Final Review
Chapter 18: Air Pollution
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Name and describe the four atmospheric layers from farthest to closest to Earth’s surface.
Where is the Ozone Layer located, and what is its chemical formula (what is it made out of)?
How does the Greenhouse Effect work? Give two examples of “Greenhouse” gasses.
Trace a molecule of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli. Name all of the major parts.
What is the role of mucus in your nasal cavity?
What happens at the alveoli that is important? What gas comes in, what gas comes out?
Describe what/where the diaphragm is, and how the diaphragm regulates breathing.
Asbestos is a form of PM10. What is PM10? Where are PM10’s usually a problem? Why are they problematic?
What are CFC’s? Describe the CFC problem.
Name three other contributors to air pollution, and where they are found.
What is the difference between a primary and secondary air pollutant?
What are the two types of smog? How do they differ?
Draw in a picture the difference between normal air conditions and temperature inversion.
What is the normal pH of rainfall? How does acid rain occur, and how does it alter the pH?
What is the Clean Air Act? How did it help air pollution, and what still needs to be fixed?
Name three types of pesticides and what their target “pest” is. Why are pesticides bad?
Chapter 13: Water/Water Pollution
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Starting with evaporation, list and define the major steps in the water cycle. How does evaporation differ from
transpiration?
Describe the journey of water once it seeps underground. Include PERCOLATION, POROUS, AQUIFER, GROUND WATER in
your answer.
What is the Clean Water Act designed to do? What about the Safe Drinking Water Act?
List and explain three ways in which water quality is determined.
What is eutrophication? How does this contribute to water pollution in lakes?
Describe the concept of biomagnification. How does this concept apply to pesticides?
Give two reasons why having a dam is good, and two reasons why having a dam is bad?
Name and explain three types of water treatment options.
Name three ways in which freshwater can be conserved?
In order for a water supply to be potable, it goes through a desalination treatment plant.
Of the 50 meters of water you start with, 20% is recharged in an aquifer, while the other 80% enters the 100 m2
pre-treatment facility.
b. Once it exits the pre-treatment facility, 50% of the water is desalinated, the other half is used as water irrigation.
The cost of treatment is $10/m3
10. Calculate, in m3:
a. the amount of water entering the treatment facility.
b. the amount of water actually going through sedimentation.
11. Find the cost of treating this water via sedimentation, in dollars.
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Chapters 7 and 8: Land and Aquatic Biomes
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Draw the wind cell. Label where HIGH and LOW pressures are, a water source, type of air, and what goes on between each
type of air.
What is temperature inversion? How does it explain the marine layer?
Describe the rain shadow effect, using a real-life example to help you explain it.
As far as biomes are concerned, what are the TWO major abiotic factors that influence what a biome looks like?
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Give two examples of “Grassland” biomes discussed in class. What is a distinct quality about grassland biomes in terms of
rainfall?
6. Give two examples of “Desert” Biomes discussed in class. What is a distinct quality about desert biomes in terms of
temperature?
7. Give two examples of “Forest” Biomes discussed in class. What is a distinct quality about forest biomes in terms of their
leaves?
8. What is upwelling? Why is it necessary in aquatic biomes? What event every 3-4 years slows upwelling?
9. Why are coral reefs considered to be the tropical rainforests of the oceans (give 3 examples)?
10. Describe coral bleaching. Why is it an example of a positive feedback loop?
Chapters 9 and 11: Animal and Human Populations
Age Range
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10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80+
% Male
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% Female
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Draw an age-structure diagram using the above table of information.
Describe the age demographic of this country.
Do you think this is an example of a developed, developing or declining country? Why do you think so?
Why is a generalist species going to outlast a specialist species?
Why do species tend to occupy only a realized niche, rather than the entire fundamental niche?
What are non-native species? What makes them such a threat to native species?
Draw bell curves showing: Directional, Stabilizing and Disruptive Selection.
Crush is a gnarly sea turtle, dude. A competitive (and not as totally awesome) turtle species thrives in low levels of salinity.
Show, using a bell curve, show how Crush would respond to this invasive species. What type of selection is this?
What is the difference between primary and secondary ecological succession?
What are pioneer species? Give one example and explain what it does to help life begin.
List and explain two cultural norms in third-world countries that have caused birth-rates to increase.
What was Thomas Malthus’ opinion on the population growth going on?
What is a carrying capacity (K)? What is the difference between exponential (r) and logistic (K) growth?
Chapter 3 and 4: The Sun, Half Life and Ecosystems
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How would the pine martin be able to acquire more usable energy?
List, in order, the energy flow path in which the “PINE MARTIN” [the fox toward the top] is the QUATERNARY CONSUMER. Be
sure to label the role of each organism, and the percentage of energy each trophic level will have.
As you move up a trophic level, what percentage of energy is lost? Where does this percentage of energy go? Is this
ecologically efficient?
Of the three major forms of radioactive decay, which is the worst of the three and why?
How is acid rain considered a limiting factor? How does it alter the soil (use the terms “range of tolerance” and “stress” in your
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What process do autotrophs USUALLY use to get energy? What is the formula for this?
What important role do decomposers have in the food web?
What are the four major forms of heterotrophs? What does each of them eat?
Describe the life cycle of a star. Include the names and gasses that make up the stars.
Our sun converts ______ to ______ using a process called nuclear __________.
What are the four layers of the sun from innermost to outermost? What layer of the sun can we see?
Chapter 2: Topographic Maps, Creation of Universe
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How many hills are there? How high is the highest peak? What letter is that?
What appears to be the contour interval? How do you know?
What direction is the Ert River flowing? How do you know?
Approximately how high is point D? Why can it only be approximate [use the vocabulary you have learned this chapter in your
answer]?
How are you able to tell the difference between a steep slope and a gentle slope?
What is the difference between precision and accuracy? Are you able to be precise without being accurate? What about
accurate without being precise? Provide examples for each.
What are the five steps in the Nebular Hypothesis?
What are the four layers of atmosphere and their properties?
What are the four layers of the geosphere?
10. What is Pangaea? How do tectonic plates explain why the Earth does not currently look like Pangaea?
Chapter 1: Scientific Method and the Metric System
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In an experiment there are controls and variables. What are they?
Why is it important to perform multiple trials in an experiment?
What are two major differences between a theory and a law?
Mr. Lockett’s class is the best class ever. Is this a theory or a law? How do you know?
List, in order from largest to smallest, the metric units. What do each of the base units (meter, liter, gram) measure?
Convert the following into centimeters: 45.0 dam, 2400 mm, 0.00043 hm, 0.004909 km, 245.09 m