SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 1
Table S1: Summary table of available data including in training dataset.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Drug
amoxycillin
azythromycin
biapenem
cefdinir
cefditoren
cefepime
cefpirome
cefpodoxime
ceftazidime
ceftibuten
ceftobiprole
cefuroxime axetil
cethromycin
ciprofloxacin
clarithromycin
clavulanic acid
clinafloxacin
dirithromycin
ertapenem
erythromycin
ethionamide
garenoxacin
gatifloxacin
gentamicin
gsk1322322
iclaprim
isoniazid
itraconazole
levofloxacin
linezolid
lomefloxacin
meropenem
moxifloxacin
netilmicin
opc-17116
pefloxacin
piperacillin
pyrazinamide
rifampicin
rifapentine
roxithromycin
rufloxacin
s-013420
solithromycin
sparfloxacin
tazobactam
teicoplanin
telavancin
telithromycin
temafloxacin
tigecycline
tobramycin
trovafloxacin
vancomycin
voriconazole
zanamivir
Nobs ELF
14
109
12
15
24
20
8
12
15
13
24
18
55
57
127
14
10
25
30
12
40
22
15
24
17
22
80
25
237
66
52
78
34
20
24
10
10
40
55
30
15
32
28
30
55
10
13
10
113
18
30
28
21
18
9
36
Method
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL; BMS
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL; BMS
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL; BMS
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
BAL
Population
HV
HV; PatOther
HV
PatOther
PatOther
PatLung
PatOther
PatOther
PatLung
PatOther
HV
PatLung; HV
HV
HV; PatOther
HV; PatOther
HV
PatOther
PatOther
PatOther; PatLung
HV
PatLung; HV
HV
PatOther
PatLung
HV
HV
PatLung; HV
HV
PatOther; HV; PatLung
HV; PatOther; PatLung
PatOther
PatOther; HV
PatOther
PatLung
PatLung
HV
PatLung
PatLung; HV
PatOther; PatLung; HV
HV
PatOther
PatOther
HV
HV
PatOther
PatLung
PatLung
HV
HV; PatOther
PatOther
HV
PatLung
PatOther
PatLung
PatLung
HV
PK
nonSS
nonSS; SS
nonSS
nonSS
nonSS
nonSS
nonSS
nonSS
SS
nonSS
SS
nonSS
SS
nonSS; SS
nonSS; SS
nonSS
nonSS
SS
nonSS; SS
SS
SS
nonSS
nonSS
nonSS
SS
nonSS
SS
SS
SS; nonSS
SS
SS
nonSS; SS
SS; nonSS
nonSS
SS
nonSS
SS
SS
nonSS; SS
nonSS
SS
nonSS
nonSS
SS
nonSS; SS
SS
SS
SS
nonSS; SS
SS
SS
SS
nonSS
SS
SS
nonSS; SS
Studies Ref
1
[1]
7
[2–8]
1
[9]
1
[10]
1
[11]
1
[12]
1
[13]
1
[14]
1
[15]
1
[16]
1
[17]
2
[2,18]
1
[19]
5
[2,20–23]
7
[2–4,24–27]
1
[28]
1
[29]
1
[30]
2
[31,32]
1
[33]
1
[34]
1
[35]
1
[36]
1
[37]
1
[38]
1
[39]
1
[40]
1
[41]
9
[7,8,22,42–47]
3
[48–50]
2
[13,23]
2
[51,52]
2
[7,53]
1
[54]
1
[55]
1
[56]
1
[57]
1
[58]
2
[59,60]
1
[61]
2
[62]
1
[63]
1
[64]
1
[65]
3
[21,66,67]
1
[57]
1
[68]
1
[69]
5
[70–74]
1
[75]
1
[76]
2
[77,78]
1
[79]
2
[80,81]
1
[82]
1
[83]
Total
1981
97
BAL=Bronchoalveolar lavage; BMS=Bronchoscopic microsampling; SS=Steady state data; nonSS=Non-steady state data; HV=Healthy
volunteers; PatLung=Patients with lung infections; PatOther=Patients with disease other than lung related.
1. Cook PJ, Andrews JM, Woodcock J, Wise R, Honeybourne D. Concentration of amoxycillin and clavulanate in
lung compartments in adults without pulmonary infection. Thorax. 1994;49:1134–8.
2. Conte JE, Golden J, Duncan S, McKenna E, Lin E, Zurlinden E. Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of
azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
1996;40:1617–22.
3. Patel KB, Xuan D, Tessier PR, Russomanno JH, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Comparison of
bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
1996;40:2375–9.
4. Rodvold KA, Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Servi RJ. Intrapulmonary steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin
and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997;41:1399–402.
