YEAR 8 GEOGRAPHY UNIT – HUMAN GEOGRAPHY “URBAN MYTHS” Physical geography Human Geography UNIT 2 AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM YEAR 8 GEOGRAPHY: URBAN MYTHS (25 weeks/1 semester) Inquiry questions: 1. How do environmental and human processes affect the characteristics of places and environments? 2. How to the interconnections between places, people and environment affect the lives of people? 3. What are the consequences of changes to places and environments and how can these changes be managed? Unit Title: This unit focuses on the reasons for and impact of migration and urbanisation with comparative studies of Australian domestic and international migration patterns, patterns of settlement in the United States of America and the effects of urbanisation in an Asian country (Indonesia/China). GEOGRAPHICAL INQUIRY AND SKILLS K&U Explain the significance, interconnection and characteristics of places and the relationships between them. Use and apply a range of concepts related to location, distribution and pattern to describe their observations and findings and to explain the relationships between concepts. Compare perceptions of biophysical environments and the structure and functioning of biophysical environments at different scales. Explain aspects of sustainability in order to show how sustainability is related to geographical contexts. Select the focus of a geographical inquiry and develop and refine questions to inform this inquiry. Determine a purpose and scale for the inquiry, design the sequence of the inquiry and identify relevant sources. Evaluate information sources and collection methods for their capacity to provide useful information to respond to the inquiry. Process and examine data to identify patterns, trends, relationships and anomalies. Form conclusions in response to their inquiry, including evaluating alternatives and making recommendations. use geographical vocabulary, concepts and geographical conventions and develop geographical texts, including reports and oral presentations. Select key findings from their inquiry and plan for action. Achievement Standard By the end of Year 8, students explain geographical processes that influence the characteristics of places and explain how places are perceived and valued differently. They explain interconnections within environments and between people and places and explain how they change places and environments. They propose explanations for spatial distributions and patterns among phenomena and identify associations between distribution patterns. They compare alternative strategies to a geographical challenge and propose a response, taking into account environmental, economic and social factors. Students identify geographically significant questions from observations to frame an inquiry. They locate relevant information from a range of primary and secondary sources to answer inquiry questions. They represent data and the location and distribution of geographical phenomena in a range of appropriate graphic forms, including maps at different scales that conform to cartographic conventions. They analyse geographical data and other information to propose explanations for spatial patterns, trends and relationships and draw reasoned conclusions. Students present findings, arguments and ideas using relevant geographical terminology and graphic representations in a range of appropriate communication forms. They propose action in response to a geographical challenge taking account of environmental, economic and social considerations and predict the outcomes of their proposal. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Geographical Concepts Place Space Environment Interconnection Sustainability Scale Change Content Descriptions Knowledge and Understanding The causes and consequences of urbanisation, drawing on a study from Indonesia, or another country of the Asia region (ACHGK054) The differences in urban concentration and urban settlement patterns between Australia and the United States of America, and their causes and consequences (ACHGK055) The reasons for and effects of internal migration in Australia (ACHGK056) Geographical Skills and Inquiry Observing and Questioning Determine a focus for the inquiry within an area of interest, for example, make a prediction or develop a key question Develop and evaluate questions through perspectives of place, space and environment and other relevant concepts Planning, collecting and evaluating Determine a purpose and operational scale and then design the sequence of the geographical inquiry Design the inquiry and develop a plan to determine which data will be needed, and to locate this data from fieldwork, library and online research using spatial technologies, maps, statistics, photographs and other images Select appropriate geographical methodologies to collect, organise and store data, including following protocols for consultation with local Aboriginal communities and/or Torres Strait Islander communities Assess the effectiveness of methodology and suitability of collected data Processing, analysing, interpreting and concluding Select appropriate geographical