are N1.056.000 only.
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704. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
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PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
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THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.000.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY
SALARIES. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO ANY
COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.056.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR.
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705. By signing this Agreement, I had agreed to be admitted in Gappebeeps Collage of Entrepreneurial Education for four years. I understand that my monthly salary will be
N10.000 only for now for these four years, starting from today. I had also agree that if I breach this contract by not completing my 4 years contract for any reason that
my benefits shall be only the days and months worked to be paid only. That I shall not stop work/study for more than 3 days in a month for whatever reason.
706. That I must inform my school in writing, that I will no longer continue for whatever reason a month before going. Away. That if I go away without informing my school
about my going, that I shall not receive my monthly salary for that month. I understand everything in this agreement and also that each year I shall go to my home town
for 14 days as holiday 4 times each year. I am aware that work-study starts by 8am daily, close by 9pm each night even on Sundays work starts by 2pm, and close
10pm.
707. In our campus and online classrooms across the country, we are optimistic for our students to become lifelong learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century
workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum, and learning methods called work-study; program In addition, student
services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance financial Aid support workshop. The farm and equipment for each Student on our
school Financial Aid to utilize for 4 years.
708. The Financial Aid Education, which is nicknamed, Work/study financial Aid program. Plays a greater and major role in helping Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University
students complete their degree program and secure fulfilling careers after graduation. The equipment and crops like Vegetables, Animal, fish, plantain suckers, sugar
cane suckers, pawpaw etc. Each student on Financial Aid pays N50.000 each term for 4 years; pay N7, 000 monthly for accommodation. Feeding is N31.000 each
monthly by 4 years. The monthly salary of N71.500 each month for 4 years, which will give you a total of N852.000 yearly by 4 years which is N3,408.000. The
financial Aid covers your feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years. This financial Aid covers your accommodation and or House rent of N84.000 each year by 4 years.
This financial Aid covers your school fees yearly of N200.000 each year by 4 years. N50.000 each term X 4 each year = N200.000 Yearly, N800.000 in four years.
709. This financial Aid covers the crops, cattle, Goat, sugar cane suckers, plantain suckers, banana suckers, Ducklings, feeds to be supplied to you and your group of ten
person for 4 years farming and marketing. The only thing your group has to do is to bread, train, or market; farm with their Crops, Animals yearly, and sale them at the
end of each year for 4 years. Divide the income into 3 after deducting the above expenditures each year for 4 years. Whatever will be my monthly, yearly income will
be divided into 3 parts at the end. The school takes two parts, for my school fees, accommodation, feeding, and other Expenses takes one part. If I make a total of
N150.000 per month. It will be divided into 3, my own is one part and the school takes two parts, my one part is paid to me as monthly salary.
710. Please it shall be noted that the Financial Aid start from your first day in Gappe. That you must have five different farms where you will plant five different Crops for 4
years, as to produce crops to be used for the next year farming season for the school after sailing them. That if you chose to go home with your own crops or Animals
at the end of each month and or year that you are free to do so at the end. You should always bear in mind that the Farms and all the crops in it belong to the school
and you are paid to produce them.
711. That all these materials are the property of the School and can be sold to anybody at any time any day and or year and the school will take all the money because it is
her property. The contract is very simple, The School will feed you daily for 4 years, provide you with accommodation for 4 years. Teach you whatever you want to
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learn for four years with a school fee of N50.000 per term by 4 years. Provide crops for your farm yearly for 4 years. Provide you with all Equipment’s and financial
support needed to open your own small manufacturing Industry. Alternatively, market retailing program. That all the goods produced in these farms and shops and
factory and or industries are shared into three. That the salary of a student is N71.500 monthly by 4 years but that Accommodation took N7.000 monthly and other
Expenses, which must be ducted from your income monthly and yearly before any salary is paid. That if a student did not pay his school fees of one term that no
salary will be paid in such term until income arrives.
712. That all new students who wants these products will have to buy them at a very good price yearly and or work for a year with monthly salary of N10.000 monthly before
money is sheared into two with the financial Aid students who produced them The 2nd. 3rd. 4th. Years. However, seeing that new Students cannot afford paying up to
N4.000.000 for these materials at the onset. Gappebeeps, had decided to take the task of providing Financial Aid for her students with the above logistics since,
Emmanuel Healing Ministry Worldwide: Is a Jesus Christ Worldwide healing Ministry for Rehabilitation, Restoration, and Reconciliation I promise to try my best by
signing this I had agreed everything in this book sign--------------------------------I don’t agree------------------------------------------------713. Date Started-----------------------------------------------------------Phone Number------------------------------For more information call;+2348034047606 Admissions & Financial Aid:
About Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University Programs
714. For International Students you can go to our web site for more information. www//:Gappebeepsuniversity.com
715. God of Entrepreneurship had made me an effective educator by giving me skills and ability to expert Knowledge into my student. I can use in my classrooms and pass
to my students to make them more effective learners" the Student are free to shoes on the day one what they will do in four years. So now chose what you would be
doing in 4 years in Gappebeeps. Is it
716. 103. M.S. in Education Graduate
717. 104. Education----------------------------------------------718. 105. Doctoral----------------------------------------------719. 106. Post Master's--------------------------------------720. 107. Master's---------------------------------------721. 108. Bachelor's Prep Programs/Endorsements------------------------722. 109. Financial Aid Education----------------------------------------------723. 110. Online Education Degrees------------------------------------------------724. 111. Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University shares your commitment to education. Our online bachelor's, masters and doctoral degree programs are designed to
help you improve outcomes for your students and your institution.
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725. The Gappebeeps College of Education and Leadership Entrepreneurial University, The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)–accredited
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College, is dedicated to enhancing educator effectiveness and improving student achievement.
726. 113. Doctoral and Post-Master’s
727. 115. An accredited online university, Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University first served the unique needs of working doctoral students four decades ago. Our
doctoral experience features a unique blend of theory, research, and practical application to help you make an immediate and significant change in your life and in the
lives of others.
728. 116. Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
729. 117. Ph.D. in Education
730. 118. Education Specialist (Ed.D.) Master’s
731. 119. Choose an online master’s degree program that puts theory into practice, giving you the skills and knowledge to apply what you learn in your workplace,
industry, and career. Our programs are developed with insights from leading industry experts, and respected faculty who are active practitioners in the field teaches
courses.
732. 120.
733. 121.
734. 122.
735. 123.
736. 124.
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
M.S. in Adult Learning
M.S. in Early Childhood Studies
M.S. in Education
M.S. in Higher Education
M.S. in Instructional Design and Technology 125.
Bachelor
737.
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738. 
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739. 
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
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740. 
2438
741. 
2439
2440
2441

