Biology I
Genetic Engineering
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Genetic Engineering is the process of making changes in the __________________________ of living organisms.
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Genetic Engineering and DNA Technology can be used to
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Cure _______________________
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Treat genetic disorders
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Improve food crops
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Produce _______________________ and other useful drugs
Genetic Engineering Includes
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Selective Breeding & Crossbreeding
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Recombinant DNA
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________________________________ Organisms
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PCR
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DNA _________________________________
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Gel Electrophoresis
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________________________
Selective Breeding
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Breed only those plants or animals with ________________________________________________
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People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated
animals.
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Hybridization (____________________________________)
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Producing new organisms by the mating individuals of different breeds, varieties, or species
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Male ________________________ + Female ______________________ = ______________________
Recombinant DNA
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rDNA has been ___________________________
created
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DNA from two or more sources is
recombined into a single molecule
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To create rDNA, scientists use
_______________________________________________ to
cut DNA in precise locations
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Restriction enzymes create
“_________________________________” that allow
the DNA to bind to another piece of DNA
with the same sticky ends
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Recombinant Bacteria
1. Remove a Plasmid
2. A _______________________ is a small circular
piece of DNA found in bacteria
3. Cut the Bacterial DNA with
____________________________________________
4. Cut the desired gene from another
organism’s DNA with restriction enzymes
5. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together
and insert them into bacteria.
6. Reproduce the
________________________________ bacteria.
7. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.
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Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria
1. Bacteria can make human _________________________ or human growth hormone.
2. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.
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Transgenic Organisms
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The genetic code is ___________________________, therefore it is possible to make organisms that are
transgenic
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__________________________________ organisms contain genes from other species
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They are also called GMO’s – Genetically Modified Organisms
Transgenic Plants
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_______________________-resistant and insect-resistant crops
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Hardier fruit
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70-75% of food in supermarket is _______________________________________________.
Transgenic Animals
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___________________ – used to study human immune system
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Chickens – more resistant to infections
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___________________ – increase milk supply and leaner meat
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Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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_____________ is a fast and inexpensive technique used to _________________
(copy) small amounts of DNA
1.
Heat the DNA so it “unzips”.
2.
Add the complementary nitrogenous bases.
3.
Allow DNA to cool so the complementary strands can “zip”
together.
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DNA Fingerprinting
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A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only
samples of their _____________
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Unless they are identical twins, individual organisms all have ___________________ DNA.
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The chemical structure of the DNA may be the same (A, T, C & G), but the ____________________ of the
base pairs is different
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DNA Fingerprinting Process
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First, DNA must be ____________________ from blood, bodily fluids, hair roots, skin, or elsewhere
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After the DNA is isolated, it is __________________________ using PCR
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Then the DNA is treated with ____________________________ enzymes
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Cut the DNA at specific sequences
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This results in different sized _________________________
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These fragments are ________________________, based on size, using a process called Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
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DNA fragments are separated as they migrate through an ________________________________________________
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This size-based separation occurs when an __________________________________________ is applied to the gel
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DNA is a ___________________ charged molecule, so it will move toward the positive end of the chamber
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The smaller fragments will move _____________________ and ____________________ than the large fragments
Gel Electrophoresis Steps
1. “_____________” DNA sample with restriction enzymes.
2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel.
3. __________________ will form in the gel.
4. Everyone’s DNA bands are ________________________ and can be used to identify a person.
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DNA Fingerprinting
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DNA ________________________________ can show
which individuals are the parents of specific
children
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A child’s DNA fragments must be
___________________________ from his or her
biological parents
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DNA fingerprinting can also be used to help solve
______________________
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Cloning
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Cloning is the creation of an organism
that is an ___________________ genetic copy
of another
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Their DNA is identical
Produced by ________________________
reproduction
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Mitosis
___________________ the sheep was the first animal to be
successfully cloned in 1997
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There were 277 failures before this
_________________________________________ technique
succeeded