methodologies to retrieve and interrogate data Analyse different sources of data to identify relationships, trends, patterns, anomalies and generalisations Assessment Suggested Assessment Tasks (as negotiated by timetabling and HOD) Comparative Multi-modal Presentation that demonstrates use of statistics and data between an Australian city and an Asian City (COLLECTION OF WORK); 3-5 minutes. Response to Stimulus Test – Short Answer Sentence and Paragraph responses demonstrating knowledge and understanding of terminology ; Labelling and Interpreting Data and Statistics The reasons for and effects of internal migration in China (ACHGK057) The reasons for and effects of international migration in Australia (ACHGK058) The management and planning of Australia’s urban future (ACHGK059) Synthesise data and develop conclusions in response to the inquiry, for example, a prediction or a key finding Propose alternatives, strategies or solutions to the inquiry and make decisions on a course of action Communicating Develop geographical texts using appropriate geographical vocabulary, concepts and geographical conventions to communicate effectively in one or more of the following forms: written, oral, visual and graphic Select appropriate methods, including the use of ICT to display data in graphs, tables, maps or statistics Reflecting and responding Reflect on the inquiry process, including a review of all methods of collection, retrieval, analysis and presentation of data, examine conclusions, and if necessary revisit earlier phases with further questions or change techniques Community Contributor Leader and Collaborator Learning Framework Cross Curricula Priorities Links to other LA’s Active Investigator Effective Communicator Catholic Ethos Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures Literacy Critical and Creative Thinking General Capabilities Select key findings from an inquiry to inform decisions on how to best respond to the question, issue or problem and where appropriate, plan for action (SUPERVISED ASSESSMENT); 45-60 minutes. Proposal for New North Western Australian City Report (RESEARCH); 500-800 words that demonstrates ability to present findings based on statistical analysis. Response to Stimulus Essay Response (SUPERVISED ASSESSMENT); up to 400 words, 60-90 minutes. Designer and Creator Quality Producer Social Emotional Learning Asia and Australia’s Engagement with Asia Numeracy Ethical Behaviour Inclusive Education Sustainability Education Information and Communication Technology Personal and Social Competence English , Mathematics, Science, Arts, MFL, History. COMMON CURRICULUM ELEMENTS Recognising letters, words and other symbols Using vocabulary appropriate to a context Structuring /organising extended written text Reaching a conclusion which is consistent with a given set of Analysing Synthesising Finding material in an indexed collection Recalling /remembering Interpreting the meaning of words or other symbols Interpreting the meaning of pictures/illustrations Interpreting the meaning of tables or diagrams or maps or graphs Translating from one form to another Using correct spelling, punctuation, grammar Summarising /condensing written text Compiling lists/statistics Recording /noting data Compiling results in a tabular form Graphing Calculating with or without calculator Estimating numerical magnitude Approximating a numerical value Substituting in formulae Setting out /presenting/ arranging/ displaying Structuring /organising a mathematical argument Explaining to others Expounding a viewpoint Empathising Comparing, contrasting Classifying Interrelating ideas/themes /issues Reaching a conclusion which is necessarily true provided a given set of assumptions is true A note on resources: While Pearson, AEF and Macmillan texts and resources are referred to here, many other publishers have produced texts that are consistent with the content descriptors of the Australian Curriculum and should be considered at school-level. assumptions Inserting an intermediate between members of a series Extrapolating Applying strategies to trial and test ideas and procedures Applying a progression of steps to achieve the required answer Generalising from information Hypothesising Criticising Judging /evaluating Creating /composing /devising Justifying Perceiving patterns Visualising Identifying shapes in two and three dimensions Searching and locating items/information Observing systematically Gesturing Manipulating /operating /using equipment Sketching /drawing Learning and Teaching Strategies Weeks 1-4 Term III Inquiry Sub-question What, When, Where, How and Why is Urbanisation? FOCUS 1 To understand the causes and consequences of urbanisation across Australian and International regions FOCUS 2 To demonstrate the economic, environmental and social advantages and disadvantages of living in large cities K&U The causes and consequences of urbanisation, drawing on a study from Indonesia, or another country of the Asia region (ACHGK054) Geographical Skills & Inquiry Observing and Questioning Planning, collecting and evaluating Processing, analysing, interpreting and concluding Communicating Reflecting