Cathy Marziali
EDUC 8840 Timeline Project
Color Key
Strand 1:
Strand 2:
Strand 3:
The Three Technology Business
&
Waves
Corporate
Developments
Strand 4:
Educational
Theories of
Learning &
Instruction
Strand 5:
Strand 6:
Nature of Political
Society & Influences
Culture
8000 AD-1750
The
1st Wave: The Agricultural Age began around 8000 BC as people transitioned from
Agricultural being hunters and gatherers to farmers who tended to the land to produce their food. The
people of those times relied on natural sources of energy that were replaceable-human
Age
and animals, sun, water, and wind-to fuel their technological advancements (Toffler,
1980, p. 25)
http://wavesofthefuture.net/wave-agricultural-revolution-environment-huntinggathering.shtml
1750-1955
The
Industrial
Age
2nd Wave: Between 1650 and 1750 the industrial revolution began, moving from
being focused upon working the land to production of goods. People moved to cities to
find work that was not tied to farming and families began to disperse. At this time, people
began to get their energy from the earth's resources that were not renewable-coal, gas,
Cathy Marziali
Begins
and oil. New technologies were powered by energies sources that were consumable
(Toffler, 1980, p. 25).
http://wavesofthefuture.net/wave-industrial-fossil-fuels-oil-crisis.shtml
1900-1909
1900
Beginning of the
Progressive Movement
As the face of the country began to change due to the
massive wave of immigration and the transition from
an urban to an industrialized society, progressivists
saw the need for domestic reforms. The movement
sought to rectify the ills of society by taking care of
less fortunate and returning to the values that the
founding fathers intended.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/feat
ures/general-article/eleanor-progressive/
1901
First radio transmission
Italian inventor Marconi sent the first trans-Atlantic
radio transmission from England to Canada. This also
proved that radio waves did not travel with the curve
of the earth as Marconi expected.
http://www.history.com/this-day-inhistory/marconi-sends-first-atlantic-wirelesstransmission
1902
First Educational Film
The first education film is exhibited by Charles Urban
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(Saettler, 2004, p. 96).
http://www.charlesurban.com/films.htm
1905
Roosevelt’s Football
Summit
President Theodore Roosevelt believed that a young
man’s involvement in sports promoted good character
and helped build traits that would yield positive
leadership skills in business and politics. He held a
summit for Ivy League schools to seek reforms in the
game to make it safer.
http://www.enotes.com/1900-sports-americandecades/
1906
Kit Houses Unveiled
The idea of mass manufacturing of homes by selling a
kit and materials to build houses began with Aladdin
Homes of Bay City, Michigan. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
became the most well known in this business.
Prefabricated homes could be ordered out of a catalog
which made getting a home affordable and convenient.
http://www.lib.umd.edu/NTL/kithomes.html
1906
Pavlov’s Classical
Conditioning
Pavlov conducted his experiments on classical
conditioning, discovering that an “unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) biologically and involuntarily elicits an
unconditioned response (UCR). Pairing an UCS with a
neutral stimulus (NS) will eventually lead the NS to
elicit a conditioned response (Driscoll, 2005, p. 18).
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http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=261
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1907
Montessori Method
Italian educator, Maria Montessori, began to apply her
theories of learning in the instruction of culturally
deprived children in a learning center in a slum in
Rome (Saettler, 2004, p. 61).
http://www.montessori.edu/
1908
Worker’s Compensation
Act
The Industrial Revolution led to increases in deaths
and injuries on the job. This often left employees
unable to work or families without a source of income.
This Bill was passed and signed into law by Congress
after having been pushed by President Theodore
Roosevelt. This was the first general worker’s
compensation program for federal workers.
http://www.bls.gov/mlr/1991/09/art1full.pdf
1908
First automobile sales
Henry Ford’s Model T was first sold for $950, which
marked the beginning of the Auto Age. This was the
beginning of mass production that allowed for an
affordable price for cars to be available to the masses
for the first time. This was the point in which cars
evolved from being a luxury to a necessity in the lives
of people.
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http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventors/a/He
nryFord.htm
1909
NAACP Founded
As a result of the atrocities that were being committed
against blacks, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People was founded as a
grass-roots civil rights organization. The NAACP began
when a group of white liberals met to discuss racial
justice. Their mission was to ensure that blacks were
afforded their constitutional rights.
http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history
1910-1919
1910
Introduction of
Educational Film
Educational film emerged as a tool for regular
instructional use. George Kleine first pitched the idea
of a school film service to the New York City Board of
Education, but was denied the opportunity due to the
high cost of projection equipment. Later, Rochester,
New York schools were first to show educational film
in their instructional programs. (Saettler, 2004, pp. 9899)
http://www.factoryschool.com/labs/2cities/blog/arc
hives/000443.html
1912
Gestalt Theory
The Gestalt school is believed to have begun with Max
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Wertheimer’s article published on apparent motion.