742. 

2443


2444

2442
2445
743. 
2446

2448


2449
744. 
2447
2451


2452

2450
2453
745. 
2454

2455

2456
2457
2458
2459
746. 

747. 

2461


2462
748. 
2460
2463

2464
749. 
2465
750. 
2466

2467

2468

2469

2470

2471

2472

2473

2474

2475

2476

2477
751. 
2478

2479

2480

2481

2482

2483

2484

2485

2486

2487

2488

2489

2490

2491

2492

2493

2494

2495

2497
752.
753. 
2498
754. 
2499

2496
2501


2502

2500
2504


2505

2503

2507


2508

2506
2509
2510
2511
2512




2514


2515
755. 
2513
2516
2517


2519


2520

2518
2521
2522


2524


2525

2523
2526
2527


2528
756. 
2529

2530

2531

2532

2533

2534
757. 
2535

2536

2537
758. 
2538

2539

2540
759. 
2541
760. 
2542

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
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
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
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
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761. 
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
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
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
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762. WPA Workers in the U.S.A. are Like GAPPE TEAM.
763. United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the New Deal program in the 1930s to counteract unemployment and other problems
caused by the Great Depression. As part of his New Deal policy, Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935. Called the
Work Projects Administration after 1939, the WPA employed 9 million people in various public works projects between 1935 and 1943.
764. In addition to the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve System, the federal government can also use its taxing and spending policies, or fiscal
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policies, to counteract inflation or the cyclical unemployment that results from too much or too little total spending in the economy. Specifically, if
inflation is too high because consumers, businesses, and the government are trying to buy more goods and services than it is possible to produce
at that time, the government can reduce total spending in the economy by reducing its own spending. Or the government can raise taxes on
households and businesses to reduce the amount of money the private sector spends. Either of these fiscal policies will help reduce inflation.
Conversely, if inflation is low but unemployment rates are too high like as it is now in Nigeria. The government can increase its spending or
reduce taxes on households and businesses. These policies increase total spending in the economy, encouraging more production and
employment in Agriculture and Fishery and Technology.
765. Some government spending and tax policies work in ways that automatically stabilize the economy. But in Nigeria we don’t pay Tax. For
example, if the economy is moving into a recession, with falling prices and higher unemployment, income taxes paid by individuals and
businesses will automatically fall, while spending for unemployment compensation and other kinds of assistance programs to low-income families
will automatically rise. Just the opposite happens as the economy recovers and unemployment falls—income taxes rise and government spending
for unemployment benefits falls. In both cases, tax programs and government-spending programs change automatically and help offset changes
in nongovernment employment and spending.
766. In some cases, the federal government uses discretionary fiscal policies in addition to automatic stabilization policies. Discretionary fiscal policies
encompass those changes in government spending and taxation that are made as a result of deliberations by the legislative and executive
branches of government. Like the automatic stabilization policies, discretionary fiscal policy can reduce unemployment by increasing government
spending or reducing taxes to encourage the creation of new jobs. Conversely, it can reduce inflation by decreasing government spending and
raising taxes and creating employment for her youths in Agriculture and Fishery...
767. In general, the federal government tries to consider the condition of the national economy in its annual budgeting deliberations. However,
discretionary spending is difficult to put into practice unless the nation is in a particularly severe episode of unemployment or inflation. In such
periods, the severity of the situation builds more consensuses about what should be done, and makes it more likely that the problem will still be
there to deal with by the time the changes in government spending or tax and Agricultural programs take effect. But in general, it takes time for
discretionary fiscal policy to work effectively, because the economic problem to be addressed must first be recognized, then agreement must be
reached about how to change spending and tax levels and what should be used in Youths Education after School in Agriculture. After that, it
takes little time for the changes in spending or taxes and Agriculture to have an effect on the economy before 4 years.
768. When there is only moderate inflation or unemployment, it becomes harder to reach agreement about the need for the government to change
spending or taxes. Part of the problem is this: In order to increase or decrease the overall level of government spending or taxes, specific
expenditures or taxes and Agriculture have to be increased or decreased, meaning that specific programs and voters are directly affected.
Choosing which programs and voters to help or hurt often becomes a highly controversial political issue.
769. Because discretionary fiscal policies affect the government’s annual deficit or surplus, as well as the national debt, they can often be controversial
and politically sensitive. For these reasons, at the close of the 20th century, which experienced years with normal levels of unemployment and
inflation, there was more reliance on monetary policies, rather than on discretionary fiscal policies to try to stabilize the national economy. There
have been, however, some famous episodes of changing federal spending and tax Agricultural policies to reduce unemployment and fight inflation
in the U.S. economy during the past 40 years. In the early 1980s the administration of U.S. president Ronald Reagan cut taxes. Other notable
tax cuts occurred during the administrations of U.S. presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson in 1963 and 1964, and George W. Bush in
2001 and 2003.
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

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770. 
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771. 
2601

2602

2603
772. 
2604

2605

2606
773. 
2607

2608

2609
2610
774. 