5. Baldwin DR, Wise R, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Honeybourne D. Azithromycin concentrations at the sites of
pulmonary infection. Eur. Respir. J. 1990;3:886–90.
6. Olsen KM, San Pedro G, Gann LP, Gubbins PO, Halinski DM, Campbell GD. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics
of azithromycin in healthy volunteers given five oral doses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996;40:2582–5.
7. Capitano B, Mattoes HM, Shore E, O’Brien A, Braman S, Sutherland C, et al. Steady-state intrapulmonary
concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults. Chest. 2004;125:965–73.
8. Rodvold KA, Danziger LH, Gotfried MH. Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary concentrations of
intravenous levofloxacin and azithromycin in healthy adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003;47:2450–7.
9. Kikuchi E, Kikuchi J, Nasuhara Y, Oizumi S, Ishizaka A, Nishimura M. Comparison of the pharmacodynamics of
biapenem in bronchial epithelial lining fluid in healthy volunteers given half-hour and three-hour intravenous
infusions. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2799–803.
10. Cook PJ, Andrews JM, Wise R, Honeybourne D. Distribution of cefdinir, a third generation cephalosporin
antibiotic, in serum and pulmonary compartments. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1996;37:331–9.
11. Lodise TP, Kinzig-Schippers M, Drusano GL, Loos U, Vogel F, Bulitta J, et al. Use of population
pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation to describe the pharmacodynamic profile of cefditoren in
plasma and epithelial lining fluid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1945–51.
12. Boselli E, Breilh D, Duflo F, Saux M-C, Debon R, Chassard D, et al. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary
concentrations of cefepime administered in continuous infusion in critically ill patients with severe nosocomial
pneumonia. Crit. Care Med. 2003;31:2102–6.
13. Baldwin DR, Maxwell SR, Honeybourne D, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Wise R. The penetration of cefpirome into
the potential sites of pulmonary infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1991;28:79–86.
14. Muller-Serieys C, Bancal C, Dombret MC, Soler P, Murciano G, Aubier M, et al. Penetration of cefpodoxime
proxetil in lung parenchyma and epithelial lining fluid of noninfected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
1992;36:2099–103.
15. Boselli E, Breilh D, Rimmelé T, Poupelin J-C, Saux M-C, Chassard D, et al. Plasma and lung concentrations of
ceftazidime administered in continuous infusion to critically ill patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia.
Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:989–91.
16. Andrews JM, Wise R, Baldwin DR, Honeybourne D. Concentrations of ceftibuten in plasma and the respiratory
tract following a single 400 mg oral dose. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 1995;5:141–4.
17. Rodvold KA, Nicolau DP, Lodise TP, Khashab M, Noel GJ, Kahn JB, et al. Identifying exposure targets for
treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia with ceftobiprole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3294–301.
18. Baldwin DR, Andrews JM, Wise R, Honeybourne D. Bronchoalveolar distribution of cefuroxime axetil and invitro efficacy of observed concentrations against respiratory pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1992;30:377–85.
19. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kipps J, Zurlinden E. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of cethromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004;48:3508–15.
20. Wise R, Baldwin DR, Andrews JM, Honeybourne D. Comparative pharmacokinetic disposition of
fluoroquinolones in the lung. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1991;28 Suppl C:65–71.
21. Schuler P, Zemper K, Borner K, Koeppe P, Schaberg T, Lode H. Penetration of sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin
into alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid, and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Eur. Respir. J. 1997;10:1130–
6.
22. Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of
levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy adult subjects. Chest. 2001;119:1114–22.
23. Baldwin DR, Wise R, Andrews JM, Gill M, Honeybourne D. Comparative bronchoalveolar concentrations of
ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin following oral administration. Respir. Med. 1993;87:595–601.
24. Kikuchi E, Yamazaki K, Kikuchi J, Hasegawa N, Hashimoto S, Ishizaka A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of
clarithromycin in bronchial epithelial lining fluid. Respirology. 2008;13:221–6.
25. Conte JE, Golden JA, Duncan S, McKenna E, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin
and of erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:334–8.
26. Honeybourne D, Kees F, Andrews JM, Baldwin D, Wise R. The levels of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy
metabolite in the lung. Eur. Respir. J. 1994;7:1275–80.
27. Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary characteristics of
clarithromycin extended-release tablets in normal healthy adult subjects. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003;52:450–6.
28. Cook PJ, Andrews JM, Woodcock J, Wise R, Honeybourne D. Concentration of amoxycillin and clavulanate in
lung compartments in adults without pulmonary infection. Thorax. 1994;49:1134–8.
29. Honeybourne D, Andrews JM, Cunningham B, Jevons G, Wise R. The concentrations of clinafloxacin in
alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid, bronchial mucosa and serum after administration of single 200 mg oral
doses to patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999;43:153–5.