Gestalt followers believed that “knowledge comes
from more than just experience; it also involves the
knower actively imposing organization on sensory
data” (Driscoll, 2005, p. 21).
http://gth.krammerbuch.at/
1912
The Girl Scouts of America Juliet Gordon Low founded the Girl Scouts of America
in order to give girls the chance to become self-reliant
Founded
and resourceful. Ms. Low wanted girls to be prepared
for the many possibilities that faced them in their
lives; homemaking, civic responsibility, and a
professional career. Girls with disabilities who were
traditionally excluded in society were included.
http://www.girlscouts.org/who_we_are/history/low_
biography/
1913
Behaviorist Revolution
John B. Watson introduced behaviorism, promoting
the notion that psychology should “be concerned only
with the objective data of behavior (Driscoll, 2005, p.
31).
http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=261
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1913-1914
First conveyor belt
Henry Ford produced the first conveyor belt for an
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assembly line
assembly line for his car factory in Michigan. The
assembly line enabled mass production in factories,
drastically reducing the time it took to assemble cars,
producing more cars at a lower price.
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsass
emblya.htm#ford
1914
Radio-operated remote
control system invented
John Hays Hammond invented the radio-operated
remote control system that was the foundation for
future radio controlled devices. He ended up with over
100 patents for radio-controlled devices, which,
especially during the era of two world wars, made him
an important person to the U.S. War Department.
http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/hammond.html
1915
Federal Trade
Commission Established
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established
to keep the business and trade practices in the U.S.
fair. The FTC was designed to keep competition free
and fair and avoid monopolies by regulating
businesses.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0818390.h
tml
1917
The Birth Control
Movement Begins
Margaret Sanger was the founder of the birth control
movement. She went on trial for distributing
information on birth control to the public and
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subsequently served time in prison.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52235
0/Margaret-Sanger
1917
Restrictive Immigration
Law Enacted
A restrictive immigration act was put in place as a
result of national security concerns during World War
I. Immigrants over the age of 16 were required to pass
a literacy test in any language and to pay an entry tax.
In addition, immigrants from certain areas of Asia
were barred from immigrating. These restrictions
were designed to give the U.S. greater discretion as to
who they allow to enter the country.
http://history.state.gov/milestones/19211936/ImmigrationAct
1919
Treaty of Versailles
The signing of the Treaty of Versailles marked the end
of World War I. This peace settlement was signed by
Germany and the Allies.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versai
lles.htm
1920-1929
1920’s
The Roaring 20’s
After the dark years of World War I, society was ready to
enjoy life. During this decade urbanization led people to
cities, wealth increased, and there became mass
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interests in the good life, which included popular goods,
music, dances, etc. Automobiles, radio, and movies all
gained wildly popular during this era.
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1564.html
1920
18th Amendment Ratified
Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the
manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors
due to pressure from religious groups.
http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21stamendments
1920’s
Lewin’s Cognitive Field
Theory of Learning
This theory posits that a learner’s behavior is a result of
the “insights and cognitions” interactions with the
environment (Saettler, 2004, p. 68).
http://wilderdom.com/theory/FieldTheory.html
1921
Concept of robot
introduced
1921
First polygraph
Czech playwright, Karel Capek, introduced the concept
of a robot in the play Rossum’s Universal Robots, about a
scientist who creates humanlike machines that come to
threaten the existence of humans. The word robot is
derived from the Czech word, forced-labor.
http://www.used-robots.com/roboteducation.php?page=robot+timeline
The polygraph (lie detector) was developed by John A.
Larson, a psychologist who worked for the Berkley
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Police Department. This was the first time that pulse,
respiration, and heart rates were measured for changes
during an interrogation.
http://home.total.net/~galcar/html/brief_history_of_th
e_polygraph.html
1926
Vitaphone Technology
Educational films were being produced with plans to
put projectors into classrooms (Saettler, 2004, p. 105).
Vitaphone technology moved the silent film era into one
in which sound was synchronized with the image.
http://www.filmlinc.com/films/on-sale/on-thevitaphone
1924
Indian Citizenship Act
The Indian Citizenship Act gave citizenship to Native
Americans born in the United States. This gesture made
by the federal government was an attempt at
assimilating the Native American into the mainstream
culture after society acknowledged their contributions
during World War I.
http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/frameset_reset.
html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/stories/0
701_0146.html
1926
Piaget publishes The
Language and Thought of
Jean Piaget begins his ascent to becoming one of the
world’s most renowned and influential psychologist
with the publication of The Language and Thought of
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Children
Children. Piaget had tremendous influence on the study
of cognitive development (Driscoll, 2005, p. 23) through
his theory of the stages of cognitive development (p.
