Earth Science MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 09-10
advertisement
Earth Science MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 09-10 The Earth Science midterm is a cumulative exam that encompass all of the concepts learned and activities completed since September. The Midterm will consist of 100 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. The midterm and final exams combined are equivalent to 1/5 of your final grade for the course...they are significant! Be sure to study! How to study: To be a successful as possible for this exam – you should be studying well in advance of the exam (several hours total). Review previous class notes and handouts Review previous terminology learned in class and in your text (flash cards work well) Review previous tests (check your folder in the back of the room). Review diagrams in your text (can you talk about what is being depicted in these diagrams?) Review end of chapter/section review questions in your text Chapters Covered :1,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,26 Topics to study: The Scientific method The 5 Branches of Earth Science Scientific Theories vs. Laws What made the dinosaurs extinct Size and shape of the Earth Source of Earth’s Magnetic Field Layers of the Earth Biogeochemical Cycles Water Cycle Succession and Ecosystems Human impact on the environment Newton’s Law of Gravitation Map Skills- cartography Latitude & Longitude Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener’s evidence Modern evidence for Plate Tectonics Convergent vs. Divergent Plate Boundaries Transform Plate Boundaries Pangaea/Panthallassa Ring of Fire Sea floor spreading Paleomagnetism Compass Rose/Map Lagend Geographic vs. Geomagnetic poles Map Projections Contour Maps Properties of Minerals Silicate Minerals Mineral ID tests 3 Types of Rocks- examples Igneous Rock Formations 3 kinds of sedimentary rocks Regional vs. Contact Metamorphism Geologic Time Scale Era, Period, epoch Precambrian,Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras- type of life forms Law of Superposition Law of Cross Cutting Relationships Relative vs. Absolute Dating Half-Life/Carbon dating Fossils Earthquakes- Elastic Rebound Theory Epicenter/focus Richter magnitude Deep sea tranches Vulcanism Magma v. lava Major volcanic zones Hot spots Pyroclastic material Types of Volcanoes ( Cinder, Shield and Composite Volcanoes) Seasons Equinoxes and Solstices Seismic Waves- P, S, L waves Locating an epicenter Tsunami Rotation of Earth Revolution of Earth Why do we have seasons? Leap Year Daylight Saving Time International date Line Time Zones Be able to: design an experiment using the steps of the scientific method explain how the text book explains the extinction of the dinosaurs and relate this to the steps of the scientific method explain how science is different from other areas of study state the circumference and diameter of the Earth list the layers of the Earth and their properties , such as compostion, state of matter, temperature explain how the force of gravity varies with mass and distance of objects describe what drives the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates explain how ecosystems respond to change distinguish between the (geo)magnetic and geographic Poles describe how latitude and longitude can be used to pinpoint locations of Earth interpret the symbols used and the legend of a map interpret topographic maps distinguish between the two types of minerals (silicate and non-silicate) list the criteria that must be met for a substance to be considered a mineral describe the tests and properties used to identify unknown minerals distinguish between the three families of rock and give examples of each describe the processes that form the different types of rocks explain the changes that have occurred to the Earth and its life forms over time use the Geologic Time Scale list evidence to support Alfred Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift list modern evidence to support the idea of Plate tectonics describe the type of geologic features that form at the different ypes of plate boundaries explain why we have seasons explain why Leap Year and Daylight Saving Time are necessary list the parts of a volcano describe how hot spot volcanism formed the Hawaiian Islands distinguish between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake from seismographs distinguish between the three types of seismic waves Know the definitions and be able to use each term correctly. Oceanography Astronomy Meteorology Ecology Geology Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Meteorite Impact Hypothesis Magnetosphere Scientific Method Hypothesis Variable Theory Law Control Continental Drift Alfred Wegener Glossopteris flora Mesosaurus Sea floor spreading Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Subduction zone Convection currents Oceanic trench Mid Ocean Ridge Plate Tectonics Pangaea Panthallassa Rift Valley Elastic rebound Theory Epicenter/focus Ring of Fire Primary Wave Secondary Wave Surface Wave Seismograph Richter Scale tsunami Oblate spheroid Aphelion Perihelion Tilt Parallelism Precession Rotation Revolution Circumference Law of Gravitation Moho Crust/mantle/core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Solstice Equinox Satellites Meridian