and responding ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES In-class observation Student participation Student Workbook Homework Tasks Assessment Research TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Urbanisation Topics to be covered: TERMINOLOGY Population density Population distribution - Key terminology (see right) Urban area - Spatial Patterns of global growth in cities and rural areas Rural area - Impact on natural resources Urban growth - Asia Region patterns of urbanisation (using statistics and graphic representations) Urbanisation - Focus on either Indonesia or China (Pearson text China or AEF “Jakarta Faces” is a great Mega-city resource) Commute - Positive and Negative Outcomes of Urbanisation Developing World - Economic, Environmental and Demographic effects of Urbanisation Formal Economy Global Economy Use of Statistics: How do human geographers find and use data? Informal Economy Sub-questions: Infrastructure Where do human geographers gather data from? Megacity - www.abs.gov.au Push and Pull Factors What is the difference between primary and secondary data? Quality of Life What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Regional centre Sea change ASSESSMENT: Commence research journal/student record of research for Comparative Multi-modal Squatter Settlement Presentation that demonstrates use of statistics and data between an Australian city and an Asian City Standard of Living Urban Sprawl (COLLECTION OF WORK); 3-5 minutes. Urbanisation Suggested time frame – set assignment in Week 2 with a submission date in Week 5 or as decided by HOD. World City Graph Useful sites for Students to gather and compare sets of data: Data/Datum Quantitative www.nationmasters.com Qualitative Statistics http://www.statsilk.com/maps/world-stats-open-data Sample http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/geography/urban-profiles Variable RESOURCES Urbanisation Pearson Chapter 11 “Urbanisation” 11.1 World Cities 11.2 Urbanisation in Asia 11.4 Impacts of Urbanisation 11.5 Urbanisation 11.6 Impacts of Urbanisation 11.7 Urbanisation in Australia AEF “Jakarta Faces” Module http://www.asiaeducation. edu.au/curriculum_resour ces/geography/year_78_jakarta_faces/year_78_jakarta_faces.html Statistics Ch. 4 “Keys to Geography” AGTA – Macmillan Internet Sites BBC Urbanisation GCSE: http://www.bbc.co.uk/sch ools/gcsebitesize/geograp hy/urban_environments/u rbanisation_medcs_rev1.s html Australian Bureau of Statistics: www.abs.gov.au REFLECTION Learning and Teaching Strategies Week 5-8 Inquiry Sub-question What factors influence urbanisation in Australian cities and how are these factors comparative to factors influencing North American cities? FOCUS 1 To understand the causes and consequences of the concentration of Australia’s urban population in just a few cities. FOCUS 2 To describe how the pattern of urban concentration in the United States of America differs from the pattern in Australia. K&U The differences in urban concentration and urban settlement patterns between Australia and the United States of America, and their causes and consequences (ACHGK055) Geographical Skills & Inquiry Observing and Questioning Planning, collecting and evaluating Processing, analysing, interpreting and concluding Communicating Reflecting and responding TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Urbanisation Topics to be covered: Australian Population Density and Distribution - Locate Australian urban centres - Examine how population distribution and density have changed since European colonisation - Examine the physical, historic and economic factors that influenced patterns of distribution and density - Examine advantages and disadvantages of urban concentration in Australia Case Study – Perth Examine geography, population growth, ethnic diversity, infrastructure needs and related statistics to explain growth, trend changes, reasons for rapid expansion and notable changes to ethnic landscapes. Population Distribution in the USA Examine population distribution maps and statistics. Identify major centres and geographic features like climate, landforms, rivers and transport networks. Examine patterns of internal migration and suburban settlement patterns. Examine correlation between precipitation levels and population settlements. Migration to the USA Examine illegal immigration to the US and origin of predominant groups of undocumented migrants. Define the term “melting pot” and how it relates to immigration in the US. Examine destinations for migrants within the US. Why is Mexican immigration to the US declining? ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES In-class observation Student participation Student Workbook Homework Tasks Comparative MultiModal Pres (Week 5) TERMINOLOGY Exurban region Hinterland Infrastructure Internal migration Melting pot Population Density Population Distribution Urban Decay Urbanised Society RESOURCES Urbanisation Pearson Chapter 12 “Cities in Australia and the United States” 12.1 Australia’s Population Distribution 12.2 Case Study: Perth 12.3 USA’s Population Distribution 12.4 Migration to the USA 12.5 Cities in the USA 12.6 Case Study: NYC 12.7 Case Study: Las Vegas Statistics Ch. 4 “Keys to Geography” AGTA – Macmillan ABS – Australia Cities Stats Analysis Exercise (see next Cities in the USA Examine and account for the location of North American cities. Examine the rise of urban settlements in the USA and the contributing factors that determine their location (climate, landuse, geography, history). Case Studies: New York City and Las Vegas Examine the geography, history, population and neighbourhood identities of NYC. Examine the geography, origins, growth, population and role of tourism in Las Vegas. Useful Sites for USA Urbanisation Study: http://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/005/ http://www.newgeography.com/content/002799-staying-same-urbanization-america http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/urbanization http://www.statista.com/statistics/269967/urbanization-in-the-united-states/ http://www.regionalstudies.org/ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rankorderguide.html Use of Statistics – Class ICT Activity (see website link in Resources column) This classroom activity compares the size of Australia’s state capitals and develops the use of proportional symbols to represent the data. There are two opportunities for extension. For a more accurate representation of the data, proportional circles may be drawn by making calculations of the areas of a circle. A second option for extension involves the integration of the statistics into a geographic information system (GIS) in order to develop the skills of digital thematic mapping. Resources required: Map of Australia showing states and territories Tracing paper Computer and GIS software page): http://abs.gov.au/website dbs/CaSHome.nsf/4a25 6353001af3ed4b2562bb 00121564/c412f083004c 2c96ca257305007d7288 !OpenDocument www.nationmasters.com http://www.statsilk.com/ maps/world-stats-opendata ASSESSMENT: Response to Stimulus Test – Short Answer Sentence and Paragraph responses demonstrating knowledge and understanding of terminology ; Labelling and Interpreting Data and Statistics (SUPERVISED ASSESSMENT); 45-60 minutes. Suggested that only content and skills explicitly taught in Week 1-7 are covered in the exam. It is further recommended that practical revision guides reflecting the test are issued to students, a marking guide produced for teachers who may be new to teaching Geography and for clarity in moderation of marking. An opportunity for students to reflect on their study and performance process is also recommended and could perhaps feature underneath the marking rubric. REFLECTION Learning and Teaching Strategies Week 9-10/11 Inquiry Sub-question How have variations in patterns of urbanisation affected lifestyles in Australian cities? FOCUS 1 To understand the main types of international migrations FOCUS 2 To investigate the main origins and destinations of Australia’s international migrants and how these reinforce urban concentration in Australia FOCUS 3 To describe how international migration had affected Australian urban lifestyles K&U Geographical Skills & Inquiry migration in Observing and Questioning Planning, collecting and evaluating Processing, analysing, interpreting and concluding The reasons for and effects of international migration in Communicating Australia (ACHGK058) Reflecting and responding The reasons for Australia (ACHGK056) and effects In-class observation Student participation Student Workbook Homework Tasks Response to Stimulus – Short Answer Test (Week 10/11) of internal TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Urbanisation topics to be covered: International Migration - Categories of Migrants - Reasons for migration - Migrant Destinations Australian Migration - Origins of Migrants - Destinations of Settlers Australia’s Cultural Diversity - Multiculturalism - Spectrum of Cultural Impacts on Australian culture Comparative Case Study between Melbourne and Darwin (this is a good opportunity to teach the analytical skills required for the Essay Test at the end of the unit – students with specific learning needs may require adjustments/modification including but not limited to: scaffolding, graphic organisers, mindmapping, rank ordering, 1:1 clarification, school officer support with organisation, etc). N.B. It is worth noting if students are familiar with the types of graphing and statistics they will need to be ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES TERMINOLOGY Cosmopolitan Lifestyle Guest Worker Internal Migration International Migration Involuntary Migration Multicultural Society Multiculturalism Urban Consolidation Urban Decay Urban Renewal White Australia Policy RESOURCES Urbanisation Pearson Chapter 13 “Migration to Australia” 13.1 International Migration 13.2 Australian Migration 13.3 Australia’s Cultural Diversity 13.4 International Migration and Urban Lifestyles 13.5 Case Study: Melbourne 13.6 Case Study: Darwin Statistics Ch. 4 “Keys to Geography” AGTA – Macmillan able produce in addition to interpret for the upcoming report. It may be a good time at the start of the next term to do some anecdotal observations of each student to ensure they have the