Table S2. Morphological characteristics of waterhole refugia (> 2 m deep) and other receiver station
locations within the 113 km study reach
number on map
(see Figure 1)
(deg)
(deg)
(km)
length
(>1 m
deep
sections)
(km)
1
Kurmala
-27.7875
149.9570
302.3
5.10
4.3
2
Waterhole 21
-27.797
149.895
294.8
0.3
2.8
3
Cooroora
-27.7929
149.8640
290.9
3.25
2.9
4
Wallamba
-27.8423
149.8130
280.0
3.00
2.4
5
Woods Huey US
-27.8368
149.7910
276.7
3.8
3.3
5
Woods Huey DS
-27.8346
149.7910
276.5
0.3
4.0
Waterhole 17
-27.8285
149.7390
270.03
0.80
1.8
Deepwater
-27.8231
149.7290
267.3
0.88
1.7
Kelly's Crossing
-27.8323
149.6820
260.3
0.1
1.1
6
Big Bend US
-27.8860
149.6410
249.0
0.70
2.6
7
Big Bend DS
-27.8913
149.6200
246.0
0.70
2.1
Waterhole 13
-27.8848
149.5910
240.3
0.4
2.3
8
Verena US
-27.8935
149.5650
236.7
1.10
2.6
8
Verena DS
-27.8963
149.5600
236.1
0.60
2.5
Farawell Ck
-27.8907
149.5470
229.2
0.71
1.3
Waterhole10
-27.8930
149.4860
225.7
0.52
2.2
Rossmore
-27.9136
149.4550
220.9
0.6
1.6
Clonmel
-27.9136
149.4320
219.1
0.85
1.9
Waterhole 7
-27.9421
149.3950
212.6
1.5
3.0
10
name
lat.
long.
distance
AMTD
max. depth
(m)
11
Kooroon US
-27.9521
149.3870
209.2
1.75
3.8
11
Kooroon DS
-27.9605
149.3800
208.0
1.35
3.7
12
Rocky WH
-27.9748
149.3380
201.8
0.60
2.3
13
Club Paradiso (US)
-27.9795
149.3230
200.7
0.65
2.8
13
Club Paradiso (DS)
-27.979
149.316
199.3
0.60
2.1
14
Waterhole 3
-27.9773
149.3060
199.04
0.36
2.7
Altonvale US
-27.9716
149.2760
195.4
0.24
2.0
Altonvale DS
-27.9718
149.2760
195.3
1.4
3.1
Hollymount Road
-27.9701
149.2540
193.2
0.1
1.6
15
Table S3 Description of variables and correlations between variables considered for linear regression
analyses.
a) Explanatory variables considered for use in linear regression models describing fish movement
responses
variable
abbreviated name
description
year
Year
Year when annual monitoring was started
waterhole length
Length
Length of waterholes at cease-to-flow (m)
waterhole depth
Depth
Depth of waterholes at cease-to-flow (m)
event first peak level
Peak.Level
Maximum height of event at Flinton stream gauge (m)
event peak level
Peak.First
Magnitude of first peak of an event (m)
event duration
Duration.gt0.5up
Days the water level is raised by more than 0.5 m above cease-to-flow during a
event height class
Ht.Class
Classes of flood heights (4)
event rate of rise
Slope.Rise
Event rate of rise (m.day-1)
event rate of fall
Slope.Fall
Event rate of fall (positive value) (m.day-1)
month increment
Month.Incr
Count of months since beginning of flow season, where "0" is for September
season progression
Seas.Progression
Progress into season 1=Oct&Nov, 2= Dec&Jan, 3=Feb+, 4= May+ (natural break
event number
Event
Running count of events in season, up to 6 in 2008/9, or 2 in 2009/10.
number preceding events
Nr.Events.Bef
Number of previous events
water temperature
Temp.5d
Water temperature (oC) at Flinton stream gauge of preceding 5 days
b) Variable correlation matrices used to remove redundant explanatory variables prior to linear
regression modelling of golden perch movement responses
0
Dist.Avg
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.5
2.5
0.4
0.46
***
-0.23
-0.29
0.52***
-0.21
-0.00078
*
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
*
-0.29
3
4
5
0.23
0.30
0.17
0.26
6
2
-0.0014
.
0
Density
4
WH.Bypassed.Avg
x
x
Density
Prop.Particip
-0.33
*
Density
0.5 1.5 2.5
***
0.69
***
0.69
***
1.00
Density
1.6
10
20
30
40
.
50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.19
0.26
-0.026
-0.20
0.11
0.22
-0.04
-0.18
0.8
1.0
.
0.27
0.22
.
-0.27
Depth
x
0
.
-0.27
Length
x
7
*
.
6
Density
***
0.80
0.5
0.092
0.11
0.11
0.094
0.056
-0.27
0.13
-0.021
0.011
-0.028
0.047
-0.036
0.0057
-0.02
-0.085
-0.0016
-0.061
0.09
-0.06
-0.031
-0.077
-0.084
-0.0017
-0.061
0.089
-0.06
-0.03
-0.077
-0.23
-0.22
0.049
-0.38
**
***
0.71
0.11
-0.32
*
0.55***
0.4
Density
1.0
Persistence
x
Month.Incr
***
0.63
Density
x
0.53***
*** 0.82
***
0.82
4
***
0.96
2
Density
6
Peak.Level
x
**
0.45
0.55***
Density
Peak.First
x
Density
40
Duration.gt0.5up
0.53***
***
-0.62
0.14
0
20
x
Density
Slope.Rise
-0.35
0.048
Density
0.6
Slope.Fall
-0.28
0.2
x
*
.
