Visual observations and analysis
Structure no.
Structure table
1
Colour
0201Dark
blue.
Section 6.
Plahter 1972
Kollandsrud 2009/2013
UV observations
SEM-EDX
by atomic weight %1
No fluorescence observed. 3. Dirt
Field 12; Si, Ca, (S, Pb, P,
Cl,) ((Cu, Fe, Al, K)).
Concluding remarks
3. Dirt layer
(?) at the top.
2. Azurite
2. Blue paint
with a small
Field 4; blue layer: Cu, Pb,
amount of
Si, ((Ca)). Field 3; lower
lead white.
edge: Si, Fe, Ca, Mg, ((Pb,
Silicate
Cu, P)). Spot 5; darker area:
particles
Pb, Ca, (K, Fe). Spot 6; white identified. The
lead particle: Pb, Cu. Spot 7: presence of
Si, Al, K, (Cu, Pb), (Ti, Fe,
iron could be
Mg, As). Spot 9; silicate
an impurity or
particle: Si, ((Cu)). Spot 10:
contamination.
Pb, Cu, Ba. Spot 11; copper
particle: Cu.
1. Red lead.
Possibly with
1. Red layer:
Field 2; Pb, Cl, P, S, ((Ca,
bone white and
Cu)).
chalk added as
filler. No iron
detected in the
layer.
2
0202
Blue
from leaf to
the left of the
face.
4. Thin layer of surface dirt 4. No fluorescence.
or conservation medium (?).
3. Greyish (dirt or wax?).
3. The fluorescence tends
more towards yellow.
3. Darker area towards the
top:
2. Fluorescence quite
strong (whitish?).
2. Light blue layer
2. Azurite mixed with lead
Field 2; light blue: Cu, Pb.
white.2
Small field 3: Cu, Pb, (Ca).
Spot 6; large particle: Al, Cl,
Pb, (Na, Si, K, Cu, S), ((Ca)).
Section 5.
2. White layer with lots of
blue pigments + some red
particles. Dissolves in KOH
10% (oil?). Cu detected.
Birefringent crystals.
2. Thick layer with white
and blue particles. Looks
like azurite. Some red
particles (pyritt).
4. Dirt.
3. Greyish layer with
transparent particles.
Field 5: Cl, Si, Ca, (S, K, Al). Broken down surface of
layer 2?
1. Red layer. (Fine particles,
reddish brown) Red ochre?
With some darker particles.
1. Very thin, fine and
evenly ground red layer.
Some transparent particles –
silicates?
1. Red ground
Field 4; Fe, Ca, Mg, (Pb),
((Cl, K, P)).
.
4
0301
Blue (?)
Section 9.
9
3. Dirt layer:
Point 6; Si, Al, K, (Fe),
((Mg,(P)).
2. Light bluegreen layer:
Field 1; Cu, Si, Pb, Fe,
((Ca, Cl)). Point 3; white
lead particle: Pb. Point 5;
copper particle: Cu, Pb,
(Cl).
1. Red ground:
Field 2; Fe, Si, Ca, (Pb),
((Mg, Al, Cl, P, Cu)). Point
4; large particle: Si.
1. Hematite mixed with chalk
and red lead.
3
0301
Green.
Section 7b.
2. Green.
1. Red ground.
No
2. Green layer:
Field 4: Cu, Pb (Cl, K).
Field 5; a ‘dip’ towards the
bottom of the layer: Ca, Si,
Fe, (Pb, S, Cl, P, Mg, K,
Al). Spot 9. Lead white
particle: Pb, Fe, (Cl, Ca).
Spot 10: Cu.
1. Red ground:
Field 3: Fe, Ca, Si, Pb, Cl),
((Cu, Al)). Field 2; towards
the bottom of the layer: Si,
Fe, (S, Ca). Spot 6. Silicate
particle: Si. Spot 8: Cu, Fe,
(Pb, Ca).