necessary skills to complete the task at a satisfactory level and re-teach where necessary. Useful Sites: Melbourne Lanes http://www.thatsmelbourne.com.au/placestogo/LanewaysandArcades/Pages/LanewaysandArcades.aspx Darwin’s Mindil Beach Markets - http://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/live/your-community/recreation-familieschildren-and-young-people/markets Comparison of Cost of Living between Melbourne and Darwin – http://www.numbeo.com/cost-ofliving/compare_cities.jsp?country1=Australia&city1=Darwin&country2=Australia&city2=Melbourne REFLECTION Guest Speakers from Migrant Associations/Migrant Support Services www.abs.gov.au www.nationmasters.com http://www.statsilk.com/ maps/world-stats-opendata Learning and Teaching Strategies Week 1-4 Term IV Inquiry Sub-question How are rapid urbanisation, development and redevelopment affecting life in China? FOCUS 1 What are the effects of rapid urbanisation on people in China and how has the distribution of the population changed in recent times? FOCUS 2 What impact does rapid urbanisation have on rural and city dwellers? FOCUS 3 How could ghost cities solve the problem of the shortage of affordable accommodation in China? K&U The reasons for China (ACHGK057) and effects Geographical Skills & Inquiry of internal migration in Observing and Questioning Planning, collecting and evaluating Processing, analysing, interpreting and concluding Communicating Reflecting and responding TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES In-class observation Student participation Student Workbook Homework Tasks Research for Report TERMINOLOGY Urbanisation topics to be covered: Displacement http://www.asiaeducation.edu.au/curriculum_resources/geography/year_8_urbanisation_in_china/year_ Ghost City 8_geog_urban_growth_in_china.html (Below titles are hyperlinked to the online activities) Hutong Welfare Activity 1: Rural migration and urbanisation Desolate Credit Students investigate the mass movement of rural migrants to the cities, the impact of rapid growth and expansion of cities across China, and present a graphical representation of the data. ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES RESOURCES Urbanisation AEF Module “Urbanisation in China” This module examines the rapid urbanisation, development and redevelopment that is Activity 2: Adjusting to city living Students explore the displacement of rural migrants and city dwellers and conduct a news interview with a city resident affected by displacement. Activity 3: Finding housing solutions Students investigate the building of ghost cities in China and the millions of apartments that remain empty. Students present their ideas about the use of ghost cities as a possible solution to the acute shortage of accommodation. Activity 4: Reflection Students reflect on what they have learned about the massive urbanisation taking place in China and some of the ensuing problems and planning required for rural migration, unemployment and rapid urbanisation. Each activity has an accompanying set of supporting materials as follows: China's internal migration Impact of urbanisation on people Ghost cities and empty apartments Addition Resources as suggested by AEF (in Teachers’ Notes): Learning Fundamentals: resources – works of Jane Genovese, an Australian graphic artist, who created popular infographics that are available online 4 Simple Online Infographic Generators – many images to assist in the design of infographics Hutong – Wikipedia definition and description of hutongs China's ghost towns – article with satellite images about the sprawling and desolate ghost cities and the abundant accommodation not being used (from Mail Online) Reporter's Notebook – strategies about how to structure information from Harvard's Visible Thinking Routines Urban Development and Destruction of the Old Neighbourhoods in China – information about impact of destruction of hutongs and the disappearance of an old way of life Videos Urban Migration in China – Infographic Animation – YouTube video animation from The Economist showing growth of urban centres from rural migration by Guy Thompson and Guy Hunter, VertigoMotionDesign The largest migration in history – YouTube videographic from The Economist showing the acceleration of urban population growth and rural migration across China from the 1980s occurring in many parts of China. Students will gain insights into the impact on rural migrants having to adjust to life in big cities and the displacement of many city dwellers due to rapid building development. Students will focus on people and some of the issues people face through conducting a mock interview and presenting possible solutions to accommodation shortages. Statistics Ch. 4 “Keys to Geography” AGTA – Macmillan Guest Speakers from Migrant Associations/Migrant Support Services www.abs.gov.au www.nationmasters.com http://www.statsilk.com/ maps/world-stats-opendata Urbanisation in China – YouTube video from The Economist tracing the impact on rural and city populations arising from rapid urbanisation in China Urban Migration for Young Chinese on the Rise – YouTube video showing the difficulties faced by