1.0
x
0.0
1.0
2.0
x
Density
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Density
Seas.Progression
x
0
20
40
60
80
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
4
c) Variable correlation matrices used to remove redundant explanatory variables prior to linear
regression modelling of eel-tailed catfish movement responses
6
8
1.0
2.0
3.0
0
Dist.Avg
10
15
5
0.50
*
***
0.66
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1.2
-0.25
-0.25
-0.088
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-0.088
5
6
7
0
0.32
.
0.63**
0.25
-0.088
4
0.60**
0.30
-0.25
3
0.36
.
0
Density
WH.Bypassed.Avg
x
1.0
***
0.94
Density
10 15
5
0.30
3.0
x
Density
Prop.Particip
0.30
1.0
Density
2.0
Length
x
0.30
*** 1.00
***
1.00
***
1.00
*
10
20
30
40
50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
.
***
0.75
0.22
-0.38
***
0.78
0.28
-0.41
*
0.
0.63**
0.32
-0.46
*
0
0.
0.03
0.51
0.00
4.7e-21
-5.1e-21
5.1e-21
8.1e-21
-4.5e-21
0
0.00
-6.2e-21
-6.7e-21
-6.7e-21
0.00
-2.9e-21
0
0.00
7.0e-21
-1.9e-20
-7.6e-21
6.0e-21
-3.3e-21
0
-0.29
-0.14
0.38
1.8
Density
Depth
x
1.2
Density
1.5
Persistence
x
Density
Month.Incr
x
0.50
*
0.45
Density
6
0.
.
0.20
-0.40
0.
0.17
-0.31
0.
2
4
0.38
*** 0.87
***
0.81
Peak.Level
x
.
*
0.53**
Density
Peak.First
x
Density
40
Duration.gt0.5up
-0.56**
0.28
0.
0
20
x
-0
-0.18
1.0
x
Density
Slope.Rise
-0
0.2
x
Density
0.6
Slope.Fall
0.0
1.0
2.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Density
Seas.Pr
x
0
50
100
150
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
4
6
8
1.0
2.0
Table S4. Movement responses of tagged fish to individual flow events, (as characterised in Table 1).
Figures for % vagile relate to the proportion of the living population of tagged fish that moved and those
for % downstream relate to the proportion of the vagile element of the population that moved initially
in a downstream direction. Mean distances are the average maximum distance individuals moved from
their point of departure on the event.
vagile (%)
1
event
start date
event class
A3
1/11/2007
A4
A5
downstream (%)
mean distance (km)
golden perch
eel-tailed catfish
golden perch
eel-tailed catfish
golden perch
eel-tailed catfish
FPWF, large event
27
42
100
100
34.4
6.7
1/12/2007
large event
7
5
0
100
-
13.9
19/01/2008
small event
0
0
-
-
-
-
A6
4/02/2008
very large event
20
11
50
50
16.6
22.3
B1
5/09/2008
small event, primer
0
0
-
-
-
-
B2
22/09/2008
small event, primer
0
0
-
-
-
-
B3
21/11/2008
FPWF, large event
22
62
40
16.1
20.0
B4
8/12/2008
large event
36
9
35
50
23.6
10.2
B5
28/12/2008
large event
30
<1
43
0
16.9
14.0
B6
25/01/2009
large event
10
0
57
-
11.7
-
B7
13/02/2009
large event
33
4
5
0
27.7
9.4
B8
19/05/2009
large event
16
9
36
50
20.9
30.3
C1
11/01/2010
small event, primer
0
0
-
-
-
-
C2
16/01/2010
small event
0
0
-
-
-
-
C3
11/02/2010
FPWF (late), very large event
28
33
31
20
25.2
38.6
Table S5. Classification of the flow regime of each waterway included in the meta-analysis of Radinger &
Wolter (2014) to identify intermittent rivers, based upon the descriptions of the rivers in the source
references.
Waterway
Au Sable River North Branch
Countr
Flow
y
regime
US
Perennial
Source reference
Description form
source reference
Shetter (1968)
North Branch Au
Sable. This
stream arises
from two small
lakes, at an
elevation of
1,286 feet. In its
33 miles to the
Main Au Sable it
drops over 200
feet, for a slope
of 0.15%. The
uppermost 5
miles (above
Dam 2) receives
warm surface
water from lakes;
below Dam 2 the
stream receives
groundwater
Au Sable River South Branch
US
Perennial
Shetter (1968)
South Branch Au
Sable This
stream originates
in Lake St. Helen
(elevation about
1,150 feet) All
streams are
largely spring fed
and flooding is
light. Lake St.
Helen, the source
of the South
Branch, is a
warmwater lake,
but water in the
river cools as it
flows
downstream due
to gradually
increasing inputs
of groundwater
Au Sable Rivers and Hunt Creek
US
Perennial
Shetter (1968)
Hunt Creek. This
stream arises
from a spring at
an elevation
1,080 feet above
sea level.