2. Copper green
with addition of
lead white and a
bit of chalk
added.
1. Based on
hematite with
silicate
impurities with
additions of
chalk and red
lead.
5
0401
Yellow from
the back.
Section 8.
The sample has
not been
analysed. The
red ground layer
is lacking in the
sample.
5
0401
Yellow from
the back
Loose
fragment
with black
outline.
Section 10.
4. Black outline:
Field 4: Ca, As, Cl, Pb, S,
(K, Cu). Field 5: Ca, As,
Cl, S, Pb, K, (Cu). Point
10; lead particle: Pb, Cl,
(As, Ca), ((K)). Point 11;
orpiment particle: S, As,
((K, Cu, Ca)).
3. Yellow orpiment:
Field 3: S, As, Ca, (P, Pb),
((Si, Cl)). Point 9; Yellow
orpiment particle: S, Hg,
((Ca, As)).
2. Red ground:
Field 1: Fe, Ca, (Si, Pb),
((Cl, Al)). Field 2: Fe, Ca,
(Si, Pb). ((Cu, As, Br)).
Point 6; lead white particle:
Pb, Cl, P, Ca, (Fe), ((As,
K)). Point 7; dark hematite
particle: Fe, Ca, ((As, Pb,
Cu, Cl)). Point 8; lead
white particle: Pb, (Fe).
Black outline on
5
040?
From the
support.
Section 11.
2. Yellow layer:
Field 2; orpiment: S, As,
Ca, Pb, (P), ((K)).
1. Red ground:
Field 1: S, As, Ca, (P, Pb),
((K, Si, Al, Cl)). Point 3:
Pb, As, Cl, S, (K, Ca).
__
Field 4; Plastoverflate
mellom de to pigmenterte
lagene?: S, Cl, Ca, Na, K,
(Si, As).
5
0401:
Yellow from
the back.
Section 1.
6
0602
Yellow in
figures left
arm (under
red dot).
4. Black?
3. Yellow (orpiment?)
2. Red.
1. Wood.
Small field 3; towards the
top: Ca, ((Si, Na, Cl, Al, Ti,
S, Zn, K). Spot 4: ((Si, Ca,
S, Al, K, Cl, P, Fe)). Field
5; lighter area in EDX: Ca,
((Si, Cl, Al, K)). Spot 2: Si.
Mostly dirt and
chalk in the
analysis. Yellow
orpiment to be
expected, but not
identified in the
layer: top layer
seem to be
missing.
6. Orange/red finely ground
particles mixed with shiny red
particles with the addition of
some white.
5. Red dot on top.
5. Red layer:
Field 2: Ca, S, Hg, Pb, (Cl).
Spot 7 and 8; Red
vermilion particles: S, Hg.
Spot 9: Ca, Pb, (Cl, Hg, S).
5. Red lead and
calcium with
some vermilion
particles added.
5. Grey layer with strongly
reflecting particles. Silver?
Paint?).
4. Tin foil.
4. Tin foil:
Field 4: Sn, Cl, Pb, Cu.
Spot 11: Sn, (Pb, S).
4. Tin foil. The
foil is well
preserved and
un-corroded in
the sample.
Section 3.
Spot 10; top of the layer –
just under the tin: Sn, Ca,
(Cl, Pb).
4. Transparent yellowish layer.
Bluish tendency in UV)
3. Medium rich (oil?)
layer.
3. Darker yellowish layer.
Divides our as a dark layer in
UV. Orpiment (?)
2. Gulaktig lag m. enkelte røde
pigmenter + noen hvite korn.
2. Yellow mordant layer
under the tin foil:
Field 6; bottom under
crack: Pb, Fe, (As, Ca),
((Cl)). Spot 17; in the side
of the crack: Pb, As, ((Fe,
Cu)). Spot 18; white lead
particle; field lower part
under the crack: Pb. Spot
13: Ca, Pb, Fe, (P), ((Cl,
Cu)). Spot 14: Pb, S, As,
((Cl, Fe, Ca)).