Ahong, a 21 year-old hairdresser from a rural village who has worked his way up to become a stylist in a trendy hair salon Walk through a Beijing Hutong – YouTube video showing the streets and buildings in a traditional hutong China's Ghost Cities – YouTube video about the rise of uninhabited and desolate ghost cities across China, from SBS Dateline by Analyst Gillum Tulloch Comparative Case Study between Melbourne and Darwin (this is a good opportunity to teach the analytical skills required for the Essay Test at the end of the unit – students with specific learning needs may required adjustments/modification including but not limited to: scaffolding, graphic organisers, mindmapping, rank ordering, 1:1 clarification, school officer support with organisation, etc). ASSESSMENT: Commence research research journal/student record of research for Proposal for New Australian City Report (RESEARCH); 500-800 words that demonstrate ability to present findings based on statistical analysis and depth of knowledge and understanding of the impact of urbanisation. For many students, this may be their first opportunity to experience writing a formal report. It may be worth explicitly teaching the expectations of the genre. The requirements for writing reports can be found here, but may need to be previewed and refashioned in order to reach students. https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/pdfs/2_assessmenttasks/super_report.pdf Suggested time frame – set assignment in Week 4 with a submission date in Week 8 or as decided by HOD. REFLECTION Learning and Teaching Strategies Week 5-9 Inquiry Sub-question How is studying the nature and patterns of urbanisation useful in planning for the future? FOCUS 1 To describe the factors that influence population movements in Australia FOCUS 2 To understand how the mining boom has influenced the distribution of the Australian population FOCUS 3 To investigate two mining locations in Australia K&U The reasons for Australia (ACHGK056) and effects Geographical Skills & Inquiry of internal The management and planning of Australia’s urban future (ACHGK059) migration in Observing and Questioning Planning, collecting and evaluating Processing, analysing, interpreting and concluding Communicating Reflecting and responding TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Urbanisation topics to be covered: Australia’s Economic Transformation Australia: internal migrations Case Study: The mobility of Indigenous Australians Australia’s Mining Boom ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES In-class observation Student participation Student Workbook Homework Tasks New North Western Australian City Proposal – Report (Week 8) Response to Stimulus – Essay Test (Week 9) TERMINOLOGY Basin Counter-urbanisation Exurbanisation Industrial Revolution Nomadic Primary Sector RESOURCES Urbanisation Pearson Chapter 14 “Mining and Population Changes” 14.1 Australia’s Economic Impacts on Regional Australia Case Study: Bowen Basin Case Study: North West Shelf Productivity Regional Australia Sea Changer Seam Secondary Sector Assessment Skills: Service Sector - Explicit Teaching of Report Genre and Style Requirements; Explicit Teaching of Essay Genre Songlines Requirements in Essay Conditions Tree Changer Weightless Economy N.B. It is worth consulting with your HOD and/or Senior Geography Teachers to ensure expectations are consistent from 7-12. http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-188_t-634_c-2354/writing-a-report/nsw/writing-a-report/geographyskills/putting-it-down-on-paper ASSESSMENT: a) Continue with research research journal/student record of research for Proposal for New Australian City Report (RESEARCH); 500-800 words that demonstrate ability to present findings based on statistical analysis and depth of knowledge and understanding of the impact of urbanisation. For many students, this may be their first opportunity to experience writing a formal report. It may be worth explicitly teaching the expectations of the genre. The requirements for writing reports can be found here, but may need to be previewed and refashioned in order to reach students. https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/pdfs/2_assessmenttasks/super_report.pdf Suggested time frame – set assignment in Week 3 with a submission date in Week 8 or as decided by HOD. b) Response to Stimulus Essay Response (SUPERVISED ASSESSMENT); up to 400 words, 60-90 minutes. Students are given access to the stimulus 24 hours prior to the exam. The exam consists of a choice of questions from which students must make only ONE selection and answer in essay format up to 400 words, referring to information in the stimulus material. Adjustments/Modifications may be required for students. REFLECTION Transformation 14.2 Australia: internal migrations 14.3 Case Study: The mobility of Indigenous Australians 14.4 Australia’s Mining Boom 14.5 Impacts on Regional Australia 14.6 Case Study: Bowen Basin 14.7 Case Study: North West Shelf Statistics Ch. 4 “Keys to Geography” AGTA – Macmillan Guest Speakers from Mining Companies/Support and Service Industries http://www.miningaustrali a.com.au/home