2611
2612
775. 

2613
776. 
2614
777. 
2615
778. 
2616
779. 
2617
780. 
2618
781. 
2619

2620
782. 
2621
783. 
2622

2623

2624

2625
784. 
2626

2627

2628
785. 
2629
786. 
2630

2631

2632

2633

2634

2635

2636

2637

2638

2639

2640

2641

2642

2643

2644

2645

2646

2647
787. 
2648

2649

2650

2651

2652

2653

2654

2655

2656

2657
788. 
2658

2659

2660

2661

2662

2663

2664

2665

2666

2667

2668

2669

2670

2671

2672

2673

2674

2675

2676

2677

2678

2679

2680

2681

2682

2683

2684

2685

2686

2687
789. 
2688

2689

2690

2691
790. 
2692

2693

2694

2695

2696

2697

2698

2699

2700

2701

2702
791. 
2703

2704

2705

2706

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792. 
2708

2709

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793. 
2711

2712

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
2714
794. AFRICA, Get up, stand up, for your right.
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795. I INTRODUCTION
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796. Thatch House in Kenya: Circular thatch houses are still very common in many parts of Africa even in Nigeria. Here, the inhabitants of Abseil, a village in
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Kenya, are putting the finishing touches on a new dwelling. To build these houses, thatch must be attached in layers to a frame made of wood. The floor inside
is made of dried mud. Africa, second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 13 percent of the
2720
world’s population. Africa straddles the equator and most of its area lies within the tropics. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian
Ocean and Red Sea on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the north. In the northeastern corner of the continent, Africa is connected with Asia by the
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Sinai Peninsula that is where Africa came from when God asked Moses to ask any man or woman who is above 20 years to go back.
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797. Africa is a land of great diversity. If you were to trek across the continent, you would pass through lush, green forests and wander vast, grassy plains. You
would cross barren deserts, climb tall mountains, and ford some of the mightiest rivers on Earth that if turned to fishing Dam Africa will grow. You would
2725
meet diverse people with a wide range of cultures and backgrounds and hear hundreds of different languages. You would pass through small villages where
daily life remains largely the same as it has been for hundreds of years without change at all. as well as sprawling cities with skyscrapers, modern economies,
2726
and a mix of international cultural influences.
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798. Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Here, early humans the Children of Jacob who came out from Egypt were going to the Promised Land
where turned back and these resulted involvement like apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Modern human beings evolved between 130,000
and 90,000 years ago, and subsequently spread out of Africa. Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s first great civilizations, arose in north eastern
Africa more than 5,000 years ago. Over time many other cultures and states rose and fell in Africa, and by 500 years ago there were prosperous
cities, markets, and centers of learning scattered across the continent. During the last 500 years, however, Africa became increasingly dominated
by European traders and colonizers. European traders sent millions of Africans to work as slaves on colonial plantations in North America, South
America, and the Caribbean. Europeans also sought Africa’s wealth of raw materials to fuel their industries. In the late 19th century, European
powers seized and colonized virtually all of Africa.
2735
799. Countries of Africa Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Indian Ocean to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the African
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continent are divided into over fifty countries. After World War II many African territories began to fight for their independence from European
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colonization. The borders of many modern African nations reflect the colonial boundaries.
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800. Through slow reform or violent struggle, most of Africa won independence in the 1950s and 1960s. Independent Africa inherited from colonization a weak
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position in the global economy, underdeveloped communication and transportation systems, and arbitrarily drawn national boundaries. The citizens of these
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new nations generally had little in terms of history or culture to bind them together.
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801. There are 53 different African countries, including the 47 nations of the mainland and the 6 surrounding island nations. The continent is commonly divided
along the lines of the Sahara, the world’s largest desert, which cuts a huge swath through the northern half of the continent. The countries north of the
Sahara make up the region of North Africa, while the region south of the desert is known as sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is sometimes referred
to as “Black Africa,” but this designation is not very helpful, given the ethnic diversity of the entire continent. North Africa consists of the countries of
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia. Sub-Saharan Africa is generally subdivided into the regions of West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa,
and southern Africa. For the purposes of this article, West Africa consists of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, GuineaBissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, and Togo. East Africa consists of Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Central Africa consists of Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Southern Africa consists of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and
Zimbabwe. The island nations located off the coast of Africa are Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe in the Atlantic Ocean; and Comoros, Madagascar,
Mauritius, and Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.
2752
802. II AFRICAN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND BACKWARDNESS:
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803. Kilimanjaro, the tallest mountain in Africa, lies in north eastern Tanzania near the border of Kenya. The mountain has two volcanic peaks, spaced 11 km (7 mi)
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apart, with the higher of the two rising 5,895 m (19,341 ft). Farmers cultivate coffee beans and plantains on Kilimanjaro lower slope.
804. The great diversity of the African environment makes it difficult to generalize about the continent. While much of the continent consists of vast plains with
little relief, there are also towering volcanic peaks and the largest rift valley system in the world. The climate ranges from the year-round heat and humidity