Beaver Creek
US
Perennial
Hilderbrand and
Beaver Creek is a
Kershner 2000
first order
stream in the
Bear River
Drainage,
southeast Idaho,
Climatic
conditions at this
altitude can be
harsh, with
anchor ice and
over 2 m of snow
cover in winter,
overbank flows
during the
annual spring
runoff, and low
summer flow
from droughts,
but the stream
remains
perennial with
stable
groundwater
driven base
flows.
Big Creek
US
Mostly
Demissie et al. 2001
Perennial
Big Creek has a
greater
magnitude of
sustained low
flows during dry
periods, such
that zero flows
on the creek are
uncommon
Brushy Fork
US
Perennial
Gatz & Adams 1994
Brushy Fork is
third order as it
flows through a
mixture of open
pastures and
mixed hardwood
forest before its
confluence with
Poplar Creek.
Cahokia Creek
US
Perennial
Alldredge et al.
Cahokia Creek a
(2011)
fourth order
direct tributary
to the Mississippi
River and is a
typical prairie
stream with a
soapstone and
silt substrate
running through
agricultural land.
a fourth order
direct tributary
to the Mississippi
River. However,
Cahokia Creek
was more
variable than Big
Creek in current
velocity and
depth.
Canary Creek
US
Tidal
Lotrich (1975)
Canary Creek (a
tidal creek) near
Lewes, Delaware.
It joins the
Broadkill River
near its mouth
and then empties
into Delaware
Bay via Roosevelt
Inlet. The creek is
approximately 5
km long and
subject to tidal
influence its
entire length.
Candover Brook
GB
Perennial
Solomon &
The Candover
Templeton (1976)
Brook is a typical
spring fed chalk
stream, rising in
the Hampshire
Downs and
flowing south to
join the River
Itchen at
Alresford
Chamberlain Creek
US
Perennial
Schmetterling
Chamberlain
(2004)
Creek is a second
order, perennial
tributary to the
Blackfoot River
Cowan Creek
US
Perennial
Brown &
Two tributaries
Downhower (1982)
of the Gallatin
River, Gallatin
Co., Montana.
Both streams
were
predominately
spring fed and
flowed over
patches of
cobbles
separated by
areas of silty
sand.
Credit River
CA
Perennial
Zimmer et al.
The Credit River
(2010)
is one of the
larger Lake
Ontario
tributaries in
south central
Ontario, draining
an area of
approximately
850 km2. It arises
from a network
of glacial
spillways largely
containing gravel
deposits and
flows for
approximately
100 km south
before entering
Lake Ontario at
Port Credit
However, not all
brown trout
moved, perhaps
because of
abilities to
exploit local
temperature
regimes
associated with
pools or
groundwater
input.
Doyleston Drain
NZ
Regulated
Burnet (1969)
The Doyleston
Drain, a small
man made
stream flowing
into Lake
Ellesmere
Durant Creek
US
Regulated
Skalski & Gilliam
Durant Creek as
(2000)
it flows through
the Durant
Nature Park,
Raleigh, North
Carolina, USA.
Durant Creek
joins the Neuse
River 4 km below
the study area.
The creek varied
in depth from ;2
cm in the
shallowest riffles
to 1.5 m in the
deepest pools
and varied in
width from 1 to 4
m. The substrate
varied in size
from sand to
boulders to
bedrock. The
channel
morphology was
characterized by
alternating riffle,
run, and pool
segments that
averaged 10–15
m in length.
East Fork Poplar Creek
US
Perennial
Ryan & Loar (1988);
7.8 stream km
Gatz & Adams
reach above
(1994)
confluence with
Poplar Creek
originates from
springs near Y-12
plant,
supplemented by
process water
and flow is
regulated by
New Hope Pond
and 22 ha
retention pond.
Annual discharge
of 1.47 m/s
borderend by
hardwood forest,
riffle-pool
sequences with
undercut banks,
woody cover and
substrates of
rubble, gravel,
sand and silt.
Elbe
CZ
Perennial
Kulišková et al.
The river width in
(2009)
the area studied
was 100–150 m,
and the
riverbanks have
little aquatic
vegetation and
are reinforced
with rocks and
concrete. The
water was up to
6 m. Across the
whole study
period, the
average flow was
293 m3 s-1, with
the maximum in
winter (748 m3 s1
) and the
minimum in early
autumn (79 m3 s1
).
Falogne Brook
BE
Perennial
Ovidio et al. (2009)
The Falogne
brook is 6.9 km
long tributary of
the Fonds d’Oxhe
stream,
(Belgium). The
stream
morphology is
natural with
respect to bank
structure,
substrate and
flow regime. The
mean slope is
28.8%, In normal
flow conditions,
the mean width
of the stream in
the study area is
3.7 m and the
mean depth is 15
cm. During large
floods, sporadic
manual
measurements
indicated that
flow can reach
0.6 m3 s-1
Fujii River
JP
Perennial
Natsumeda (2007)
The Fujii River is
a second order
tributary of the
Naka River in
eastern Japan,
which drains into
the Pacific
Ocean. Water
depth averaged
9.1 cm in the
riffles and 20.1
cm in the pools.
Gibson Creek
US
Perennial
Brown &
Two tributaries
Downhower (1982)
of the Gallatin
River, Gallatin
Co., Montana.
