Online Resource 3 Supplementary Figure Captions and Table Supplementary Figure Captions Fig. S1 Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of 78 DNA polymerase sequences built using PhyML The aligned sequences used to build the tree were derived from the full-length one where columns with >10% gaps were removed. Numbers at the branch points indicate percent bootstrap values. This tree is unrooted. Fig. S2 Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of 78 DNA polymerase sequences built using MEGA6 Numbers at the branch points indicate percent bootstrap values. (a) The tree was built based on aligned sequences where gap-containing sites were removed, except for polymerase domains (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII) conserved among B-family DNA polymerases. The sequence names are those listed in Table S1. (b) Schematic representation of Homo sapiens DNA polymerase α showing the seven polymerase domains that were left after removing the gap-containing sites. The sequences used in the construction of phylogenetic tree contained 419 amino acid residues. (c) Summary of the MEGA6 phylogenetic tree. Numbers at the branch points indicate percent bootstrap values. Groups with bootstrap values <60% were not individually considered. α, eukaryotic pol-α; ε, eukaryotic pol-ε; δ, eukaryotic pol-δ; ζ, eukaryotic pol-ζ; AdenoV, adenoviruses; PoxV, poxviruses; ChlorellaV, chlorella viruses; MimiV, mimivirus; MegaV, megaviruses; PandoraV, pandoraviruses; and PithoV, pithovirus. Fig. S3 Phylogenetic tree constructed by Bayesian inference analysis using PhyloBayes Tree was reconstructed based on an alignment where all gap-containing sites were removed. The sequence names are those listed in Table S1. 1 Table S1 Accession numbers of the 78 DNA polymerase sequences used in this study Accession No. Sequence names as used in Figs. 2a, 3, and Figs S2a, and S3. AFM52356 B-family DNA polymerase partial Megavirus terra1 AFM52364 B-family DNA polymerase partial Megavirus courdo5 AEX61758 DNA polymerase Megavirus courdo7 YP_003986825 DNA polymerase Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus YP_003970183 putative DNA-dependent DNA polymerase family B Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-PW1 YP_008052566 DNA polymerase Phaeocystis globosa virus AGE58955 DNA polymerase Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus OR0704.2.2 AGE57130 DNA polymerase Acanthocystis turfacea Chlorella virus NE-JV-3 YP_008436920 B-family DNA polymerase Pandoravirus salinus YP_008318996 b-family DNA polymerase Pandoravirus dulcis AAB67116 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase homolog Feldmannia species virus CAA43922 DNA polymerase III calatytic subunit Saccharomyces cerevisiae NP_001190611 DNA polymerase delta subunit 1 Arabidopsis thaliana XP_003864005 DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit putative Leishmania donovani CAA61369 DNA polymerase delta Drosophila melanogaster XP_005991045 PREDICTED: DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit Latimeria chalumnae AAA35768 DNA polymerase delta Homo sapiens NP_035261 DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit Mus musculus YP_009000951 DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit Pithovirus sibericum AAA46008 polymerase Human herpesvirus 5 BAE19749 DNA polymerase UL30 Human herpesvirus 1 YP_401712 DNA polymerase Human herpesvirus 4 XP_003861052 DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit putative Leishmania donovani P14284 RecName: Full DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit AltName: FullProtein Reversionless 3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) BAC82450 catalytic subunit of polymerase zeta Arabidopsis thaliana AAG30224 DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit Drosophila melanogaster XP_005990939 PREDICTED: DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit isoform X1 Latimeria chalumnae AAG09402 DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit variant 1 Homo sapiens 2 NP_035394 DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit Mus musculus P09884 RecName: Full DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit AltName: Full DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit p180 (Homo sapiens) NP_032918 DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit Mus musculus XP_006003459 PREDICTED: DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit Latimeria chalumnae NP_536736 DNA polymerase alpha 180kD Drosophila melanogaster NP_201511 DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit Arabidopsis thaliana AAC47538 DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit Leishmania donovani CAA90524 DNA polymerase I Saccharomyces cerevisiae YP_687101 putative DNA-directed DNA polymerase B Methanocella arvoryzae MRE50 ACB07943 DNA polymerase B region Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum OPF8 WP_011011325 DNA polymerase Pyrococcus furiosus AAA72443 DNA polymerase Methanococcus voltae NP_614322 B family DNA polymerase Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 WP_010878004 DNA polymerase Archaeoglobus fulgidus WP_011849732 DNA polymerase Pyrobaculum calidifontis WP_012186387 DNA polymerase Caldivirga maquilingensis WP_011752067 DNA polymerase Thermofilum pendens WP_011998098 DNA polymerase Ignicoccus hospitalis WP_011839179 DNA polymerase Staphylothermus marinus WP_011822063 DNA polymerase Hyperthermus butylicus WP_010902345 DNA polymerase Halobacterium salinarum NP_279569 DNA polymerase B1 Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 YP_502623 DNA polymerase B region Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1 NP_542554 putative DNA-dependent DNA polymerase Halorubrum phage HF2 BAA75662 DNA polymerase Aeropyrum pernix AAB53090 DNA polymerase Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 BAJ48658 DNA polymerase I Candidatus Caldiarchaeum subterraneum AAB94881 DNA polymerase partial Cenarchaeum symbiosum AFS82883 DNA polymerase I Candidatus Nitrosopumilus sp.AR2 EGG42460 DNA polymerase I Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia SFB1 NP_172303 DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A Arabidopsis thaliana XP_003865021 DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit putative Leishmania donovani AAA88711 DNA polymerase II Saccharomyces cerevisiae NP_524462 DNA polymerase epsilon Drosophila melanogaster 3 NP_035262 DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A Mus musculus NP_006222 DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A Homo sapiens XP_005993379 PREDICTED: DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A Latimeria chalumnae NP_048107 ORF MSV036 putative DNA polymerase Choristoneura biennis entomopox virus DPOL homolog (vaccinia E9L) similar to SW:P30319 Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus NP_039057 DNA polymerase Fowlpox virus YP_004821396 DNA polymerase Yoka poxvirus NP_042094 DNA polymerase Variola virus AAB59829 DNA polymerase Vaccinia virus ADX22900 DNA polymerase Monkeypox virus NP_203396 CUN091 putative dnapolymerase similar to AcMNPV ORF65 Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus NP_148895 ORF111 DNAPOL Cydia pomonella granulovirus YP_025135 DNA polymerase Neodiprion serifer nucleopolyhedrovirus AGH58206 polymerase Gull adenovirus YP_004123738 polymerase Murine adenovirus 2 ABK59062.1 polymerase Human adenovirus 37 YP_006272954.1 polymerase Chimpanzee adenovirus Y25 4 Fig. S1 5 Fig. S2a 6 Fig. S2b Fig. S2c 7 8 Fig. 3 9