12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
8/3
1.
What is the anatomical region bordered by the trapezius, medial border of scapula and latissimus dorsi?
2.
What is the artery deep to the trapezius? Which nerve is it near?
3.
Anatomical region bordered by iliac crest (inferiorly), external obliques
(anteriorly), latissimus dorsi (posteriorly)?
4.
What is the border between the two fascias?
5.
What is deep fascia called when it is found between muscles?
6.
What are the five functions of skin?
7.
What are the layers of skin/subcutaneous tissue?
8.
What is the site of subcutaneous injections?
9.
Where is the distal attachment of the latissimus dorsi?
10.
Which direction should incisions be made relative to _____?
11.
Through which layer should sutures be placed?
3 types of joints parts of knee joint what is the removal of fluid out of a joint called? know parts of vertebra what two parts make the vertebral arch?
3 different types of vertebra and characteristics
What distinguishes C1 and C2?
Where do spinal nerves exit spinal cord?
Two types of joints in vertebral column

21.
What are the five ligaments checking movement of spinal column and when/to what do their names change?
22.
23.
What are the two types of herniation and how do they occur?
Types of connective tissue?
24.
Part of the vertebrae in between two articulating processes?
25.
What are the superficial back muscles and their innervations, functions, connections?
26.
Why can the trapezius move in different ways?
8/4: back
1.
What are the natural curvatures of the spine? Unnatural?
2.
What is amplification by summation? What joints are involved?
3.
What are stable vs unstable fractures? Give examples
4.
What are the 4 groups of intrinsic epaxial back muscles? What are their main function? What is the innervation?
5.
What is the only part of the erector spinae to make it to the skull?
Which is the only capitis muscle to not make it to the skull?
6.
Which muscles form the suboccipital triangle?
7.
Which back muscles attach to transverse processes and which to spinal? Proximal or Distal?
8.
What is the action of paradox? Give examples
9.
Describe the muscles of the posterior triangle and the nerves extending from erb’s point
8/4: spinal cord
1.
What are the two spinal cord enlargements and why do they exist?
2

3
2.
Where does the spinal cord end? What is it called at this point?
3.
At which point are the brain and spinal cord continuous with one another?
4.
What two tissues extend past the end of the spinal cord?
5.
How many spinal nerve pairs are there and which ones exit superior/inferior to the corresponding vertebra?
6.
Draw cross section of spinal cord and describe primary rami
7.
What are the three types of spinal cord meninges?
8.
Why is there a dorsal root ganglion but no ventral root ganglion? Do ganglions contain synapses?
9.
Draw a cross section of spinal cord with meninges and spinal nerves
10.
What is the difference between epidural and subarachnid space
11.
What is the site for a lumbar puncture?
12.
What are the three dermatome locations to know?
13.
How many vertebrae do you have to lose to lose sensation in one dermatome?
14.
How can we use differences in dermatomes and cutaneous innervation for diagnosis?
15.
What is the blood supply for the spinal cord?
16.
What are the primary breakdowns for segmental blood supply for spinal cord, epaxial, and vertebral column?
17.
Where is the greater occipital nerve?
Early Embryology
1.
What differentiates into primary villi?
2.
What does the chorion become? What is it comprised of?
3.
What is the 2 nd week “twos” theory?

4
4.
What makes extraembryonic mesoderm?
5.
Describe development of ovum from ovary to gastrulation
6.
Why does syncytiotrophoblast secrete hcg?
7.
Where is typical implantation for embryo and when does it occur?
8.
What are the blood filled spaces in the syncytiotrophoblast and what is their function? To which arteries do they connect?
9.
After apoptosis of extraembryonic mesoderm (at which day?), where does it still exist?
10.
What will the connecting stalk become?
15.
16.
17.
11.
What forms definitive yolk sac and what happens to primitive?
12.
What are the two membranes that will become mouth and anus? Toward which end does the primitive streak run?
13.
What is the groove in the epiblast along which cells slide to form germ layers?
14.
What are the germ layers and what will each develop into?
When does compaction occur? Hatching?
Describe blastulation/gastrulation/neurulation in weeks
Purpose of zona pellucida
Neurulation
1.
What are the derivatives of neural crest cells?
2.
What/where is the notochord made? Where are its remnants found?
3.
What are the open ends of the neural tube called and what are clinical conditions if they don’t close?
4.
During neurulation, how does the mesoderm organize? What does each of the three layers turn into?
5.
What is the neural plate?