195).
http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=79826
1927
Al Capone & Organized
Crime
After the passage of the 18th Amendment prohibiting the
intoxicating liquors, Al Capone circumvents the law by
becoming involved in bootlegging. In addition to
bootlegging, Capone was involved in illegal gambling
and prostitution rings that were said to have produced
earned $105 million during just this one year. As the
leader of his organized crime syndicate in Chicago,
Capone was eventually convicted of multiple crimes and
served time in prison.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0810318.htm
l
1927
The Jazz Singer released
The release of the movie The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson
was the beginning of movies with sounds.
http://www.jewishtheatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2488
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1929
The Great Depression
When the stock market crashed in 1929, the United
States entered era known as the Great Depression. The
economic boom of the 1920’s caught up with the
country, as there was a great inequity in production
versus consumption. The crisis led to massive
unemployment and the effects were felt in Europe as
well. President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted a recovery
program called the New Deal that revitalized industry
and agriculture.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0821657.ht
ml
1930-1939
1930’s
Golden Age of Radio
In the 1930’s the radio became one of the most beloved
belongings of the average family. Popular radio
programs became the primary source of entertainment
during a time of austerity. Entertainment variety shows,
soap operas, news broadcasts, and FDR’s fireside chats
were popular.
http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/ra
dio-in-the-1930s/
1933
Eight-year Study
Ralph W. Tyler conducted important research that led to
his most popular contributions to instructional
development: educational objectives and formative
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assessments (Saettler, 2004, p. 288)
http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=28182
The prohibition of intoxicating liquors proved to be a
difficult law to uphold. Rather than eliminating social
problems and the crime that it was said to have created,
there was a rise in organized crime and social problems
continued. As a result of the public outcry, Congress
repealed the law by passing the 21st Amendment.
http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21stamendments
1933
21st Amendment Passed
1933
Hitler becomes dictator of After plotting to derail democracy, Hitler takes over
control of Germany with a cleverly orchestrated move to
Germany
gain power legally. This is the beginning of Hitler’s reign
of terror that leads to World War II and the Holocaust.
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/
dictator.htm
1934
First tape recorder
invented
German inventor, Joseph Begun, built the first tape
recorder for broadcasting, which was later used for the
1936 Olympics. He marketed the first consumer tape
recorder under the name Sound Mirror.
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http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/Jose
ph_Begun.htm
http://todayinsci.com/12/12_02.htm
1935
Works Progress
Administration (WPA)
As one of the programs under FDR’s New Deal, this
agency worked to relieve the chronic and widespread
unemployment that plagued the nation after the Great
Depression. This program was a federal assistance
program that gave unemployed workers the opportunity
for jobs building public places like roads, schools,
hospitals, and airports. The jobs that were part of the
WPA did not compete with private enterprises and gave
the economy that it needed.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-signsemergency-relief-appropriation-act
1935
National Labor Relations
Act
The National Labor Relations Act enabled Americans to
form labor unions. It was signed into law by President
Franklin Roosevelt with the intent that labor unions and
employers would have a means by which they could
resolve labor conflicts in the private sector.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&do
c=67
1938
Fair Labor Standards Act
This Act put regulations in place to protect children from
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unfair labor practices. Children under 16 were
prohibited from working full time and a national
minimum wage was put into place. This federal
legislation had been a work in progress since 1916 and
was repeatedly struck down on appeal.
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.childlabor
1938
Dry Photocopying
Technique
Chester Carlson invented the dry photocopying
technique which is the technology that began the
photocopying and the beginning of the Xerox machine.
http://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/177/xer
ography-or-electrophotography.html
1938
Dewey publishes
Experience & Education
In this book, Dewey (1938) argues that in learning,
“everything depends upon the quality of the experience”
(p. 27) which cumulatively can have a positive or
negative impact upon future learning.
http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/ndemers/colloquium/exp
erienceducationdewey.pdf
1940-1949
1941
Atansoff Berry Computer
The world’s first electronic digital computer prototype
was created by Dr. John Atansoff and his graduate
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assistant Clifford Berry.
http://jva.cs.iastate.edu/operation.php
1941
Pearl Harbor Attacked
The U.S. enters World War II when Pearl Harbor is
attacked by Japanese aircraft, killing 2.341 U.S. military
members.
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/ne
ws/date-which-will-live-infamy/?ar_a=1
1942
Women at Work During
World War II
During World War II, the government promoted the
need for women to step up and contribute to the war
effort by working in factories and industries that were
suffering from the shortage of workers who had left for
war. Rosie the Riveter was a fictional character that first
appeared in a song 1942 and a Norman Rockwell
painting in 1943. Rosie came to symbolize the women
and their patriotic contributions during wartime.
