Anatomy & Physiology 2013-2014
Final Exam Study Guide
 Histology is the study of tissue
 An example of metabolic waste is an increased rate of breathing as a result of
an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
 In terms of homeostasis regarding your home air conditioner, the wall
thermostat would be the control center.
 The main purpose of negative feedback is to maintain homeostasis.
 Coxal is the specific name for the hip region.
 The heart lies in the pericardial cavity.
 A structure composed of 2 or more structures is referred to as an organ.
 Synovial cavities are spaces located within joints.
 Dorsal refers to back of the body, or behind.
 Water is the single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting
for 60% to 80% of body weight.
 Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within
the body.
 The anatomical position is characterized by body erect, arms at sides, palms
turned anteriorly and thumbs pointed laterally.
 Enhancement of labor contractions would be a good example of positive
feedback.
 The intestines are found in the left iliac region.
 The parietal pleura is the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity,
 The nervous system responds to environmental stimuli.
 Levels of Organization: subatomic particles →atoms → molecules →
organelles→cells→tissues→organs→organ systems
 The stomach is located in the left upper abdominopelvic cavity.
 The thumb is referred to as pollex.
 Irritability is a functional characteristic of life. It is sensing changes in the
environment and then reacting or responding to them.
 Nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen are survival needs of the
body.
 Anatomical position is used as a standard reference point for directional terms
regardless of the actual position of the body.
 Sagittal plane is the vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and
right halves.
 Frontal plane is the vertical section dividing it into anterior and posterior
regions.
 Cardiovascular anatomy describes the operation of the heart and blood
vessels.
 Sodium (Na) is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses.
 The genetic information is coded in DNA by the sequence of nucleotides.
 Collagen is single most abundant protein in the body.
 Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen.
 Coenzymes are organic molecules derived from vitamins.
 Salts are always ionic compounds.
 pH 0-6 acidic pH 7 – neutral pH 8-14 basic
 All organic molecules are made up of carbon.
 Polysaccharides are long chains of simple sugars.
 HCO3 is a bicarbonate ion.
 DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
 Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their
atomic masses.
 Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen are the four elements that make up about
96% of body matter.
 Vitamin D is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation,
and necessary for normal bone growth and function.
 Atomic number is the number of protons in an element.
 Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell-O® and cytosol.
 Sucrose is a disaccharide.
 In the generation of membrane potential, both potassium and sodium ions can
"leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion.
 tRNA is responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for
protein formation.
 A red blood cell placed in pure water would swell and burst.
 The plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell. It is
selectively permeable, It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and
recognition and It encloses the cell contents.
 Microvilli are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface
of cells.
 A cell will lose water and shrink if it is placed in a hypertonic solution
containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable.
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the main mechanism for the movement of
most macromolecules by body cells.
 A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide
chain.
 Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in a hypertonic solution.
 The function of the root hair plexus is to allow the hair to assist in touch
sensation.
 Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.
 Nutrition and hormones are the most important factors influencing hair
growth.
 In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin converts
modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium
metabolism.
 Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because eyebrow
follicles are only active for a few months.
 Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of fat.
 The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the osteoblast.
 A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the diaphysis.
 The epiphyseal plate in the diaphysis of the bone allows it to increase in
length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces.
 Hyaline is the most abundant skeletal cartilage type.
 An osteon is the structural unit of compact bone.
 Sharpey’s Fibers are a dense connective tissue that secures the periosteum to
the underlying bone.
 Blood vessels and nerves run through the core of each osteon (the Haversian
canal).
 Spongy bones are made up of a framework called trabeculae.
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The ilium forms the largest portion of the coxal bone.
The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage make up the axial skeleton.
The atlas is the only vertebra that does not have a body.
The sagittal suture connects the two parietal bones together.
The hyoid is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other
bone.
The lumbar region is the part of the vertebral column that receives the most
stress by bearing most of the weight of the body.
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have facets for
attachment of ribs.
The antebrachium is composed of the ulna and radius.
The pelvic girdle includes the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The fibula is not a weight bearing bone.
The heel bone is called the calcaneus.
The obturator foramen is the largest foramen in the body.
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to provide a
smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints.
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of hyperextension.
Moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal
plane is abduction.
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the foot.
Pointing the toes is an example of plantar flexion.
The joint between the frontal and parietal bones is called a suture joint.
The hip joint, like the shoulder joint, is a ball and socket joint.