6.
Describe early development of fetal placenta (changes to villi)
7.
What are the two branches of the lateral mesoderm and how are they organized? What fills in between them?
8.
What is the precursor to vertebrae?
9.
What causes transverse embryonic folding after formation of neural tube?
10.
Describe embryo development post gastrulation.
11.
What are the primary developments during longitudinal folding?
12.
What is the name for the future diaphragm and where does it develop?
13.
What will the 3 gut sections become?
Autonomic Nervous System
1.
What are the two branches of the visceromotor system and their functions?
2.
Where do preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers originate?
3.
Describe the different paths for parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
4.
Which division innervates blood vessels?
5.
Which is a fiber that might travel in a backwards path toward the dorsal horn?
6.
What is a sympathetic preganglion fiber called if it travels through paravertebral/sympathetic ganglion without stopping and goes to prevertebral? What are the names of the 3 major ones?
7.
How do preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers travelling through prevertebral ganglia get to effector organs?
5

6
8.
Which fibers can be found in autonomic plexuses of thorax, abdomen and pelvis?
9.
What is another name for prevertebral ganglion?
10.
What is the entryway for sympathetic fibers into the sympathetic chain ganglia?
11.
head?
What are the names of the four parasympathetic ganglia for the
Radiology
1.
Mechanism of image formation for mri, ct, radiography, ultrasound; also describe the structure of each machine
2.
What are the terms for most, least, and middle amounts of radiography attenuation and how do each appear on an image?
3.
What does the degree of radiography penetration depend on?
4.
What are the five types of tissues in order of most radiolucent to radiopaque (absorbs most radiation)?
5.
What are the contrast agents for radiography; which can be used intravenously?
6.
What are the two basic radiography views? How are they oriented on image?
7.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ct?
8.
What is the orientation for axial ct images? Coronal? Sagittal?
9.
What are the relative ct terms for degree with which xrays are absorbed by material? What is the numeric indicator? What is the baseline calibration? How can you change the image to highlight items of interest?
10.
What are the types of contrast used for ct? which is water soluble? How do you tell if contrast has been used? What is the term for the increase in attenuation after contrast has been used?

7
11.
mri?
How do you differentiate between ct and radiography? Ct and
12.
Why is gel used in ultrasound?
13.
What factor determines grey scale in ultrasound? What determines depth?
14.
Which two tissues does sound not go through? What will anything deep to bone appear as?
15.
What can frequency of sound waves be used for in ultrasound?
16.
What are the relative terms for how well a tissue reflects ultrasound? What color will they appear relative to background organ?
17.
What is the difference between T1 and T2 mri images? What is each useful for?
18.
Which fluid is consistently bright for T2?
19.
What are the two ways to change an mri image? With which type of mri is contrast used?
20.
What does fat saturation with t2 allow you to view?
21.
What are the mri terms for relative signal intensities? What are their colors?
22.
What is used to produce contrast with mri? What is the effect on
T1 images?
23.
How does fat appear in mri v. ct? Bone?
Radiology – lumbar spine
1.
When is radiography useful for imaging spine? When is ct useful/not useful? MRI?
2.
What is a myelogram? How do you induce contrast?

3.
What are the two types of bone and how do each appear on ct and mri?
4.
Which is the best technique to visualize conus medularis and cauda equina?
5.
How does a degenerated disc appear on MRI? Edema? How do you best visualize these? What about cortical destruction?
6.
How do you identify L1 on a radiograph?
7.
How do you tell if an axial ct has contrast?
8.
Why are vessels low signal on MRI?
9.
Which nerve root exits between L1 and L2? Where does it exit? What will a lateral disc protusion impinge upon? Central?
10.
On a ct, how do the superior and inferior articular processes fit together? Why is the facet joint lower in attenuation?
11.
Label the parts of a vertebrae on radiograph (lateral and frontal)
12.
Why is the spinous process brighter than the vertebral body on a ct? Why might a vertebral body look bright on a ct?
13.
Which is the best method for visualizing a vertebral fracture?
14.
What is a fracture in the pars interarticularis called? What is the corresponding anterior displacement of the vertebrae?
15.
16.
On an axial mri/ct, will nerve roots appear as dots or lines?
Where will a lateral herniation compress a nerve?
8/11: lymphatic system
1.
What are the two main functions of the lymphatic system?
2.
What is the order of flow through lymph system? What are the two types of lymphatic vessels?
3.
What are the tributaries to the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct and what does each drain? Into which veins does each empty?
8