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1656.html
1945
Atomic Bomb dropped on
Nagasaki
An atomic bomb was dropped by American aircraft on
Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945. This was just three
days after the first atomic bomb was dropped over
Hiroshima.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/aug
ust/9/default.stm
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1945-1946
Decentralization of
Management
Peter Drucker publishes the book The Concept of
Corporations as the result of a study of the business
practices of General Motors. He introduces the ideas of
decentralization, management by objectives, and worker
responsibility (Claremont Graduate University, n.d.). In
his work he advocated that managers should work with
subordinates to create objectives and then relinquish
power to them to figure out how to reach those
objectives.
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/business/12dru
cker.html?pagewanted=all
1948
LP Record invented
Peter Goldmark invented the LP record disk which
allowed recordings to be played for longer times.
http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/336.html
1946
Dale’s Cone of Experience
Edgar Dale developed a continuum that illustrated how
the learner moved from concrete to abstract levels of
experience. The concrete experiences provide the
foundation from which the abstract experiences are
drawn (Saettler, 2004, p. 143).
http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=28186
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1946
The Baby Boom
After American soldiers returned from World War II,
there was an explosion in the birthrate between 1946
and 1964. People born in this time period are known as
the Baby Boomers.
http://www.bbhq.com/bomrstat.htm
1947
Television Broadcasting
Begins
Commercial television made its way into the homes of
Americans who lived within the range of television
stations. The number of television sets that entered
American homes grew rapidly with half of all homes
having one by 1955 (Stephens, n.d.).
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%
20Television%20page.htm
1948
New Formula for
Behaviorism
Behaviorist, Edward C. Tolman, known as a “purposive
behaviorist” influenced instructional development by
introducing the idea that information is gleaned from
the environment and the experience build cognitive
maps as learning takes place (Driscoll, 2005, p. 32).
http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=28177
1950-1959
1950
Korean War
As part of a United Nation’s military effort, American
troops responded to North Korea’s attack along the 38th
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parallel in an effort to help South Korea. America’s
involvement signified the Cold War concern about the
spread of communism throughout Asia and the world.
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/koreanconflict/
1950
Consumerism: The First
Credit Card
The Diner’s Club Card has been recognized as the first
credit card used by Frank McNamara and Ralph
Schneider when they had dinner at Major’s Cabin Grill in
New York. It was first printed as a small cardboard card,
but was replaced by plastic a decade later. The first
cards were technically charge cards that were paid off at
the end of each month. In 1959, MasterCard introduced
the revolving account that did not require paying the
balance each month in exchange for the company
accruing finance fees (Woolsey & Gerson, n.d.).
http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/creditcards-history-1264.php
1951
First Generation of
Computers
The first generation of computers characterized by the
use of vacuum tubes to control the operations (Saettler,
2004, p. 454). The UNIVAC was first introduced to the
world when this enormous, expensive machine (8 tons
and $1 million), was acquired by the U.S. Census Bureau.
The UNIVAC gained notoriety when it accurately
predicted the outcome of the 1952 presidential election
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(Alfred, 2008).
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/200
8/11/dayintech_1104
1952
The Jet Era Begins
The beginning of modern globalization begins with the
world’s first commercial jet service, British Overseas
Aircraft Corporation, flew passengers on a DC-3 from
London to Johannesburg in South Africa. At a speed of
180 mph, the jet made numerous stops along the way.
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Commercial_
Aviation/Opening_of_Jet_era/Tran6.htm
1954
Franchising & Fast Food:
McDonald’s
The concept of fast food and franchises in business
began in 1954 with Ray Kroc’s small hamburger stand
that eventually became McDonald’s. Kroc
“revolutionized the American restaurant industry by
imposing discipline on the production of hamburgers,
french fries, and milk shakes” (Byron Press Visual
Publications, 1996). Kroc’s vision put a strict operating
and delivery system in place so that all franchises would
operate with the same standards and produce food that
was the same no matter where the location.
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/busin
ess/forbes/kroc.html
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1955
The Information Age
Begins
3rd Wave: Because of the increasing dependence upon
energy sources that are being depleted, societies looked
toward moving into less dependence upon fossil fuels.
The Information Age is characterized by work that is
oriented to service and electronics rather than industry,
leading to less dependence upon fuels and more
dependence on information sources Toffler, 1980,
p.141).
http://wavesofthefuture.net/wave-digital-age-greentechnology-environment.shtml
1961
Bay of Pigs
U.S. concern over Cuban dictator’s close relationship
with the Soviet Union led President John F. Kennedy to
approve a covert mission against Cuba. The mission
used exiled Cuban in the attack, which failed miserably.