of equatorial regions to the dryness of the world’s largest desert to mountaintop conditions cold enough to support glaciers. It contains regions of biological
significance due to their biodiversity and huge numbers of species found nowhere else.
805. The African environment has long been mistakenly seen as hostile, foreboding, and tragically in decline. Popular descriptions of Africa such as “the dark
continent,” images of untamed wilderness in nature publications, and sensationalized press coverage of disasters such as droughts and famines have shaped
these perceptions of Africa. Geographers’ accounts of Africa used to attribute the underdevelopment of the continent to its unfavorable environment—its
oppressive climate, infertile soil, polluted water, and exotic diseases but all these are .a cause from Noah to harm. Jesus Christ had changed it all.
806. These days have begun to wane. Increased scientific research on the African environment has done much to dispel old misconceptions and to provide insights
into the physical processes that give shape to the landscape. The relationship of African societies to the environment is also much better understood. Yet
much remains to be done in Agriculture and Aquaculture before this huge and complex continent is well known and appreciated, especially by the general
public will recover if she learns to do it by herself. Not waiting for the Oyibo to come to farm for him. That is stupidity to import farmers into Africa the
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people who had used you as their slave will turn back to work for you as your farmers you thinking had fooled you. Invite them to come to impart technology
to your Children to grow or remain as you are till the end...
2769
807. A The African Landscape
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808. The African continent covers 30 million sq km (12 million sq mi), including its adjacent islands. It stretches 8,000 km (5,000 mi) from its northernmost point,
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Ra’s al Abyaḑ in Tunisia, to its southernmost tip, Cape Agulhas in South Africa. The maximum width of the continent, measured from the tip of Cap Vet in Senegal, in
the west, to Rasa Xaafuun (Ras Hafun) in Somalia, in the east, is 7,500 km (4,700 mi). The highest point on the continent is the perpetually snow-capped Kilimanjaro
(5,895 m/19,341 ft) in Tanzania, and the lowest is Lake ‘Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti.
809. Africa is surrounded by oceans and seas: the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean on the east, the Red Sea on the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea on
the north. Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world, lies off the southeastern coast. Other offshore islands include the Madeira Islands, Canary Islands, Cape
Verde Islands, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Bioko, off the western coast; and the Comoros Islands, Seychelles, Mascarene Islands, and Socotra, off the eastern coast.
2777
810. A1 Surface Feature
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811. Cross Section of Africa geography or Africa features a series of relatively flat plateaus and saucer-shaped basins, broken by highlands, mountain ranges, and valleys.
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Northern and western Africa, widely known as Low Africa, has much lower mean elevations than the south and east, often called High Africa.
812. Africa generally consists of a series of flat and gently undulating plateaus occurring at different levels, broken by a few mountainous areas and by the rift valleys of
East Africa. With a mean elevation of approximately 650 m (2,100 ft) above sea level, Africa is high compared to other continents. The southern and eastern section of
the continent, often called High Africa, consists primarily of a high plateau with elevations between 1,000 and 2,000 m (3,000 and 7,000 ft) above sea level. Northern
and western Africa, widely known as Low Africa, has much lower mean elevations. Most of the continent’s surface has been warped into a series of large, saucer-like
basins separated by highlands. The major basins of Africa are El Djouf, now occupied by the Niger River Basin in West Africa; the Chad Basin, surrounding Lake Chad
in west central Africa; the Sudan (or Nile River) Basin in northeast Africa; the Congo River Basin of Central Africa; and the Kalahari (or Okavango) Basin of southern
Africa.
2787
813. A1a Highlands
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814. Ras Dashiki northern Ethiopia the Ethiopian Plateau raises to its highest point at Ras Dashed (4,620 m/15,157 ft). The mountain’s jagged surroundings are home to
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several animal species unique to Ethiopia.
815. The highest elevations in Africa are found in the various ranges of East Africa. After Kilimanjaro, the next highest peaks are Mount Kenya (5,199 m/17,057 ft), north of
2793
Kilimanjaro in central Kenya; Marguerite Peak (5,109 m/ 16,762 ft) in the Ruwenzori Range on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(DRC); Ras Dashed (4,620 m/ 15,157 ft) in the Ethiopian Highlands of northern Ethiopia; Mount Mere (4,565 m/ 14,977 ft), close to Kilimanjaro in Tanzania; and Mount
Elgon (4,321 m/ 14,177 ft) on the Uganda-Kenya border.
2794
816. High Atlas Range, the tallest mountain in North Africa, rises above a rocky valley in the High Atlas range of Morocco. Although the summit is 4,165 m (13,665 ft) above
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sea level, it is often free of snow
817. Africa’s other major mountainous regions occur at the northern and southern fringes of the continent. The Atlas Mountains, a system of high ranges, extend for 2,200
km (1,400 mi) across Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, roughly parallel to the northern coast. These ranges enclose a number of broad inland basins and plateaus. In the
west, the High (or Grand) Atlas contains Toubkal (4,165 m/ 13,665 ft), the highest peak of the system. Toward the east, the Atlas consists of two parallel ranges: the
Tell Atlas to the north and the Saharan Atlas to the south.
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818. Drakensberg Mountains the Drakensberg Mountains in eastern South Africa form part of the Great Escarpment, a ridge that divides the central plateau regions of
2802
southern Africa from the lowland regions on the coast. Extending from Limpopo Province south to the province of Eastern Cape, the Drakensberg range contains the
highest elevations in South Africa.
2803
819. In southern Africa, the U-shaped Great Escarpment extends 5,000 km (3,000 mi) along the coast from Angola to Mozambique (an escarpment is a ridge that is steep
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on one side and slopes down gently on the other). The Drakensberg Mountains form the most pronounced relief of the Great Escarpment, rising to 3,482 m (11,424 ft)
at Thaana Ntlenyana in Lesotho.
820. Cameroon Mountain is the highest peak in West Africa at 4,095 m (13,435 ft). To the north, isolated highlands occur in the desert land of the Sahara, including the
Ahaggar Mountains in southern Algeria and the Tibesti in northern Chad.
2808