9
4.
What is the cisterna chyli? Which vessels drain into it?
5.
What enters lymphatic capillaries?
6.
What do the right and left internal jugular and subclavian veins empty into?
7.
What muscles form the deltopectoral triangle? Which vein runs in it?
Into which larger vein does that vein empty?
8.
What are the branches of the brachial plexus that innervate the back muscles we have learned? Rhomboids, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor, latissimus dorsi, deltoid a.
–which of these nerves is superficial to the muscle it innervates?
9.
What can cause a winged scapula?
10.
Which nerves form the bracial plexus?
11.
Branches from which two arteries help supply the thoracic wall? At which point do these two arteries change names?
12.
What are the proximal and distal attachments for the pectoralis major and minor, the serratus anterior, and the deltoid?
13.
What are the areolar glands for? In which tissue level are mammary glands located?
14.
What are the two types of tissue in breasts? What is the axillary tail?
15.
How do lobes of glandular tissue get milk to the surface?
16.
What are the ligaments that support the breast? In which tissue do they run?
17.
What allows for movement between the breast and thoracic wall?
Between which two tissue types is it found?
18.
What are the three main sources of blood supply to the breast?
19.
What is the order with which lymph drains through the breast? What are the two alternate paths?
20.
Which type of visceral innervation is not found in body walls or limbs?

21.
If lymphatic drainage is blocked in breast, what happens? Fibrosis?
Carcinoma invasion of retromammary space?
22.
Where do the anterior intercostal arteries branch from? Posterior?
Thoracic Wall:
*draw diagrams of thoracic arteries and veins (add lymphatic structures)
1.
What is the superior opening of the thorax? What covers it?
2.
What is the inferior opening of the thorax and what must run through it?
3.
What is the covering of the interior part of the thoracic wall? What holds it in place?
4.
What are the three muscle layers located between ribs?
5.
What membranes span the space not covered by intercostal?
6.
Where are the intercostal VANs? What is the location for thoracocentesis?
7.
What are the three branches of the aortic arch? What does each supply?
8.
Where are the subclavian arteries located and what branches off of them?
9.
Which two veins join to form the brachiocephalic veins? What does that drain into?
10.
Where does the thoracic duct terminate?
11.
Which nerves innervate the diaphragm and what are they called?
12.
What elements go through the superior thoracic aperture?
13.
Where does the diaphragm attach? What does contraction result in?
10

14.
Where do the right and left crus’ of the diaphragm attach?
Where do the diaphragm muscle fibers anastamose?
15.
Which vessels and nerves supply the diaphragm?
16.
During inspiration, in which directions does the thoracic cavity increase in size?
17.
18.
Which muscles are involved in quiet and forced inspiration?
Which muscles are involved in quiet and forced expiration?
19.
Which articulations of the thoracic wall are synovial?
Cartilagenous?
8/12: development of body cavities
1.
What are the major body cavities in adults and what embryonic space forms them?
2.
What are the initial three borders of the intraembryonic coelom?
Where is the future umbilicus located?
3.
Why is it important that intra and extra embryonic coelom communicates?
4.
What is the driving force for lateral folding?
5.
What are the membranes that separate the two intraembryonic coelom after folding?
6.
Which layer of pericardium or pleura will the somatic mesoderm form?
7.
After folding, what does the splanchnic layer enclose?
8.
What happens to the ventral mesentery (what are the two places at which it remains?)? Dorsal mesentery?
9.
What does longitudinal folding of the embryo accomplish?
11

10.
What is the partition between pericardial/pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity? What are the openings that move through the partition? Where are they located?
11.
of?
What is the esophagus made from? What do lung buds form off
12.
What are the two means of partitioning off the intraembryonic coelom into body cavities? What tissue are they made of?
13.
14.
What is the fibrous pericardium made from?
What are the 4 sources of the septum transversum?
15.
Which nerves make the phrenic nerve? What does it innervate and where can pain in that organ be referred?
16.
What can the congenital diaphragmatic hernia cause?
Vertebral and Muscle Development
1.
What gives rise to somites? What are the three subdivisions?
2.
General to review:
-germ layer derivatives
-what is the distal attachment for the lats
-sacrum anatomy
12