Relations with Cuba have never recovered.
http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bayof-Pigs.aspx
1955
Rosa Parks Bus Incident
A black woman, Rosa Parks, was asked to vacate her seat
for a white man while riding the bus. When she refused
she was arrested, leading to the Montgomery Bus
Boycott, which last a little over a year. Her experience
was the catalyst for the civil rights movement and the
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1956
The Conception of
Cognitive Science
1956
Bloom’s Taxonomy
1958
Second Generation of
Computers
end of segregation.
http://historyday13.tripod.com/id6.html
On September 11, 1956, an impressive group of scholars
united at MIT for a symposium, Special Interest Group in
Information Theory, during which the group shared
their discoveries that led them to rethink their
definitions of psychology.
http://www.utdallas.edu/~otoole/HCS6330_F09/01_mi
ller.pdf
Benjamin Bloom developed a taxonomy for the cognitive
domain which helped to organize learning objectives in
a hierarchy that ranged from simple to complex
behaviors (Saettler, 2004, p 289).
http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=12152&project_step=28191
This taxonomy has been revised over the years as times
and technologies change our world.
https://www.rtsd26.org/school/ig/Academics/Instructi
onalTechnology/bakersblog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=
3
The second generation of computers emerged when
transistors replaced vacuum tubes allowing for faster,
more reliable, and smaller machines (Saettler, 2004, p.
454). This advancement allowed the transistors and
other components to be included on one semi-
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conductor, drastically reducing the size and the cost to
produce the components.
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/transi
stor/history/
1960-1969
The Organization of Petroleum Producing Companies
(OPEC) was established in 1960 as a response to the
western oil companies’ refusal to pay taxes to the oilproducing countries. The oil crisis in 1973 made the
world realize their dependence upon fossil fuels would
not be indefinite (Toffler, 1980, pp. 131-132).
http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm
1960
OPEC Established
1960
Jerome Bruner and George Miller founded the Harvard
Harvard Center for
Cognitive Studies founded Center for Cognitive Studies so that scholars could
research topics such as language processing and
development, attention, visual imagery, and memory.
http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/teaching/w07/philpsych/b
echtel.cogscihistory.pdf
1961
Venture Capitalism & The
Silicon Valley
The Small Business Investment Act of 1958 was the
catalyst for the beginning of venture capitalist projects
in the Silicon Valley. Investors saw the potential of start
up companies in the vicinity of institutions like Stanford
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and Berkley. They financed entrepreneurs with brilliant
minds with innovative ideas, but no start up money to
finance them. This became a very lucrative business for
the venture capitalists and led the Silicon Valley to be
the nation’s leader in technology development during
that era.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/arun3.html
1962
Money Saving, Teamwork
& Customer Service
Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart in Rogers,
Arkansas. Known for his traditional values and his
commitment to help customers save money, Sam Walton
created a work environment that was based upon
teamwork and customer service. Wal-Mart stores
became involved in their community and the
philanthropic foundations that they have established
give out millions of dollars in communities each year.
http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/295.aspx
http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/9430.aspx?p
=9502
1963
Martin Luther King’s I
Have a Dream Speech
Delivered
Martin Luther King, Jr., black leader of the Civil Rights
Movement, delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech
to a crowd of approximately 250,000 after a peaceful
march in Washington, D.C. This speech has had a lasting
impact in the pursuit of equality in the U.S.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/aug
ust/28/newsid_2656000/2656805.stm
1964
Third Generation of
Computers
The third generation of computers continued the trend
of reducing the size of the components with integrated
circuits having multiple components fused on to one
chip (Saettler, 2004, p. 454). Moore’s Law indicates that
the transistors on a chip will double every 24 months,
which reduces costs and increases functionality and
performance (Intel, n.d.).
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/transi
stor/history/
http://www.intel.com/about/companyinfo/museum/ex
hibits/moore.htm
1966
Equality of Education
Opportunity
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
commissioned the Coleman Study after the passage of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The study sought to assess
the availability of equal educational opportunities for all
children despite their race, color, religion, or national
origin.
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/
6389
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Cathy Marziali
The field of cognitive science was legitimized by the
publication of Ulric Neisser’s work (Saetter, 2004, p.
321). Neisser, considered the father of cognitive
psychology, presented cognitivism as a compelling
alternative to behaviorism by focusing upon perception,
pattern recognition and attention.
http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/public
ations/observer/2012/may-june-12/remembering-thefather-of-cognitive-psychology.html
1967
Cognitive Psychology by
Ulric Neisser was
published
1968
Computer Mouse Invented Doug Engelbart invented and patented the first
1969
Vietnam Draft Lottery
computer mouse, which he called the “x-y position
indicator.” He was paid a mere $10,000 for his invention,
but in 1997 he received $500,000 for the Lemelson-Mit
Prize for American Innovation.
http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9704/09/mouse.inventor/
The United States entered the Vietnam War in 1965,
which quickly became a highly protested conflict. On
December 1, 1969 a draft lottery was conducted for the
first time since 1942. Men between 18 and 26 were
affected.