Both streams
were
predominately
spring fed and
flowed over
patches of
cobbles
separated by
areas of silty
sand.
Glomma
NO
Highly
Heggenes et al.
The Glomma
regulated
(2006)
River in
southeast
Norway is a
large,
interconnected
river–lake the
system has been
regulated by four
hydropower
related dams
(1943–1979), all
fitted with fish
ladders,
Grand Canal
Grand River
IE
CA
Highly
Donnelly et al
regulated
(1998)
Perennial
Brown et al. (2001)
Highly regulated
Grand River
between Elora
and West
Montrose,
Ontario. A
waterfall forms a
natural barrier to
upstream
movement of
fishes at Elora.
The study area
provided a
variety of habitat
types. The upper
section runs
through Elora
Gorge, which is a
high gradient
(mean 5·3 m
km_1) channel cut
through a
limestone gorge
with an
abundant
bedrock
substratum. It
has few
backwaters or
islands. The
lower section has
a lower gradient
(mean 1·4 m km1
), the channel is
less confined,
and the river
flows in a wide
open valley. This
section has many
islands and
backwaters.
Channel width is
between 3 m (in
some areas of
Elora Gorge) and
100 m wide
while at base
flow. During
floods, the river
can be several
hundred metres
wide.
Grote Nete
BE
Highly
Geeraerts et al.
The River Grote
regulated
(2007)
Nete is a 60 km
long small
lowland with a
drainage area of
730 km2. The
upper part of the
River Grote Nete
has a strong
meandering
course while the
middle and lower
reach of the river
is canalised and
straightened. Six
physical
obstacles and
four siphons
fragment the
main course of
the Grote Nete.
The study site
was situated in
the slow flowing
middle reach of
the river
Guanapo River
TT
Perennial
Gilliam & Fraser
fourth order
(2001)
Guanapo River in
the Northern
Range Mountains
of Trinidad, West
Indies In the
predator-absent
zone fish were
marked along a
150 m stretch of
river, delimited
up- and
downstream by a
section of fast
riffles. The
predator absent
zone contained
six pools with
rock walls on one
side and sand–
gravel beach on
the opposite
side. The pools
were separated
by raised riffles,
which included
areas of still
water,
backwaters, and
pools of alluvial
substrates.
Harkers Run
US
Perennial
Mundahl &
Harker's Run is
Ingersoll (1983)
typical of well
oxygenated,
hardwater
streams in
southwestern
Ohio.
Higashimata Stream
JP
Perennial
Nakano et al.
A mountain
(1990)
stream with
pools separated
by cascades or
small waterfalls
Hobo Creek
US
Perennial
Bryant et al. (2009)
Hobo Creek is a
second order
stream with
gradients ranging
from 2% in the
lower reaches to
about 15% in the
higher reaches of
the study
section. The
average width is
about 1.5 m. The
channel
morphology in
Hobo Creek is
mainly controlled
by bedrock.
Channel form
varies from reach
to reach, with
step pools in the
higher gradient
reaches and
plane bed and
pool riffle
morphology in
the lower
gradient reaches.
Hobo Creek is
crossed by a
bottomless,
multiplate arch
culvert located
about 300 m
from the
stream’s mouth;
the streambed is
encompassed
within the
culvert structure.
Conditions in the
culvert match
stream
conditions near
the culvert, and
fish of all size
scan move
through the
culvert
unimpeded.
Hobo Creek
extends 2.5 km
from origin to
mouth.
Discharge
measurements
ranged from
0.028 to 2.025
m3/s.
Ichawaynochaway Creek
US
Perennial
Freeman (1995)
Ichawaynochawa
y Creek is a
major tributary
to the Flint River
in the
Apalachicola
River basin. I
conducted this
study in the
lower, fifth order
portion of
Ichawaynochawa
y Creek, the
stream varies
from
approximately 30
m to 40 m wide,
and from < 0.5 m
to over 7 m deep
(during low
flow).
Inabe River
JP
Perennial
Natsumeda (1999)
in an area of
2150 m2, 290 m
stretch and 5.5-10.6 m wide in
the upper
reaches of the
lnabe River, Mie
Prefecture,
central Japan. A
weir, 4m in
height, about
50m below the
downstream end
of the study
reach, prevented
the migration of
fishes from the
lower reaches.
Channel unit
habitats,
raceways, pools
and riffles.
Although the
stream discharge
varied from 0.55
m3 s-1 in
February to 2.12
m3 s-1 in May,
there was no
severe flood
throughout the
study period.
Jack Creek
US
Perennial
Gowan & Fausch
Base flow
(1996); Riley et al.
(1992)
Jadani Stream
JP
Perennial
Nakamura et al.
Jadani Stream, a
and
(2002)
headwater
regulated
tributary of the
Tedori River,
central Japan The
study reach has a
dam with a sluice
gate for
hydroelectric
generation. the
lower Jadani
Stream consist of
only a little
seepage passing
under both
dams, and
discharge is low
except during
snow melt, the
rainy season and
after heavy
rainfall. The
stream has about
an 8 m3 s-1 flow
in the 3420 m
reach above the
dam (the free
flowing section)
and 3 m3 s-1 in
the 1320 m reach
below the dam
(the regulated
section) in the
snow-melt and
rainy seasons. In
other seasons,
flow is about 1
m3 s-1 in the freeflowing and 0.1
m3 s-1 in the
regulated
sections
Kemijoki River
FI
Highly
Nykänen et al.