821. A1b Great Rift Valley
2809
822. Lake TanganyikaLake Tanganyika, located in the Great Rift Valley, is the longest and second deepest freshwater lake in the world.
2810
823. The Great Rift Valley is one of the most distinctive features of African topography. Formed where Earth’s crust is being pulled apart by the action of convection
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currents beneath the surface, rift valleys are long, deep valleys bounded by parallel faults, or fractures, in Earth’s crust. The Great Rift Valley system begins in Syria, in
the Middle East, and extends southward, down the length of the Red Sea. It enters Africa at the Afar Depression on the coast of Eritrea and Djibouti, and winds some
5,600 km (3,500 mi) to the coast of southern Mozambique. In its middle section, it breaks into two major branches, the Eastern Rift Valley and the Western Rift Valley.
The rift valley is flanked by towering escarpments of up to 1,000 m (3,000 ft) in southern Ethiopia, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) along the Eastern Rift in central Kenya, and 1,300
m (4,300 ft) in the northern part of the Western Rift, along the DRC’s border with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. The southern extremities of the rift system are much
less spectacular in size and appearance. For more information, see the Faulting and Rift Valleys section of this article.
824. Several major lakes, typically long and narrow, are located on the floors of the Western and Eastern rift valleys. The Western Rift contains Lake Albert, Lake Edward,
and Lake Kivu to the north, Lake Tanganyika in the middle, and Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) to the south. The lakes of the Eastern Rift tend to be smaller and include
Lake Naivasha, Lake Natron, and the southern part of Lake Turkana.
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825. A1c Deserts
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826. Sahara Panorama Camel riders travel through the fringes of the Sahara in central Tunisia. All Rights Reserved.
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827. The Sahara is the world’s largest desert. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlas Mountains southward for
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2,000 km (1,000 mi) until it merges imperceptibly into the semi desert Sahel region. Most of the desert consists of extensive plains covered with loose gravel and
boulders, called reg. The rest of the desert is made up of areas of shifting sand dunes, called erg, interspersed with stretches of bare, rocky areas called Hamada.
828. The Namib and Kalahari deserts of southern Africa are much smaller than the Sahara. The Namib Desert stretches along the Atlantic coast for 1,500 km (930 mi) from
southern Angola along the entire length of Namibia, and into western South Africa. The nearby Kalahari Desert, in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, is a semiarid
region in the Center of the Kalahari Basin.
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829. A1d Coastline
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830. Generally, Africa’s coastline is very even, with few good natural harbors. The coastal plain is narrow around much of the continent, particularly in the south and east.
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Major escarpments run parallel to the coast in several areas. Most of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean coastline is fringed by coral reefs, which are an obstacle to ships.
On the Atlantic coast, waters are generally too cold for coral development. Africa’s best natural harbors are found in the many deep coastal inlets between Senegal
and Liberia, especially at the mouths of rivers. Lagoon coasts, with a coastal barrier beach backed by lagoons, are common between Liberia and Nigeria.
831. A2 Formation of Africa
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832. Continental Drift
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833. Scientists use the theory of plate tectonics to explain the formation of Africa and the other continents. According to this theory, the crust of Earth’s surface consists of a
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collection of 14 rigid plates floating on an underlying mantle. These plates are in constant motion—moving apart, colliding, and thrusting beneath one another. Africa
sits at the Center of the African Plate, one of the largest of Earth’s plates.
834. For much of Earth’s history, the land made up one vast supercontinent known as Pangaea. About 220 million years ago, tectonic activity broke Pangaea apart into the
supercontinents of Gondwanaland and Laurasia. Gondwanaland subsequently broke apart as well: First Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, and the Indian
subcontinent broke away, followed by South America. Africa, at the core of Gondwanaland, assumed roughly its present-day shape about 15 million years ago when
the formation of the Red Sea split off the Arabian Peninsula.
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835. A3 Geological Structure
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836. The geological structure of Africa is very complex, reflecting many stages and types of development over a period of 3.5 billion years. Most of the continent consists of
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rock dating from the Precambrian Period (more than 570 million years ago). These rocks are either igneous rocks such as granite or metamorphic rocks such as
schist, gneiss, and quartzite. These ancient rocks—along with some slightly younger sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone—make up what is called the
basement complex of the African continent.
837. In much of the continent, younger deposits of igneous and sedimentary rock were laid down on top of the basement complex. The largest of the sedimentary deposits
formed in northern and western Africa during the Paleozoic Era (between 570 million and 240 million years ago). Later in the Paleozoic, sediments were deposited in
parts of present-day South Africa. In the Mesozoic Era (between 240 million and 65 million years ago) this area was also covered with igneous basalt from major lava
flows. Sedimentary limestone was deposited during the Mesozoic on Africa’s northern edge. More recent sedimentary deposits dating from the Cenozoic Era (from 65
million years ago to the present) occupy the bottoms of the continent’s large, shallow interior basins and some coastal areas.
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838. A4 Geological Evolution
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839. Africa contains three major cartons, or areas of basement-complex rock that have been geologically stable for hundreds of millions of years. The Kalahari carton is
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located in southern Africa, the Congo carton is in Central Africa, and the northwest African carton, forming the core of West Africa, is centered in the Western Sahara.
Areas between the cartons contain somewhat younger rocks. These areas have undergone more extensive and continuing geological change since the late
Precambrian Period, caused by processes such as faulting, volcanism, folding, and crustal displacement.