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/in
dex-1965.html
http://www.landscaper.net/draft.htm#How's%20your
%20"Luck%20of%20the%20Draw"?
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Cathy Marziali
1970-1979
1970
The Kent State Massacre
During this time period there were anti-war rallies
taking place on university campuses nationwide. At Kent
State conflicts between student protestors and police
escalated. The National Guard was called in, but students
did not retreat and continued to throw rocks.
Guardsmen feared for their safety and shot at the crowd,
killing 4 students and injuring many others. The
Guardsmen were eventually exonerated from any
wrongdoing.
http://dept.kent.edu/sociology/lewis/lewihen.htm
1974
President Nixon Resigns
As a result of the Watergate scandal, President Nixon
resigned from office in anticipation of an impeachment
trial and his potential removal from office. Vice
President Gerald Ford assumed the presidency.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/aug
ust/9/newsid_3676000/3676494.stm
1973
The first cellphone call
was made
Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first cellphone
call on a street in Manhattan. Dr. Cooper made his first
call to his rival, Joel Engel, at Bell Labs.
http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm
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Cathy Marziali
1973
Exploration &
Experimentation
The first U.S. space station was launched to establish a
station where science experiments could be conducted
in space. There were nearly 300 scientific and technical
experiments conducted on Skylab during the six years
that it was in operation that would have profound
effects on future products and services.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab/index.html
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/contents.htm
1974
Fourth Generation of
Computers
Increased speed and reliability, reduction in size, and
greater storage capacity describe the advances in 4th
generation computers. These advancements are
attributed to the continued trend toward reducing the
size of components and the use of the microprocessor
(Saettler, 2004, p. 454). This led to the introduction of
the first personal computer to the general public (Wilk,
n.d.).
http://www.sundialmedia.com/sait/articles/found_a/p
ete_f.htm
1975
Public Law 94-142
Public Law 94-142 ensured that a free and appropriate
public education is available people with disabilities
between the ages of 3-21. They are entitled to an
education that is provided in the least restrictive
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Cathy Marziali
environment so that they can access the curriculum in a
setting that is most appropriate to their abilities and
allows them to be with the mainstream population as
much as possible.
http://www.nd.edu/%7Erbarger/www7/pl94-142.html
1978
Research on Biofuels
Sponsored by U.S.
Government
The energy crisis and skyrocketing prices cause the U.S
government to investigate the possibility of alternative
forms of energy. The National Renewable Energy
Laboratory began research algae as a biofuel that had
the potential to replace fossil fuels.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/gree
n-science/algae-biodiesel.htm
1978
Vygotsky’s Zone of
Proximal Development
(ZPD)
Vygotsky’s theory described the gap between the child’s
current level of functioning and a higher level of
functioning as the ZPD. Assigning tasks within this gap
and allowing children support with more capable peers
or adults helped the child reach the higher level
(Driscoll, 2005, p. 253).
http://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-ProximalDevelopment.html
1979
The Theory of
Metacognition
Flavell (1979) proposed a theory of metacognition that
included four classes of phenomena (metacognitive
knowledge, metacognitive experiences, tasks and goals,
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Cathy Marziali
and strategies or actions) and their relationships).
http://www.lifecirclesinc.com/Learningtheories/constructivism/flavell.html
1979
Iranian Hostage Crisis
During the presidency of Jimmy Carter, Islamic
revolutionaries invaded the U.S. Embassy in Tehran,
capturing 60 hostages. The hostages were not released
until Ronald Reagan assumed the presidency in 1981.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/featur
es/general-article/carter-hostage-crisis/
1980-1989
1980
5.25” Hard Drive
The size of hard drives got smaller and began to increase
in storage capacity. The first 5.25” disk held 5 MB, but
doubled in capacity size by the following year. It was
eventually replaced by the 3.5” disk and the flash
storage of today which holds many gigabytes.
http://gizmodo.com/5495502/seagate-st+506-thedaddy-of-modern-hard-drives
1983
Remote Office Work
A 1983 report characterizes the trend of remote office
work as advances in the areas of computers and
communications enable workers to get their work done
outside of the traditional workplace. Remote work
options, satellite or neighborhood work centers, flexible
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Cathy Marziali
schedules, and work from home are each models of
alternative work options.
http://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/14621/1/IS81-56.pdf
1983
Theory of Multiple
Intelligences
1983
First Woman in Space
Howard Gardner (1983) argued, “all human beings
possess not just a single intelligence…rather a set of
relatively autonomous intelligences” (p. xv). The
intelligences that Gardner has identified are linguistic,
logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic,
interpersonal, intrapersonal, and most recently added,
naturalistic (Smith, 2002/2008).
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm
Sally Ride became the first woman in space when she
flew a mission on the Challenger Space Shuttle. This set
the stage for the many women who followed her and
those who also commanded some of the missions.