The movement performed when bending the elbow is flexion.
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding
sites on the actin molecules.
Smooth muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate.
Excitation-contraction coupling requires Ca2+ and ATP.
Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the structure in skeletal muscle cells that
functions in calcium storage.
The arrangement of myofilaments produces the striations of a skeletal muscle
cell.
 Thick filaments are composed of myosin.
 During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to actin filament
active sites.
 Endomysium surrounds the individual muscle cell.
 A sarcomere is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle.
 The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to bind to regulatory sites on
troponin to remove contraction inhibition.
 In an isotonic contraction, the muscle changes in length and moves the "load".
 The muscle cell membrane is called the sarcolemma.
 The correct sequence of events for muscle contraction is as follows: motor
neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential,
release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of
myofilaments.
 Muscle tissue has the following properties; contractility, extensibility,
excitability.
 Muscle tone is a state of sustained partial contraction.
 The sliding filament model of contraction involves actin and myosin sliding
past each other and partially overlapping.
 The motor end plate contains acetylcholine receptors.
 Only skeletal muscle cells are always multinucleated.
 The total number of muscle cells available for contraction is the main factor
that determines the power of a muscle.
 There are over 600 muscles in the body.
 A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a
synergist.
 The Diaphragm is the major muscle for breathing.
 Triceps brachii is a powerful forearm extensor.
 The masseter is the main chewing muscle.
 Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons
innervating skeletal muscle.
 The following describes the nervous system integrative function; analyzes
sensory information, stores information, makes decisions.
 The axon is the part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell
body.
 An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the
synapse.
 The role of acetylcholinesterase is to destroy ACh a brief period after its
release by the axon endings.
 Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called
ganglia.
 The Central Nervous System refers to brain and spinal cord.
 Graded potentials are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that
can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized.
 The brain stem consists of the midbrain, medulla, and pons.
 The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.
 A sulcus is a shallow groove on the surface of the cortex.
 Spinal cord may be affected if the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to
develop properly.
 The hypothalamus is the thermostat of the body because it regulates
temperature.
 The hippocampus is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left
areas are damaged, the past is lost.
 Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are afferent nerves.
 A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following
signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and
the corner of his mouth droops. The cranial nerve that has been damaged is
the facial nerve.
 A complete loss of voluntary movement would result if the ventral root of a
spinal nerve were cut.
 The sympathetic division is often casually referred to as the fight-or-flight
system.
 Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that
regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called hormones.
 Steroid hormones exert their action by entering the nucleus of a cell and
initiating or altering the expression of a gene.
 The liver is affected by thyroid hormone in adults.
 Steroids are hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
 As red blood cells age their membranes "wear out" and the cells become
damaged.
 All leukocytes are nucleated.
 Blood plasma is about 90% water.
 If a person is AB positive, there are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens
in the plasma.
 Blood is a suspension.
 The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to
pump blood with greater pressure.
 Norepinephrine acts on the heart by causing threshold to be reached more
quickly.
 The correct statement regarding the function of myocardial cells is the entire
heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
 Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles have gap junctions that allow
it to act as a functional syncytium.
 The morning time of day most hazardous for heart attacks.
 If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker
cells so that sodium influx is more rapid threshold is reached more quickly
and heart rate would increase.
 The three main factors influencing blood pressure are cardiac output,
peripheral resistance and blood volume.
 Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
 Blood flow to the skin increases when environmental temperature rises.
 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium are involved directly in
pulmonary circulation.
 The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called arterioles.
 Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
 Arteriosclerosis can cause secondary hypertension.
 Lymph nodes are small organs associated with lymphatic vessels.
 Functions of the spleen include removal of old or defective blood cells from
the blood, storage of blood platelets, and storage of iron.
 The loudness of a person's voice depends on the force with which air rushes
across the vocal folds.
 Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than
the pressure in the atmosphere.
 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell
membranes by diffusion.
 Alveoli provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange.
 Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the
ciliated mucous lining in the nose.
 The function of the goblet cells is to produce mucus that protects parts of the
digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food
digestion.
 A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains
cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is bile.
 When you eat fatty foods, the pancreas would be active in helping you to
digest this food.
 The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the
following to occur bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the
fat in the duodenum.
 Adrenal gland sits atop each kidney.
 Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it inhibits the release of ADH.
 Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.
 The longest portion of the small intestine is the ileum.