Eratosthenes Mineral Silicates Nonsilicate minerals Cleavage/Fracture Hardness-Mohs Scale Luster Color Crystal Systems (6) Double Refraction Fluorescence Radioactivity Density Streak Magma/lava Hotspot Tephra Pyroclastic debris Shield cone Cinder cone Composite Cone Caldera volcano food web food chain trophic levels autotroph/heterotroph (consumer/producer) longitude Latitude Map Projections- cylindrical, azimuthal,conic Contour line Contour interval Index contour Topographic map Geographic North Pole Geomagnetic North Pole Quadrangle Time Zones Noon Daylight Saving Time International Date Line Leap Year Equator Rock Cycle Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock Lithification Extrusion Intrusion Sill/ dike Batholith/Laccolith/stock Strata Foliated Coarse vs. fine grained Clastic/chemical/organic Regional vs contact metamorphism Geologic Time Scale Extinct GUIDED REVIEW QUESTIONS GUIDED REVIEW QUESTIONS On the left side of the page are focus questions to help you review each exam “outcome” for the district Fold the paperanswers in half lengthwise midterm. Use the space to the right to fill in your response. You can cover-up on the right side to (top to bottom) to create an efficient study guide! Fold paper in half lengthwise help you review and test your own knowledge. (top to bottom) to create an efficient study guide! SCIENTIFIC METHOD What is the proper sequence of events in the development of a “theory”? (Put the following in correct order: design a controlled experiment, form a hypothesis, draw conclusions, state/define the problem, make observations, revisit hypothesis and experimental design) STUDY HINT: make a mneumonic to memorize the correct order! What information is should a hypothesis provide? If an experiment disproves a hypothesis, was it a failure? Why? What is an experimental control? Provide an example in the form of a controlled experiment. How did the dinosaurs become extinct ? Branches of Earth Science Define each of the following terms and give two examples of things that scientists in these fields would do or study. Astronomy Oceanography Meteorology Geology How does the acronym O.M.E.G.A. help you to remember the branches of Earth Science? Layers of the Earth List the four layers of the Earth. Label this diagram with the names of the four layers. How does the fact that the Earth has layers make it a dynamic, changing planet ? Match the following words to the layer of the Earth that they describe : Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Ecology Put the following terms in proper sequence to represent organisms in a food chain? Primary consumer, producer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer Using the above info, propose a hypothetical food chain using actual organisms. Using the words heterotroph, autotroph, and sun – describe how energy flows through an ecosystem. Statistics of the Earth Fill in the following measurements in km and miles Circumference of Earth____________________km _____________________miles Diameter of Earth ___________________ km _____________________ miles Period of Rotation ______________________ hours Period of Revolution ____________________ days Tilt of Axis _________________ degrees Water Cycle Diagram the Water Cycle using the following words : Precipitation Evaporation transpiration condensation MAPS Distinguish between Latitude and Longitude. Which is written first when writing out the coordinates for a location. Each degree of latitude or longitude can be broken up into subunits. Identify the subunits of a degree. What does breaking a degree up into subunits allow you to do? How many miles are in one degree of Latitude? _______________ Is this true for Longitude- explain and draw a diagram to represent the way the distance of longitude changes as you approach the poles. Estimate the Latitude and Longitude of each point if the distance between lines is 30 degrees. Point A __________ _____________ Point B__________ _____________ Point C/D ______________________ Point E ___________ ____________ Point F ___________ _____________ Point G___________ _____________ Point H __________ _____________ \ CARTOGRAPHY Why are all maps distorted? What are the three kinds of map projections and how is each one used? 1- 2- 3- What does a map legend explain? Define SCALE What are three ways the SCALE of a map can be represented? A- B- C- CONTOUR MAPS Contour maps show changes in elevation. Define the following terms : INDEX CONTOUR CONTOUR INTERVAL RELIEF 1. Color the elevations on the topographic map as follows. Red: 50m and higher, Orange: 40-50m, Yellow: 30-40m, Light green: 20-30m, Dark green: 10-20m, Purple: 0-10m. ___________________________ 3. Approximately how tall is Baker Hill? ___________________________ 4. Which mountain is taller, and by about how much? ___________________________ 2. Approximately how tall is Able Hill? 5. How many meters of elevation are there between contour lines on the topographic map? 6. Which mountain has steeper slopes? ___________________________ ___________________________ 7. Are the contour lines closer together on Able Hill or Baker Hill? ___________________________ Green River Topographic Map Activity 1. What is the contour interval? Green River Topographic Map Activity 2. What do the contour lines do when they cross Green River? Green