600 km long
regulated
(2001)
regulated River
Kemijoki
(catchment area
51 127 km2),
which flows
through northern
Finland and
discharges into
the Bothnian
Bay. There are
seven
hydropower
plants in the
main stem, and
seven in the
tributaries.
Kleine Nete
BE
Highly
Bruylants et al.
The River Kleine
regulated
(1986);
Nete is a small
Geeraerts et al.
lowland river. It
(2007)
is a 50 km long
river with a
drainage area of
815 km2. The
River Kleine Nete
has been
canalised and
straightened to
improve
drainage of the
valley. Five weirs
and two siphons
fragment the
main course of
the Kleine Nete.
The study site
was situated in
the slow flowing
middle reach of
the river in
between weirs
Laarse Beek
BE
Regulated
Knaepkens et al
Laarse Beek (LB)
(2004) - Hudy &
(depth: 0.5 m–
Shiflet (2009)
1.0 m; width: ±4
m basin of the
river Scheldt
(Belgium)
Little Glazypeau Creek
US
Occasionall
Smithson &
Little Glazypeau
y
Johnston (1999)
Creek is in the
intermittent
Ouachita
Highlands of
Arkansas. It is a
low order stream
with riffle–pool
sequences. The
substrate ranges
from small
cobble to
boulders and the
water is clear.
During the dry
season of late
summer to
winter, pools in
Little Glazypeau
Creek are
connected by
shallow riffles;
however the
study site was
isolated
upstream of pool
1 and
downstream of
pool 10 during
the fall of 1995.
Lower Steel Creek
US
Upstream
Paller et al. (2005)
L Lake (4.0 km2)
Perennial -
was constructed
Downstrea
in 1985 by
m regulated
impounding the
middle reaches
of Steel Creek.
The watershed is
relatively small,
and reservoir
water levels are
maintained by
pumping in
water from the
Savannah River.
A minimum of
about 0.3 m3 s-1
is discharged
from the
reservoir to
maintain
required
minimum flows
in Steel Creek,
although greater
discharges occur
when watershed
runoff is high.
Main Au Sable River
US
Perennial
Shetter (1968)
North Branch Au
Sable. This
stream arises
from two small
lakes, at an
elevation of
1,286 feet. In its
33 miles to the
Main Au Sable it
drops over 200
feet, for a slope
of 0.15%. The
uppermost5
miles (above
Dam 2) receives
warm surface
water from lakes;
below Dam 2 the
stream receives
groundwater
Main Diamond
US
Perennial
Rinne (1982)
Main Diamond,
in or near the
Black Range
Primitive Area in
the Gila National
Forest, New
Mexico streams
have mean flows
of 0.3-4.0
ma/minute but
are subject to
drought and
flooding
Massie Creek
US
Perennial
Brown (1961)
Massie Creek
flows south
westerly through
Clark and Greene
Counties for 22
miles and joins
the Little Miami
River 4« miles
north of Xenia.
Its width and
maximum depth
at 40 survey
pools along the
lower 8 mile
section averaged
38 and 2.6 feet,
respectively,
during low flow
in the summer of
1956; and the
mean daily
discharge 4 miles
above the mouth
from October 1,
1952, to
September30,
1957, was 38
cubic feet per
second. A steep
gorge carved in
dolomite and
limestone at
Cedarville divides
the creek into
two distinct
areas: one which
flows through
open farmland
with gradients
less than 10 feet
per mile; and a
second
downstream
which flows
through wooded
pastures in a rock
and rubble
stream bed with
a gradient of
approximately 18
feet per mile. A
mill dam in the
gorge 8«miles
from the mouth
isolates fish in
the headwaters
from populations
downstream
McKnight
US
Perennial
Rinne (1982)
McKnight creeks
in or near the
Black Range
Primitive Area in
the Gila National
Forest, New
Mexico streams
have mean flows
of 0.3-4.0
ma/minute but
are subject to
drought and
flooding
Middle Fork of Salmon River
US
Perennial
Bjornn & Mallet
Except for
(1964)
occasional
narrow valleys
both rivers flow
through steep
sided canyons.
Water flow
patterns are
similar for both
streams. There is
high water in late
March and April
from melting of
snow at the
lower elevations
and again in May
and June from
snow melting at
higher
elevations. Flows
decrease in late
June and remain
low until the
following March.
Middle Level
GB
Highly
Fickling & Lee
Great Ouse
regulated
(1985)
middle channel,
a man made
flood relief
channel.
Middle Severn
GB
Perennial
Hunt & Jones
The present
(1974)
investigation was
carried out in the
River Severn
between Norton
in Shropshire and
Arley in
Worcestershire
Middle Snake River
US
Majority
Perennial
Munther (1970)
Approximately
64 km (40 miles)
of the middle
Snake River
(Figure 1). The
upstream
boundary of the
study area was
approximately 32
km (20 miles)
above the mouth
of the Salmon
River, and the
lower boundary
was immediately
downstream
from the mouth
of the Grande
Ronde River. The
river has many
rapids
interspersed with
long stretches of
deep slowmoving water.