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840. A4a Faulting and Rift Valleys
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841. Great Rift Valley in Africa the Great Rift Valley is a geologic depression that extends from Syria in southwestern Asia to Mozambique in southeastern Africa. It takes
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the form of a series of valleys and bodies of water that are bounded by parallel fault lines. The Great Rift Valley is widening slowly but surely, in the process causing
many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the area.
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842. Faulting, meaning the cracking of the Earth’s crust continues to break apart the African continent. Faults occur between two parts of the crust that are moving slowly
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and sporadically in relation to each other—either moving away from each other or sliding up, down, or side to side. When two pieces of land are being pulled apart,
numerous parallel faults develop between them as the edges cleave off and are displaced downward. The resulting formation is known as a rift valley, with a steadily
lowering valley floor bounded by steep cliffs known as rift scarps. The Great Rift Valley system of East Africa traces sets of parallel faults in the African Plate that run
from the Afar Depression in Eritrea and Djibouti to southern Mozambique. Millions of years from now, as the Great Rift Valley continue to widen and deepen; East
Africa will likely split off from the rest of the continent.
843. Rift Valley Rift valleys are long, deep valleys bounded by parallel faults. They form where Earth’s crust is being pulled apart. Rift valleys can appear on land or beneath
bodies of water. © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
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844. The Great Rift Valley is not uniform: Different segments are distinct in appearance and are affected by different geological activities. The triangular Afar Depression
(also known as the Afar Triangle), a very low area fringed by rift scarps, is geologically unstable. The depression is widening and deepening by several centimeters per
year, with accompanying volcanic activity and frequent earthquakes. In the part of the Western Rift where Lake Tanganyika is located, there has been a vertical
displacement (the distance between corresponding rock strata in the land above the rift and in the lowering rift valley bottom below) of up to 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Some
parts of the rift system (for example, the northern part of the Western Rift) are associated with very extensive volcanic activity, while in other areas (such as the Lake
Tanganyika sector), volcanic activity is absent.
845. Rift systems occur elsewhere in Africa, most notably in the valley of the Benue and lower Niger Rivers in Nigeria. Also in West Africa, volcanic activity and tectonic
movement occurs along a major fault line that extends inland from the offshore island of Bioko through Cameroon Mountain to beyond Lake Chad. This line has been
interpreted as the early stage of a rift system that could eventually result in the separation of West Africa.
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846. A4b Volcanism
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847. Reunion Lava Flowered-hot lava flows from a volcano on Reunion, an island off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The lava wrinkles because the exterior and
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interior of the flow cool at different rates. The surface of the flow cools relatively quickly, forming a skin that becomes deformed as the hotter lava moves
underneath.Krafft-Explorer/Photo Researchers, Inc.
848. Volcanism has contributed significantly to the shaping of the African continent since ancient Precambrian times. Considerable volcanic activity accompanied the
breakup of Gondwanaland, notably creating extensive lava deposits in southern Africa and covering the Ethiopian Plateau with massive deposits of basalt. Elsewhere
in Africa, volcanism is associated with hot spots, areas located directly above focused plumes of magma rising from the Earth’s interior. The Tibesti and Ahaggar
mountain ranges of the central Sahara, both volcanically active regions, sit over hot spots. Other hot spots lie under Cameroon Mountain, the Western Rift Valley, and
several offshore locations such as Comoros and Reunion in the Indian Ocean and Ascension and Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
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849. Mount Kenya Mount Kenya is an extinct volcano in central Kenya. At 5,199 m (17,057 ft) tall, it is the second tallest mountain in Africa.M.P.
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850. The most spectacular products of volcanism are several major peaks associated with the Great Rift Valley system in East Africa. These now-dormant peaks include
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Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, Mount Mere, and Mount Elgon. In contrast, Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira in the Virunga Mountains—along the border between Rwanda and
the DRC—and Cameroon Mountain are active volcanoes.
851. Africa’s extensive lava plateaus, though less spectacular than the volcanic peaks, are nonetheless important to the continent’s development. The weathering of these
volcanic deposits has provided some of Africa’s most productive soils. Rwanda and Burundi are examples of regions of volcanic origin that support very productive
agriculture and high population densities.
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852. A4c Folding
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853. Differences in pressure in the Earth’s crust cause it to buckle upwards, or fold. Folded mountains are less prominent in Africa than in other continents, a reflection of
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the geological stability of its basement-complex rocks. The Atlas Mountains in northwestern Africa and the Cape ranges—including the Wartburg and Lange berg
mountain ranges—in South Africa are the only examples of folded mountains on the continent.
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854. A4d Crustal Warping and Uplift
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855. Over the last 500 million years, Africa has experienced many sequences of surface warping. In this process, crustal pressure bends the Earth’s surface without
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creating folds or faults. Down warping created the continent’s major basins, while up warping produced upland regions such as the Guinea Highlands and Ethiopian
Highlands. These uplands fringe the basins, and divide them from one another. For example, the Ahaggar, Tibesti, Ennedi, and Mambila mountains, together with the
Jos Plateau, surround the Chad Basin.
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856. Much of the African continent lifted up after it separated from the other continents due to isostatic adjustment (the tendency for Earth’s crust to seek gravitational