Spot 15: Pb, Fe, Cl, ((As,
Si)). Spot 16; just above the
tin layer: Pb, Cl, Ca, ((Fe)).
1. Red ground.
2. Orpiment with
some addition of
hematite. Lead
white added?
The smart map
seems to indicate
that the top of
the layer is more
iron rich than the
bottom.
1. The smart map
seems to indicate
that the very thin
red line at the
bottom is iron
rich. Possibly
remnants of the
red hematite rich
ground.
Red from the
back: Right
side by the
plug from the
lower flat
profile of the
bow.
2. Red (Cao?).
1. Wood.
The section may
show the reddish
ground only.
Section 2.
0602
Organic red
Organic red has
not been
observed.
0801
Not observed
Brown
9
0901
Black
See image and analyses 0401.
All lines are
delineated.
Delineation
10
10
1000
White
-
No white
structures found
as colour apart
from flesh colour
where it is wetin-wet modelled
with what is
probably
vermilion.
11
1101
Flesh colour
Section 4.
3. yellowish (wax, dirt?).
2. White.
1. Red (fine particles,
redbrown with some m____
particles.) Red ochre?
3. Dirt.
2. White flesh paint:
Field 1: Pb, Cl. Point 7;
lead white particle: Pb.
Point 11; darker area: Cl,
Pb, K, Na, (Ca, Si), ((Al)).
1. Red ground
Field 2: Ca, Fe, Pb, Cl, P,
(S, K), ((Si, Na)). Point 5;
Low in the red layer: S, K,
Pb, (Fe, Cl, Ca,) ((Na, Ti,
Si)). Point 6: Pb, K, Cl,
((Na, Ca, Si)).
12
1102
Flesh colour:
Darker
avtoning.
13
1200
Tin foil
Section 3.
Visual
examination.
See analysis section 0602
Lag nr.
Snitt nr.
1 Yellow at the back.
2 The back: Right side by
the plug: under the flat
bowed profile.
3 From the figures left arm
(with a red red dot on top
of it).
4 Flesh colour.
5 Blue leaf to the left of
the face.
7
6. RED: yellowish red
finely ground particles with
some shiny red and also
white particles among
them.
6
5. GREY: strong light
reflecting particles.
Silver(paint?).
5
4. YELLOW(ISH)
transparent. Whitish in
UV.
4
3. Darker yellowish layer.
Greyish (Dirt? wax?).
3. Greyish (Dirt? wax?).
2. YELLOWISH layer with
some red pigment
particles and some white
particles. Divides out like
a dark layer in UV –
orpiment?
White.
2. White layer with lots of
blue pigments + some
red. White layer with lots
of blue pigments + some
red. Dissolves in KOH
10% (oil?). Cu detected.
Birefringent crystals.
1. RED thin layer.
Red: finely ground,
redbrown with some
darker particles). Red
1. Red layer. finely
ground, redbrown with
som darker particles). Red
3
YELLOW (orpiment?).
2
RED.
Red CaO.
ochre?
1
Wood.
ochre?
Wood.
Literature
Christensen, M.C. (2006) Painted wood from the eleventh century: examination of the Hørning plank, Medieval painting in Northern Europe.
Techniques, analysis, art history. Studies in commemoration of the 70th birthday of Unn Plahter, eds. J. Nadolny with K. Kollandsrud, M.L.
Sauerberg and T. Frøysaker, Archetype, London 35–42.
Binski, P., Zutski, P. and Panayotova, S. (eds.) (2011) Western Illuminated Manuscripts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hohler, E.B. (1999) Norwegian stave church sculpture, 2 vols., Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Kollandsrud, K. (1994) Krusifiks fra Haug kirke. Undersøkelser og behandling, Varia 27, Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Oslo.