Other tributaries
are either
intermittent or
have volumes
less than 0 .14
ma/sec
Missouri Rivers
US
Majority
Perennial
Funk (1957)
the streams
differed greatly
in their physical
characteristics
from the swift,
clear Ozark
streams to the
sluggish turbid
prairie rivers. The
Grand and Osage
Rivers are prairie
streams with
headwaters
subject to wide
fluctuations in
volume of flow.
At the middle
station the Grand
River is of
moderate size,
and for a prairie
stream, of
relatively stable
flow. At the
Lower Salt River
station the size
of the stream
and other
physical
conditions are
similar to those
at the Middle
Grand River. The
Middle Salt River
is rather small,
but deep water is
abundant, and
flooding seldom
occurs.
Mole River
GB
Perennial
Stott (1967)
The River Mole
rises to the south
west of Crawley
In this part of its
course the river
meanders in a
series of riffles
and pools, the
depth varying
from about 0.3 m
to over 20 m at
some of the
bends. Its width
is 4.6-9.1 m but it
is restricted in
summer, in some
places severely.
The average
summer flow is
about 1-4 m3 s-1
but it can rise
quickly during
rainy spells and
flows of about 40
m3 s-1 occurred
during this
investigation.
Motupiko River
NZ
Perennial
Young et al. (2010)
The Motupiko
accept
River drains a
during
344 km2
severe
catchment and
drought
joins the
Motueka River
55 km upstream
from the sea. The
river has an
annual mean
flow of 5.2 m3 s-1
and median flow
of 2.5 m3 s-1. The
wetted channel
width at low flow
ranges from 6 to
18 m. The mean
annual low flow
is 0.5 m3 s-1, but
during severe
droughts there is
no surface flow
in the reach
upstream of the
confluence with
the Motueka
River.
Nantahala River
US
Perennial
Lamphere (2005)
Due to their
headwater
position, high
flow periods
were brief and
relatively mild
and periods of
drought were
buffered by
groundwater
inputs
Nidd
GB
Regulated
Lucas & Batley
The River Nidd is
(1996)
a tributary of the
Yorkshire Ouse.
Average daily
flow is
approximately 8
m3 s-1. There are
three small
reservoirs at the
top of the river
which partially
regulate flow
North Fork Cache la Poudre River
US
Perennial
Gowan & Fausch
Base flow
(1996) - Riley et al.
(1992)
North Fork Little Snake River
US
Perennial
Young (1996)
Colorado River
cutthroat trout
were studied in
three tributaries
and two reaches
(divided by a
human-made
barrier) of the
main stem North
Fork Little Snake
River in south
central Wyoming
Human activities
have isolated
parts of the
watershed. A
weir constructed
in 1977 to
prevent invasion
of non-native
trout into the
main stem 9 km
below the mouth
of Harrison Creek
is the lowermost
barrier, and
water diversions,
constructed in
the 1960s and
1980s, block fish
passage in both
directions on
every perennial
tributary
Patuxent River
US
Tidal
Mansueti (1961)
The study was
concentrated in
the tidal waters
of the Patuxent
River estuary
Pine Creek
US
Intermittent Grant & Maslin
Pine Creek, a
-
small tributary to
(1999)
downstrea
the Sacramento
m of study
River in Tehama
site
Co., which
originates in the
Sierra Nevada
foothills and
drains a
watershed of
5,850 ha. A
concrete
diversion dam at
the upstream
end of the study
site created a 2
m rise in
elevation. During
dry periods, the
dam was
occasionally used
to divert a
fraction of
stream flow
(<0.05 m3 s-1) to
an irrigation
pond,. Pine Creek
was intermittent
less than 1 km
downstream of
the study site,
and the study
reach was
isolated from the
Sacramento
River during base
discharge, which
persisted from
June 1991
through
December 1991.
High flows
usually occur
between October
and April in Pine
Creek, and high
discharges are
typical from
January through
March.
Relief Channel
GB
Highly
Fickling & Lee
Great Ouse Relief
regulated
(1985)
Ghannel, a man
made flood relief
channel.
River Elbe
DE
Perennial
Winter & Fredrich
In the River Elbe,
(2003)
a 1091 km long
lowland river
with a free
flowing stretch of
590 km
River Frome
GB
Perennial
Mann (1980)
The River Frome,
Dorset, typical of
the lower
reaches of its
river almost
down to the tidal
limit; the Frome
site was
representative of
approximately 20
km of main river
The Frome study
area comprised
three zones:
approximately 2
km of main river
channel, 1 km of
mill stream, and
five small side
channels. The
side channels
formed the chief
spawning areas
for the pike,
although the
other areas were
also used,
especially in
1976 when the
channels became
dry. The
discharge in the
Frome varied
between 1.5 and
3.0 m3 s-1 during
the summer and
1.6 to 20 m3 s-1
during the winter
River Gudenå
DK
Regulated
Koed et al. (2000)
The 158 km long
River Gudenaa
has a mean
annual discharge
of 40 m3 s-1. The
36·5 km study
area extended
from the river
mouth to a grid
across the river
just downstream
from a
hydropower
station, which
upstream
migrating
pikeperch cannot
pass.