equilibrium). This uplift took place over a prolonged period, and was especially significant in the south, where it gave rise to the Great Escarpment along the fringe of
the continent. In East Africa, the tectonic processes that created the rift valleys simultaneously created up warped areas and uplifted mountain ranges, the largest
being the Ruwenzori Range along the Uganda-DRC border.
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857. A5 Weathering and Erosion
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858. The surface of Africa, like all continents, is affected by weathering and erosion. Weathering refers to the processes of physical disintegration and chemical
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decomposition of solid rock materials at or near the Earth’s surface, while erosion refers to the removal of weathered rock and soil material by natural processes such
as running water, glaciers, waves, and wind. The general flatness of much of the African landscape is the result of deep chemical weathering of bedrock, together with
prolonged erosion that has smoothed the surface over many millions of years.
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859. A5a Processes in Humid Tropical Regions
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860. Inselberg in Northern CameroonA large, dome-shaped rock formation known as an inselberg juts into the sky near a small village in northern Cameroon. Inselbergs
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are composed of hard rock that remains in place after surrounding material has eroded away. Chemical weathering processes peel away layers of rock, giving these
formations their characteristic domed top.
861. The year-round rainfall and high temperatures that prevail in the humid tropics are ideal for chemical weathering. Chemical weathering involves the decay and
disintegration of rock through chemical alteration of the minerals that make up the rock. In tropical forest environments, water filters through decaying vegetable matter
on the ground and becomes acidic, helping it break down rock. Such is the effectiveness of chemical weathering that it is common to find 15 m (50 ft) or more of
weathered material overlying solid rock in the tropical environments of Africa. Chemical weathering is important, but somewhat less effective, in savanna regions
where rainfall is seasonal.
862. As weathering forms soil in the humid tropics, iron and aluminum oxides filter downward, often resulting in a well-defined, cementlike layer of ferricrete or plinthite
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meters below the Earth’s surface. When overlying sediments are eroded away, these layers form a rock-hard crust. These crusts—typically 1 to 10 m (3 to 30 ft)
thick—form broad pavements, ledges, and flat cap rocks on mesas.
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863. Chemical weathering in the humid tropics and moister savannas creates isolated, domed rock outcroppings called inselbergs. Inselbergs are made of hard masses of
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crystalline rock that resist chemical weathering. When surrounding, weathered materials have been eroded away, the inselberg is exposed. The typical domed shape
of many inselbergs is created through the successive peeling away (or exfoliation) of surface layers of rock.
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864. A5b Processes in Arid Regions
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865. Desert Rock Formations, AlgeriaThese rock formations in the central Sahara are the result of weathering by sand-laden winds. They are located near the Ahaggar
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Mountains in southern Algeria.Sylvain Grandadam/Photo Researchers, Inc.
866. In deserts, wind erodes and scours the landscape, creating weirdly shaped pinnacles, grooves, and canyons, both in lowland areas and in upland massifs such as the
Tibesti and Ahaggar in the Sahara. Sediments carried from rock and gravel desert areas help to build ergs (stretches of sand dunes), including the immense Grand
Erg Oriental that covers almost 200,000 sq km (80,000 sq mi). Ergs contain many types of dunes: crescent-shaped barchans, linear serif dunes up to 80 km (50 mi)
long, and massive sand ridges known as draas. The shape and orientation of dunes in a particular area reflects several factors such as local wind patterns and
variations in the amount of sand. Some ergs have several subregions in which dunes have different orientations. Past and present water action also affects the
formation of desert landscapes. In the Namib Desert in southern Africa, salt, fog, and dew carried from the ocean contribute to weathering processes.
867. A5c Glaciation
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868. Although Africa is now generally warm and tropical, glaciation played a significant role in the continent’s development millions of years ago during the ice ages. When it
was still a part of Gondwanaland, areas of Africa were covered in massive continental glaciers. They left behind deep deposits of tillite (rock formed from sediments
deposited by glaciers) in southern Africa. Other tillite deposits are found in the Congo River Basin and in the northwestern Sahara. Glaciers are still found at the
summits of some of Africa’s highest peaks, including Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. These glaciers are all above 4,500 m (14,800 ft) today, but extended as low as
3,000 m (10,000 ft) during the most recent ice age.
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869. A5d Coastal Processes
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870. Nile Delta This satellite image of the Nile Delta shows the Nile River spilling out from the Egyptian desert into the Mediterranean Sea. The longest river in the world,
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the Nile has a delta about 250 km (about 160 mi) wide.Corbis
871. Coastal deposition (accumulation of sediment) occurs along much of the African coastline, particularly along the Mediterranean coast, along the Atlantic coast from
Liberia to South Africa, and along the Indian Ocean coast of South Africa and southern Mozambique. Where there are strong winds parallel to the coast, waves and
currents move sand along the coastline, in the process creating large sand spits and blocking harbors. At the mouths of the Niger and Nile rivers, large fan-shaped
deltas have been created through the deposition of vast amounts of sediment carried downstream by these rivers. Few good harbors are found in areas where there
are high levels of coastal deposition.
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872. A6 Economic Geology
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873. Gold Mining, South Africa This gold mine is located in Johannesburg, South Africa; a city that at one time had the world’s largest known gold deposits. The golden
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spoil heap in the background, the result of decades of gold extraction, is a typical sight in the city. Today Johannesburg has few gold mines, but extensive gold mining
continues in the Witwatersrand, a rocky uplift region beyond the city.