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ride_gallery/
1984
Theory of Experiential
Learning
David Kohl published his book on experiential learning,
popularizing the idea that learning is a cyclical model
consisting of “doing, observing/reflecting, thinking, and
planning” (“Experiential Learning”, n.d.).
http://www.learning-theories.com/experientiallearning-kolb.html
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Cathy Marziali
mid 1980’s
Outsourcing of services to
India began
1985
Microsoft Windows 1.0
1986
Challenger Space Shuttle
Disaster Televised in
Schools
Outsourcing of work to other countries began to take off
when the advancement of the technologies during the
1980’s. Companies sought the advantages of the lower
wages in 3rd world countries and the science and
technical skills of the work force in Asia.
http://www.brighthub.com/office/humanresources/articles/100143.aspx
Microsoft released the very first operating system that
allows a mouse to point and click in order to change
screens, scroll, and interact with icons and drop-down
menus. The system featured programs for drawing,
writing, and for managing tasks with a built in calendar
and clock.
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history
Christa McAuliffe, the first teacher to go into space,
perished shortly after lift off with the rest of the
Challenger Space Shuttle crew in a disaster that was
broadcast live on CNN. Because of the unique event of a
teacher on this mission, it is estimated that
approximately 48% of children aged 9-13 witnessed the
event in school (YouTube, 2007)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4JOjcDFtBE
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Cathy Marziali
1989
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
After three decades of keeping the people of East and
West Berlin apart, the Berlin Wall, a symbol of the Cold
War, was taken down. This event marked the end of
communism and the beginning of democracy in Eastern
Europe.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK1MwhEDjHg&fea
ture=related
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/nov
ember/9/newsid_2515000/2515869.stm
1989
Tiananmen Square
Massacre
Chinese protestors, mostly students, who were
peacefully demonstrating for democratic reform, were
attacked by the military. Hundreds and possibly
thousands of demonstrators were killed because of the
social chaos that the government feared when
protestors refused to clear the area.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june
/4/newsid_2496000/2496277.stm
1990-1999
1990
Persian Gulf War
When Iraq invaded Kuwait, the U.S. military’s
intervention concluded the combat within a matter of
days. “The role of new military technologies in the
victory, particularly those that exploited the microchip
and the digital revolution” (Citino, n.d.) demonstrate
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Cathy Marziali
how military science has evolved. Smart bombs,
precision missiles, and live action footage with
embedded reporters brought a new face to modern war.
http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/facingnew-millennium/essays/technology-persian-gulf-war1991
1990
World Wide Web and
Internet Protocol Born
1991
Soviet Union Falls
1994
Tim Berners-Lee, while working at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) established
the first communication between a web browser and a
server through the Internet. While working at CERN he
had the problems of many scientists working on
incompatible computers and needing to share data. He
wanted the computers to be able to directly
communicate with one another.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=daythe-web-was-born
The people of the Soviet Union rose up against
Communism demanding the dissolution of the Soviet
Union and the subsequent establishment of 15
independent countries.
http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet
_union.asp
Person-Centered Learning Rogers & Freiberg (1994) take a humanistic approach in
their quest to move away from more prescriptive
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Cathy Marziali
learning environments to, what might be called today,
more student-centered learning environments. In
particular they stress the building of self-discipline,
independence, collaboration, inclusion, and
responsibility (p. 240).
http://course-notes-andresources.wikispaces.com/file/view/A+PersonCentred+Approach+to+Classroom+Management+Freiberg.pdf
1995
The Internet Goes
Commercial
Although Delphi had provided commercial Internet
services to subscribers since 1992, government
sponsorship ceased. In 1995 the Internet went
commercial with AOL, Prodigy, and CompuServe.
http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html
1995
Theory of Distributed
Cognition
Hutchins published his book on distributed cognition in
which he argues that cognition and knowledge are not
an individual experience, rather it is “distributed across
objects, individuals, artifacts, and tools in the
environment.”
http://www.learning-theories.com/distributedcognition-dcog.html
1996
The Artificial Age
4th Wave: The Artificial Age is a term that I have
coined to describe the way that our society has been
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Cathy Marziali
begins
trying to modify existing states into artificial states to
mimic reality or improve on it. It includes
biotechnologies that are used to manipulate the human
biological state so as to enhance the quality of life. This
artificiality is demonstrated through advancements in
technologies that give us artificial ingredients and
materials, ways to modify our appearances, popularity
of virtual reality environments, and an increase
incidence of (un)natural disasters.
http://www.blog.brandsproutmarketing.com/2011/02/
online-authenticity/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/02/natur
al-disasters-floods-earthquakes-landslides
1996
Hotmail Born
Hotmail is one of the first free web-based email
applications for the consumer. In a little over a year,
millions of accounts had been established,
demonstrating the impact that Hotmail had upon the
changing communication habits in society.