River Gwyddon
GB
Perennial
Harcup et al. (1984)
6 km in length
the Gwyddon
rises at 474 m on
the moorland of
Mynydd Maen
and falls quickly
to reach a deep,
steep sided
valley planted
with conifers.
The banks
however are
lined with
deciduous scrub.
Stream widths
range from 0.4 m
upstream to 4.5
m downstream.
Pools are small
and shallow,
generally less
than 40 cm deep.
In its lower
reaches the river
is impounded to
form a small
industrial
reservoir Slow to
rise and fall the
mean daily flow
for the study
period was 0.20
m3 s-1 (range
0.04-2.48 m3 s-1.
River Måna
NO
Highly
Heggenes et al.
In the regulated
regulated
(2007)
River Mana,
Norway, the
downstream 4
km (to Lake
Tinnsjø) are
uniformly
channelised,
while the
upstream 4 km
(to Dale dam)
consist of natural
river bed. All
flow is diverted
at the upstream
dam (Dale). The
remaining flow in
the River Mana
is, therefore,
extremely low
compared with
natural historical
flow (about 50
m3 s-1). It is
interrupted by
irregular and
unpredictable
peak flows of
variable
duration, related
to the water
manipulations of
the power
plants.
River Ourthe
BE
Perennial
Baras (1998)
River Ourthe
(main tributary
of the R. Meuse
in Belgium)
River Roding
GB
Perennial
Bolland et al. (2009) The River Roding
exhibits a flow
regime typical of
a small
temperate
lowland river,
with low summer
flows and highly
variable winter
flows. Flow rises
rapidly in
response to
substantial
rainfall in the
catchment.
River Spree
DE
Perennial
Fredrich et al.
The lowland
but highly
(2003)
River Spree,
altered
southeast of
Berlin, has been
greatly affected
by hydraulic
engineering.
Gravel has been
used to
strengthen the
weak river bank.
The current
speed and the
water flow vary
little so the width
and depth of the
river are
uniform,
although there
are some deeper
holes. The 32 km
long section of
river used for
tracking
experiments is
bordered
upstream by a
weir, which is
impassable for
fishes almost all
year round, and
downstream by
Lake Dameritz.
Weir regulation
prevents
flooding, but
sometimes
results in sudden
drops in water
level, which are
potentially
threatening to
fish eggs and fry.
River Thames
GB
Perennial
Williams (1965)
The 4.2 km (2.6
mile) stretch of
river chosen lay
between
Caversham and
Sonning locks.
The width of the
river varied from
40 to 80 m and
the mean depth
at the centre was
approximately 3
m, the maximum
not exceeding 5
m. The river is
canalized and
turbid and, in
winter, fast
flowing. In
summer the flow
is much reduced
and a fine layer
of silt collects on
the flints which
form the main
river bed
River Vecht
NL
Highly
Winter & Fredrich
In the River
regulated
(2003)
Vecht, a 190 km
long highly
regulated river
with six weirs
and fishways in
the Dutch
section
River Vesdre
BE
Highly
Geeraerts et al.
The River Vesdre
regulated
(2007)
is a 72 km long
upland river and
is part of the
Meuse basin (sub
basin: 702 km2)
Twenty-nine
physical
obstacles
fragment the
main course of
the River Vesdre.
The study site
was situated in
the lower reach
of the river in
between
obstacles
Rivers Thames/Mole
GB
Perennial
Stott (1961)
The river
meanders in a
series of riffles
and pools, the
depth varying
from about 0.3 m
to over 20 m at
some of the
bends. Its width
is 4.6-9.1 m but it
is restricted in
summer. The
average summer
flow is about 1.4
m3 s-1 but it can
rise quickly
during rainy
spells and flows
of about 40 m3 s1
occurred during
this
investigation.
Roanoke River
US
Perennial
Roberts &
North Fork and
Angermeier (2007)
South Fork
Roanoke Rivers
drain Ridge and
Valley and Blue
Ridge
physiographies in
Montgomery and
Floyd counties,
VA, USA. These
upland streams
exhibit distinct,
alternating riffle pool mesohabitat
sequences
Salina Creek
US
Perennial
Rasmussen (2010)
Salina Creek is a
third order
stream Average
annual stream
flow during the
study was 4.9 m3
s-1, High flows
are primarily
driven by spring
runoff, with peak
flows
(approximately
19.5 m3 s-1)
occurring during
May and June.
Many portions of
the stream are
channelized and
straightened or
have been
modified by the
addition of large
culverts that pass
beneath the
interstate
Savannah River
US
Regulated
Paller et al. (2005)
L Lake (4.0 km2)
was constructed
in 1985 by
impounding the
middle reaches
of Steel Creek.
The watershed is
relatively small,
and reservoir
water levels are
maintained by
pumping in
water from the
Savannah River.
A minimum of
about 0.3 m3 s-1
is discharged
from the
reservoir to
maintain
required
minimum flows
in Steel Creek,
although greater
discharges occur
when watershed
runoff is high.
Seven Mile Creek
US
Perennial
Breen et al. (2009)
Seven Mile Creek
is a second order
stream in
Michigan. Flow is
highly stable due
to extensive
groundwater
inputs
Shope Fork
US
Perennial
Petty & Grossman
Shope Fork is a
(2004)
fourth order
tributary of
Coweeta Creek,
The study period
included years
of: (i) above
average flow1994, (ii) average
flow-1996, and
(iii) below
average flow1995. The longterm annual (n ¼
55 years) mean
daily flow for
Shope Fork is
0.243 m3 s-1.