874. Africa is rich in mineral resources, particularly in the south. In South Africa, in the Witwatersrand region and the province of Free State, gold is extracted from rich
reefs. These reefs consist of layers of old metamorphosed sediments that have been tilted upwards. The same formations also include several other minerals, such as
copper, platinum, chromium, iron ore, and coal.
875. Some mineral deposits were created when magma poured into older geological formations and cooled slowly, allowing the minerals to concentrate. This process
produced the rich chromium deposits of the Great Dyke, a 520-km-long (320-mi-long) ridge bisecting Zimbabwe from northeast to southwest.
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876. Diamond in the Rough this diamond in the rough was mined in Botswana. Diamonds are found in kimberlitic deposits in many African countries.
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877. A similar process produced diamond-bearing kimberlitic deposits in countries such as the DRC, Botswana, South Africa, and Angola. Elsewhere—including Sierra
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Leone and other parts of the DRC—old streambeds contain diamonds that have been washed downstream.
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878. Guinea has large reserves of bauxite, the commercial source of aluminum. Here, processes of chemical weathering and leaching formed deposits with very high
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concentrations of aluminum oxide. Several of Africa’s major sources of iron ore were similarly created as residual deposits associated with chemical weathering.
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879. Africa has significant reserves of petroleum and natural gas, concentrated in two main areas. One is in North Africa, especially in Libya and Algeria, where deposits
are found in sedimentary basins south and east of the Atlas Mountains. The other major area of production is along the Atlantic coast between Côte d’Ivoire and
Angola, where wells are situated both onshore and offshore. This region’s most important center of production is the Niger River Delta. The central Nile Valley in
southern Sudan is emerging as a new center of petroleum production, the first significant one in the African interior.
880.
881. Measuring and Improving Academic Quality In our campus and in Nigerian classrooms across the Nigeria, we are optimistic for our students to become lifelong
learners and valuable professionals in the 21st century workplace. The success of our students is directly linked to the strength of our curriculum, learning methods,
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and faculty. In addition, student services outside the classroom, such as academic advising and career guidance, The N4.000.000 Financial Aid farm and equipment
for 50 Student team on our school to utilize for 4 years. The Financial Aid Education, which is nicknamed, Gappe Team Work/study financial Aid program.
{G.T.W.S.F.A.P.} Plays a greater and major role in helping Gappe Beeps Entrepreneurial University students complete their internship degree program and secure
fulfilling careers after graduation in the same GAPPE.
882. N4.000.000 is provided to a team of 50 students for their five Farms of 500 feets. By 500feets areas each year for four years. Namely: 500 feets by 500feets Farm
Land for their cultivation or crops. 2} Equipment to be used in managing the farm Like Caterpillars, Graders, Atlas Excavators for the Digging of fish pound and making
ridges. 3} crops like Vegetables, Animal, fish, 5,000 plantain suckers, 5,000 sugar cane suckers, 5,000 pawpaw Suckers, one fishing trap and a pound to stuck their
fish before sailing it. Feeds for the Animals and fish for the first one year before the students start their own productions. FG will pay for a student on Financial Aid
N200.000 each term for 4 years, which is N600.000 per year. FG will pay each Student N71, 000 as monthly Salary for 4 years only, the money for accommodation
and Feeding must be paid by a Student during Admission day the FG. He or she will have no monthly salary for such year, if school fees, accommodation and other
fees were not paid but will be admitted. The total for the year being N1.056.000 only. The FG has to be paying the NYSC in each of the 6 universities across the
country each for only four years to Gappe team. After four the school can be able to pay the Students across the Country their salaries and school fees through their
product income.
883. Yet is on financial Aid program. School fees, Feeding, and the accommodation money for such year has to be deducted from monthly salary and the balance paid to
such student monthly, The monthly salary for a Student on Financial Aid is only N71.000 each month by 4 years. Which give you a total of N840.000 yearly by 4 years;
it is advised that the student enter this partnership by scarifying their one-year monthly salary for their school fee if they do not have it and/or if FG did not pay for them.
884. So it is compulsory that each student pay only one year school fees of N1.000.000 to enable the school feed them and provides accommodations and farming
equipment’s and croup to be used for the take-off of this GAPPE Agricultural partnership project through the the F.G. The rest fees are deducted each year through
their income on or before the end of each year by the School. The financial Aid will not cover only the Student feeding of N372.000 per year by 4 years.
Accommodation N84.000 yearly for 4 years and N600.000 annual School Fees, Which total will be N1.056.000 per year per student.
885. 
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886. THAT IS WHY THIS BOOK IS ADVICING THE F.G. TO GET UP AND STAND UP FOR HER RIGHT AS A FATHER OF THE NATION AND ASK HER CHILDREN TO GO TO FARM AFTER SCHOOL AND
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PAY THEM GOOD SALARY AS TO ENTICE THEM TO EMBRACE FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE. WHEN THAT IS DONE THROUGH GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL WITH
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THE F.G. AND THE NYSC. THE FG WILL GIVE CONTRACTORS THE SCHOOL CALLED GAPPE TEAM NIGERIAN BUSINES SCHOOL TO MANANGE ALL OVER NIGERIA.
THE FG WILL PAY THE CONTRACTORS RUNNING THE SCHOOL A TOTAL OF N1.056.000 EACH PER YEAR BY FOUR YEARS PER STUDENT EDUCATION.
THE FG WILL PAY THE STUDENT N71.000 MONTHLY BY 4 YEARS ONLY AFTER THAT THE SCHOOL WILL BE PAYING THE STUDENTS MONTHLY SALARIES
THROUGH THE FG. THE STUDENT WILL PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WHO WILL IN TURN EXPORT THE GOODS TO
ANY COUNTRY OF THEIR CHOISE. THE INCOME IS DIVIDED INTO THREE. THE SCHOOL IS PAID FOR THEIR EDUCATION, FEEDING, ACCOMODATION,
TRANSPOTATION, EQUIPMENT, ETC AT N1.056.000 PER STUDENT PER YEAR. THE STUDENT ARE PAID A TOTAL OF N71.000 PER MONTH BY FOUR
YEARS. THE FG MAKES HER INCOME BY EXPORTING AND MARKITING THE SCHOOL FINISHED PRODUCTS MONTHLY FROM THE SECOUND YEAR TILL
THE END OF TIME. THE NYSC AFTER THE 4 YEARS BECOMES NEW TEACHER TO THE UP COMING NYSC. BY THEN THEIR TEACHER CAN NOW GO BACK
TO THEIR COUNTRIES WHILE OUR BOYS TAKES OVER WITH NEW SALARY OF N500.000 AND MANY OTHER THINGS FROM THE FIFTH YEAR
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887.