http://windowsteamblog.com/windows_live/b/window
slive/archive/2010/01/06/a-short-history-ofhotmail.aspx
1998
Expanding Information
Google, an online search engine, was founded by Larry
Page and Sergey Brin and went public in 2004. The
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Cathy Marziali
Access and Stores
mission of Google is to “organize the world’s information
and make it universally accessible and useful” (Google,
n.d.)
http://www.google.com/about/company/
1998
Exploiting the Internet
Microsoft’s release of Windows 98 with an integrated
browser on the desktop helped to catapult the use of
commercial Internet. Although this practice is the center
of legal debate, it is attributed to the explosion of the
popularity of the Internet.
http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html
1999
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing, using servers, software, and storage
that are “housed” on the internet rather than on the
personal computer, began being used at this time. The
first major player in cloud computing was
www.salesforce.com (it’s coming up in German).
http://www.earthlinkcloud.com/2011/09/cloudcomputing-–-a-brief-history/
2000-2012
2003
iTunes Store Opens
Apple’s opening of the iTunes store revolutionized the
way music is distributed by giving consumers choice,
allowing for single song purchases rather than requiring
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Cathy Marziali
the purchase of an entire album. More recently the store
has expanded to selling a wider variety of digital
products-movies, books, podcasts, and apps.
http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/04/0428it
unes-music-store-opens/
2005
You-Tube online video
sharing invented
YouTube founders Chad Hurley and Steve Chen had
observed that there was an explosion in the popularity
of capturing video, but there was no where to share
these videos. According to their website, YouTube
boasts 2 billion views per day and 24 hours of video
uploaded every minute (“Key YouTube”, n.d.).
https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/youtube
5year/home/5-year-metrics
2005
Theory of Connectivism
George Siemens argues that the digital world with
networked environments that surround learners
requires a new theory that is more in line with today’s
learning environments. Connectivism posits that
learning is about the connections that are made; it is
“primarily a networked-forming process” with
knowledge resulting from connections that are made
(Siemens, 2005, p. 15-16).
http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism.htm
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Cathy Marziali
2006
Twitter Launches
Twitter is a web-based platform that allows for a
mixture of messaging, social networking, and
microblogging. With 200 million user accounts, it has
made a profound impact upon the social, political, and
economic world as users connect and share their
thoughts, ideas, services, and causes in a quick,
simplistic way.
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/compan
ies/twitter/index.html
http://www.geekosystem.com/twitter-timeline/
2007
Apple iPhone Released
The release of the Apple iPhone shook up the mobile
phone industry as phones were equipped with multiple
features that allowed for mobile computing,
photographing, and communicating, multimedia and a
variety of apps all in one apparatus. In the short five
years since the release of the first iPhone, this
technology has expanded its features and efficiency.
http://www.gottabemobile.com/2011/06/03/ios-andiphone-timeline-from-iphone-to-ios-5-in-5-years/
2008
Obama vs. McCain Election
The manner in which Barack Obama and his supporters utilized
the Internet and social networking revolutionized politics and
campaigning. For example, a YouTube Channel was a free
alternative to television commercials, which supporters were able
39
Cathy Marziali
to view when they wanted, as many times as they wanted, and
then share with others. The internet allowed for a cheap, quick,
and convenient method to spread information and organize
supporters.
http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/how-obamasinternet-campaign-changed-politics/
2008
Apple Launches App Store Mobile applications used on the iPhone give the phone a
never seen before versatility. From games, productivity
tools, social networking, and location tools, the apps are
all available within one piece of hardware. The apps are
quick and easy to load, reasonably priced, and allow
users to do things remotely and on-the-go unlike
anything that they had ever been able to do before.
When Apple launched the App Store within iTunes, it
sold over 10 million apps in less than a week.
http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhoneApp-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-FirstWeekend.html
2009
Twitter Plays Role in
Protests of Iranian
Presidential Election
Iranian protestors used Twitter as a public platform to
spread information and organize protests of the
reelection of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
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Cathy Marziali
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/discussion/2009/06/17/DI20090617022
32.html
2009
2011
Cognitive Theory of
Multimedia Learning
Skype Joins Facebook
Richard Mayer (2009) argues, “people learn better from
words and pictures than from words alone” (p. x). He
presents three assumptions about the cognitive
processes in multimedia learning: dual channels, limited
capacity, and active processing (p. 63).
http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitive-theory-ofmultimedia-learning-mayer.html
When Skype joined forces with Facebook, it added
another dimension to social networking, which allowed
users an even more intimate connection with “friends”
by integrating video into the chat feature within
Facebook.
http://blogs.skype.com/en/2011/07/under_the_hood_f
acebook_video.html
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