Kolmogrov–
Smirnov tests
indicated that
flows differed
significantly in
each year of the
study The critical
difference in flow
characteristics
among years was
the high
frequency
(>90%) of flows
less than the
long-term annual
mean discharge
(0.23 m3 s-1) in
1995.
Smith Creek
US
Perennial
Hudy & Shiflet
Smith Creek is a
(2009)
third order
stream pool–
riffle stream with
an average
gradient of
1.74%, and an
average wetted
width of 7.1 m.
The summer
drop in the
hydrograph
(wetted width
was similar;
average depth
decreased)
South Branch
NZ
Perennial
Burnet (1969)
The South
Branch is a
tributary of the
Waimakariri
River; it is a
spring fed
stream,
South Diamond
US
Intermittent Rinne (1982)
South Diamond,
in or near the
Black Range
Primitive Area in
the Gila National
Forest, New
Mexico streams
have mean flows
of 0.3-4.0
ma/minute but
are subject to
drought and
flooding Creek
becomes
intermittent
annually within
the area studied
St Johns River
US
Perennial
Moody (1960)
The St. Johns
River, which
originates from
rainfall over
marshy areas, is
fresh at its
source. More
than 100 km
downstream
ancient marine
deposits begin to
contribute salt to
the water.
Steenputbeek
BE
Perennial
Knaepkens et al
Steenputbeek
(2004) - Hudy &
(SPB) (depth: 0.1
Shiflet (2009)
m–0.4 m; width:
±1 m) basin of
the river Scheldt
(Belgium)
Thomas Fork
US
Perennial
Schrank & Rahel
Thomas Fork
(2006)
mainstem and
three major
tributaries: Huff,
Little Muddy,
and Coal Creeks.
Climate in this
drainage consists
of cold, snowy
winters and hot,
dry summers.
Stream flows
within 0.5 km of
each study reach
were lower in
2000 relative to
1999. Within the
study area, there
were no barriers
to fish
movement, and
thus, fish were
free to move
among
tributaries and
the mainstem
Thomas Fork.
Trout Creek
US
Perennial
McCleave (1964)
The portion of
Trout Creek
studied is about
5.6 air km
northeast of
Belgrade,
Montana. This
creek originates
mostly from
springs
Trysilelva River lower part
NO
Perennial
Heggenes et al.
The free-flowing
(2006)
river system the
Trysilelva River
There are no
barriers to fish
movements
among the three
upstream sites.
Between these
three sites and
the fourth
lowermost site is
a dam fitted with
a fish ladder
Tverrelva River
NO
Perennial
Hesthagen (1988)
The Tverrelva
River drains into
the River
Ternsvikelva
about 1 km from
the sea.
Predominantly of
riffle areas 10-30
cm deep. The
average width of
the Tverrelva
River is 3 - 4 m
Upper Salmon River
US
Perennial
Bjornn & Mallet
Except for
(1964)
occasional
narrow valleys
both rivers flow
through steep
sided canyons.
Water flow
patterns are
similar for both
streams. There is
high water in late
March and April
from melting of
snow at the
lower elevations
and again in May
and June from
snow melting at
higher
elevations. Flows
decrease in late
June and remain
low until the
following March.
Upper Steel Creek
US
Upstream
Paller et al. (2005)
L Lake (4.0 km2)
Perennial -
was constructed
Downstrea
in 1985 by
m regulated
impounding the
middle reaches
of Steel Creek.
The watershed is
relatively small,
and reservoir
water levels are
maintained by
pumping in
water from the
Savannah River.
A minimum of
about 0.3 m3 s-1
is discharged
from the
reservoir to
maintain
required
minimum flows
in Steel Creek,
although greater
discharges occur
when watershed
runoff is high.
Vallvidrera Creek
ES
Intermittent Aparicio & Sostoa
Vallvidrera Creek
during
, a first order
summer
(1999)
tributary of the
River Llobregat,
about 4 km in
length and 1·60
m mean stream
width (range
0·50–5·20 m).
Average annual
precipitation in
the area is 630
mm and the
stream flow
usually ranges
between 10 and
40 m3 s-1. High
flows normally
occur in spring,
with decreasing
flows throughout
summer leading
to some
stretches of the
stream becoming
isolated pools.
Flows increase in
autumn when
sudden flash
floods are
frequent.
References for Table S5
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Freshwater Fish, 20, 513–521.
Aparicio E. & De Sostoa A. (1999) Pattern of movements of adult Barbus haasi in a small Mediterranean
stream. Journal of Fish Biology, 55, 1086–1095.
Baras E. (1998) Selection of optimal positioning intervals in fish tracking: an experimental study on
Barbus barbus. Hydrobiologia, 371, 19–28.
Bjornn T.C. & Mallet J. (1964) Movements of planted and wild trout in an Idaho river system.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 93, 70–76.
Bolland J.D., Cowx I.G. & Lucas M.C. (2009) Dispersal and survival of stocked cyprinids in a small English
river: comparison with wild fishes using a multi-method approach. Journal of Fish Biology, 74, 2313–
2328.
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