River Topographic Map Activity 4. What is the elevation of point A? Green River Topographic Map Activity 5. Which side of Fire Mountain is the steepest? (North or South) Green River Topographic Map Activity 6. What is the elevation of point B? Green River Topographic Map Activity 7. If you walk from point D to point E would you be going uphill or downhill? Green River Topographic Map Activity 8. When the stream first begins, what direction is it flowing? Green River Topographic Map Activity 9. What is the difference in elevation between points A and C? Green River Topographic Map Activity 11. Select the most accurate profile that runs from A to A` from the choices. Green River Topographic Map Activity 10. What is elevation of the highest contour line on this map? MINERALS What are the two main groups of minerals? _____________________ & ______________________ Circle the category of minerals that makes up 96 % of all minerals. What criteria must a substance have in order to be considered a mineral? a) b) c) d) If you were given an unknown mineral what tests or observations would you do to find out what kind of mineral it was? Why isn’t color a good way to identify a mineral? Give at least two reasons. The ROCK CYCLE Label the blanks with the name of the correct rock type, for example: IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC True/False (circle one) Any type of rock can turn into any other type of rock. PROPERTIES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS- Define and give examples of rocks with these features. EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE COARSE Grained FINE Grained GLASSY VESICULAR True/False (circle one) Igneous rocks form from magma or lava. PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Define and give 2 examples of rocks that have these features. CLASTIC (Detrital) CHEMICAL Organic (Biochemical) Layering (Strata) Geodes What are the four agents that cause erosion (transport)? How is mechanical weathering different from chemical weathering? Use the Statue of Liberty as an example. Properties of METAMORPHIC ROCK Metamorphic rock forms by one of the processes below. Describe each and give an example of where this would occur. REGIONAL Metamorphism CONTACT Metamorphism Distinguish between foliated an non-foliated metamorphic rock and give two examples of each. _____________ _______________ ______________ Matching: write the correct name under the correct picture: Basalt, Obsidian, Granite Which rock makes up Mt. Rushmore and Yosemite N.P.?_______________________ Of which rock is the Rosetta Stone made?__________________________________ Of which type of Rock is the Grand Canyon made? _____________________________________ Of which type of rock is the Delaware Water Gap Made?_______________________________ _____________ ___________ _________ ___________ __________ Label the following sedimentary rocks correctly: Coal, Fossil Limestone, Sandstone, Conglomerate, Shale ______________ ______________ _____________ ___________ ___________ ______________ ______________ _____________ ___________ ____________ Free Energy Label each metamorphic rock correctly on the top line and tell from which rock it cam on the lower line. Schist, Marble, Quartzite, Slate and Gneiss. Free Energy Rate of Reaction Figure 28.10 This diagram illustrates the Law of Crosscutting Relationships, which states that a rock is younger than any rock that it cuts. The rock units are arranged in order of decreasing age from 1 to 5. Which layer of rock is the oldest? __________________________ Which layer of rock on the previous page is older? _________________________ Which layer is youngest?__________________________________________ Put the rock layers in order from oldest to youngest.__________________________ What would feature number 2 be called ?__________________________________ GEOLOGIC TIME The Earth has been around for 5 billion years! List the major divisions of Geologic Time and characteristic life forms of each era. Era Characteristic Life Forms Date PLATE TECTONICS Who came up with the idea that the Earth’s surface plates are moving?________________________ List 4 pieces of evidence to support the idea of continental drift. 1. 3. 2. 4. On which two continents was this fossil found? How did it help support the idea of continental drift? Today we call this theory –Plate Tectonics. Explain how paleomagnetism, sea floor spreading and convection currents have supported the idea that the continents have not always been in their current positions. Label the tectonic plates below : Plate Boundaries Describe what is happening at each of the four plate boundaries below. What kind of geologic feature is forming on each? EARTHQUAKES Where do most earthquakes occur? Distinguish between the FOCUS and EPICENTER of an earthquake. How many seismogram stations do you need to get information from (at a minimum) to pinpoint the location of an earthquake? Describe the three kinds of seismic waves in terms of speed, type of motion, and medium they can pass through. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory? VOLCANOES Distinguish between magma and lava. What is a vent? Why does magma rise? Distinguish between Cinder, Shield and Composite Volcanoes. Give examples of pyroclastic material. LAB SAFETY What is wrong with this picture?
