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User Guide – Accessible PDFs
Alt text for GCE Mathematics
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Manual prepared for the use of V I Resourcing Ltd.
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GCE
Trigonometry
Example
Alt Text
sinh
hyperbolic sine
Cosh
hyperbolic cosine
Tanh
hyperbolic tangent
Sech
hyperbolic secant
Cosech
hyperbolic cosecant
Cotanh
hyperbolic cotangent
Artanh
inverse of hyperbolic
tangent
sech2x = 1 – tanh2x
hyperbolic secant squared
of x equals 1 minus
hyperbolic tangent
squared of x
sinhx
hyperbolic sine of x
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Notes
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Sets
Example
Alt Text
ℕ
the set of natural numbers
ℤ
the set of integers
ℤ+
the set of positive integers
ℚ
the set of rational numbers
ℝ
the set of real numbers
p, r ∈ ℝ
p and r are elements of
the set of real numbers
n∈
ℤ+
n is a member the set of
positive integers
Var(X)
The variance of upper
case x
Var(x)
The variance of lower
case x
Var(3 – 4x)
the variance of left
parenthesis, 3 minus 4x,
right parenthesis.
𝚫 = b2 + 4ac
The discriminant is equal
to …
𝚫
delta
r.(i – 2j – k) = 3
The dot product of vector r
and vector, left
parenthesis, i – 2j – k,
right parenthesis is equal
to 3.
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Notes
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Example
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
-t
+ r = ti + e j
Alt Text
Notes
dr by dt plus r = ti plus e to
the minus t, j, where r i
and j are vectors
pause between t and j.
a1
a, one or a1
an+1
a, n+1
pause between a and n+1.
z1 z2
z, 1. z, 2
Pause after z
Q1
Q, 1
Pause after Q
Sxx
uppercase S, xx
Pause after S
z1 = p + 2i
z, 1 equals p plus 2i
y=|𝑎 + 𝑏|
y = modulus of, a + b
C-1
C inverse
...
Ellipsis or dot dot dot
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pause before a + b
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Matrices
Example
Alt Text
1 2
A = (3 −4)
4 5
A is the 3 by 2 matrix
whose first row is 1,
[pause] 2, whose second
row is 3, [pause] -4 and
whose third row is 4,
[pause] 5.
y = |𝑓(𝑥)|
y equals the modulus of, f
of x
y = |𝑎 + 𝑏|
y equals the modulus of, a
+b
g-1(a)
g inverse of a
f -1(x)
f inverse of x
2𝑥
9
f(x)
0≤ x≤ 1
2
9
1< x < 4
2
𝑥
−9
3
4≤ x≤ 6
0
otherwise
(8x3 + 4)dx
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Notes
3 by 2 means 3 rows by
2 columns – always
give rows first
pause before a + b
Lower case f of x equals
2x over 9 when zero is less
than or equal to x, is less
than or equal to 1.
Lower case f of x is equal
to 2 over 9 when 1 is less
than x, is less than 4.
Lower case f of x is equal
to 2 over 3 minus x over 9
when 4 is less than or
equal to x, is less than or
equal to 6.
In PURE MATHS
units this can be
pronounced as f of x
but in STATISTICS
the case (lower case f
of x, or upper case F
of x) should be
specified since the
two can represent two
distinct but related
functions.
left parenthesis, 8 x cubed
+ 4, right parenthesis d x
say d x with a very
slight separation
between and use
parentheses
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Functions
Example
Alt Text
Notes
f(x)
f of x
No parenthesis
f ’(x)
f dash of x
No parenthesis
f ’’
f double dash
f:x ↦ 2x + 1
f of x = 2x + 1
log2
log base 2
log2x or log2(x)
log base 2, of x
logey
log base e of y
𝑎−
𝑏+𝑐
𝑑−𝑒
×𝑓
2ln(2x +1) – 10
𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑣
𝑑𝜃2
Type I error
Type II error
a minus, start fraction b + c
over d minus e end fraction,
multiplied by f.
log base 2 runs
together then a pause
before of x
log base e runs
together then a pause
before of y
b plus c and d
minus e no pausing
said as 2LN
dp by dt
d2v by d theeta squared
type one error
type two error
˄µ
1
µ, 1 hat
𝑥̅
x bar
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Runs together
µ is pronounced myou
V5
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to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
Example
Alt Text
Notes
20
sigma from i = 1 to 20 of
[whatever comes after]
∑
𝑖=1
∑ 𝑓𝑥 2
sigma f x squared

Integral

is equivalent to
Read numbers from
bottom to top.
Greek Letters
Letter
Greek Letter Name
Alt text
α
Alpha
Alpha
β
Beta
Beta
γ
Gamma
Gamma
δ
Delta
Delta
ε
Epsilon
Epsilon
ζ
Zeta
Zeeta
η
Eta
Eeta
θ
Theta
Theeta
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ι
Iota
Iota
κ
Kappa
Kappa
λ
Lambda
Lambda
μ
Mu
Myou
ν
Nu
Nyou
ξ
Xi
Ksigh
ο
Omicron
Ohmickron (emphasis on
Oh)
π
Pi
Pie
ρ
Rho
Row
σ
Sigma
Sigma
τ
Tau
Tow (as now)
υ
Upsilon
Upsilon
φ
Phi
Figh
χ
Chi
Kigh
ψ
Psi
Psigh
ω
Omega
Ohmega (emphasis on Oh)
Copyright V I Resourcing Ltd 2015
V5
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To
view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter
to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.