Plahter, U. (1990) ‘Capital-lion from Vossestrand in Norway; an investigation of the polychromy’, in: Pigments et colorants de l'Antiquité et du
Moyen Age: teinture, peinture, enluminure, études historiques et physico-chimiques, colloque international du CNRS. Département des sciences
de l'homme et de la société [et] Département de la chimie, Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique: 273–281.
Hohler, E. B. (1999). Norwegian stave church sculpture. Oslo, Scandinavian University Press, Vol. II: 45, Ill. 34. What about Hof, Solør in Hedmark?
Fig. 1: Harness bow/saddle. Polychrome wood. C.35131. Largest dimensions (h x b x d): 526 x 617 x 50 mm, now in Kulturhistorisk museum,
UiO.
Fig. 2. Stave church portal from Hedmark I,
Fig. 3. Chair from Hol, now in KHM C.17802.
Fig. 4. Chair from Skrautvål, now in KHM C.1162.
Fig. 5. Portal lion, Vossestrand. Now in Nordiska museet, Stockholm.
Fig. 6. Harness bow, Kat no.? Provenance, Sweden.
Beskrivelse fra gjenstandsdatabasen: utskåret med innskrevne, utbroderte palmetter og bladverk, og ved at flatens rankeverk går ut fra stilker som
holdes av en sentralt plassert, sittende, kappekledt og bekronet person, øyensynlig en konge.
Konserveringstilstand
Treverket er tidligere angrepet av et trespisende innsekt. Treverket er i enkelte deler gjennomboret av ganger og har utflyvningshull på store deler
av gjenstanene. Gjenstandens overflate fremstår nå relativt blank og lysreflekterende som gir en effekt som overflaten på nypussede sko. Dette er
forårsaket av et tykt lag voksbasert overflatebehandling/rester etter tidligere voksbehandling på overflaten. Belegget er mykt og ’skorpeaktig’.
Det ligger mye igjen nede i fordypninger. Det løses kun delvis i white-spirit. Det er meget brunt og misfarget. Det ligger flere steder i brune
"kaker" og det har samlet seg mer nede i fordypningene i skjæringen. Spor i denne voksen, særlig nede i trange fordypninger, ser ut til at man har
skjøvet/fjernet voks med et avrundet men spisst verktøy som tuppen av en bambuspinne. Enkelte steder ligger voksen som et lokk med luftrom
mellom voks og original overflate.
Det er enkelte små biter feilplassert i dette brune skorpeaktige laget. Det forteller at polykromien var løs da dette laget ble påført. Det gjør det
også utfordrende å fjerne laget helt. Dette er også
Det var nødvendig å tynne/fjerne deler av dette laget for å få et inntrykk/tilgang til fragmentene av farge nedenunder.
The red ground has covered the whole object.
Overflaten er i partier preget av utflyvningshull fra et eldre insektsangrep. De er flere steder fylt av eldre overflatebehandling – både brunlig og
klare voks.
Det virker som om det er to påføringer. Denne er helt brun og skorpeaktiv, mens det også er klarere renere voks som ser ut til å ligge på denne.
Det er den brune som er mest fremtredende og som skjemmer mest og er påført over hele gjenstanden. Det ligger rester i alle fordypninger.
Karakteristisk med den lille gripekloen til ranken.
1
% Atom weight with the following references: ≥ 25, ≥15, ≥ 5, ≥ (5)
Anaysed in Jeol JSM-840 SEM with EDX INCA software; The Microanalysis Suite – Issue 16.
2
The large particle (6). Could it be an impurity connected with an aluminium sodium natrium salt or as added to a conservation medium? Det er mulig å tilføre alun til
gjenstanden ved å tilsette det i en limløsning. Dette er en velkjent håndverksmetode da det bl.a gjør limet mindre hygroskopisk og tykner det. En slik tilsetting av alun
mistenkes på flere gjenstander i KHMs samlinger. I en sur løsning vil alun løses som aluminiumhydroksyd-, kalium, og svovelioner. Se Kollandsrud 1994: 94, 95.