30. Cazzola M, Matera MG, Tufano MA, Polverino M, Catalanotti P, Varanese L, et al. Pulmonary Penetration of
Dirithromycin in Patients Suffering From Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis. Pulm. Pharmacol. [Internet].
1994;7:377–81. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952060084710441
31. Burkhardt O, Majcher-Peszynska J, Borner K, Mundkowski R, Drewelow B, Derendorf H, et al. Penetration of
ertapenem into different pulmonary compartments of patients undergoing lung surgery. J. Clin. Pharmacol.
2005;45:659–65.
32. Boselli E, Breilh D, Saux M-C, Gordien J-B, Allaouchiche B. Pharmacokinetics and lung concentrations of
ertapenem in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:2059–62.
33. Conte JE, Golden JA, Duncan S, McKenna E, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin
and of erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995;39:334–8.
34. Conte JE, Golden JA, McQuitty M, Kipps J, Lin ET, Zurlinden E. Effects of AIDS and gender on steady-state
plasma and intrapulmonary ethionamide concentrations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1337–41.
35. Andrews J, Honeybourne D, Jevons G, Boyce M, Wise R, Bello A, et al. Concentrations of garenoxacin in
plasma, bronchial mucosa, alveolar macrophages and epithelial lining fluid following a single oral 600 mg dose in
healthy adult subjects. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003;51:727–30.
36. Honeybourne D, Banerjee D, Andrews J, Wise R. Concentrations of gatifloxacin in plasma and pulmonary
compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J. Antimicrob.
Chemother. 2001;48:63–6.
37. Panidis D, Markantonis SL, Boutzouka E, Karatzas S, Baltopoulos G. Penetration of gentamicin into the alveolar
lining fluid of critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2005;128:545–52.
38. Naderer OJ, Rodvold KA, Jones LS, Zhu JZ, Bowen CL, Chen L, et al. Penetration of GSK1322322 into
epithelial lining fluid and alveolar macrophages as determined by bronchoalveolar lavage. Antimicrob. Agents
Chemother. 2014;58:419–23.
39. Andrews J, Honeybourne D, Ashby J, Jevons G, Fraise A, Fry P, et al. Concentrations in plasma, epithelial
lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and bronchial mucosa after a single intravenous dose of 1.6 mg/kg of iclaprim
(AR-100) in healthy men. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2007;60:677–80.
40. Conte JE, Golden JA, McQuitty M, Kipps J, Duncan S, McKenna E, et al. Effects of gender, AIDS, and
acetylator status on intrapulmonary concentrations of isoniazid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002;46:2358–64.
41. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kipps J, McIver M, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of itraconazole and 14-hydroxyitraconazole at steady state. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
2004;48:3823–7.
42. Conte JE, Golden JA, McIver M, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
high-dose levofloxacin in healthy volunteer subjects. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2006;28:114–21.
43. Conte JE, Golden JA, McIver M, Little E, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacodynamics of high-dose
levofloxacin in subjects with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Antimicrob.
Agents. 2007;30:422–7.
44. Andrews JM, Honeybourne D, Jevons G, Brenwald NP, Cunningham B, Wise R. Concentrations of levofloxacin
(HR 355) in the respiratory tract following a single oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J.
Antimicrob. Chemother. 1997;40:573–7.
45. Boselli E, Breilh D, Rimmelé T, Djabarouti S, Saux M-C, Chassard D, et al. Pharmacokinetics and
intrapulmonary diffusion of levofloxacin in critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit.
Care Med. 2005;33:104–9.
46. Zhang J, Xie X, Zhou X, Chen Y-Q, Yu J-C, Cao G-Y, et al. Permeability and concentration of levofloxacin in
epithelial lining fluid in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2010;50:922–8.
47. Yamazaki K, Ogura S, Ishizaka A, Oh-hara T, Nishimura M. Bronchoscopic microsampling method for
measuring drug concentration in epithelial lining fluid. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003;168:1304–7.
48. Honeybourne D, Tobin C, Jevons G, Andrews J, Wise R. Intrapulmonary penetration of linezolid. J. Antimicrob.
Chemother. 2003;51:1431–4.
49. Boselli E, Breilh D, Rimmelé T, Djabarouti S, Toutain J, Chassard D, et al. Pharmacokinetics and
intrapulmonary concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated
pneumonia. Crit. Care Med. 2005;33:1529–33.
50. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kipps J, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Antimicrob. Agents
Chemother. 2002;46:1475–80.
51. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kelley MG, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
meropenem. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2005;26:449–56.
52. Allegranzi B, Cazzadori A, Di Perri G, Bonora S, Berti M, Franchino L, et al. Concentrations of single-dose
meropenem (1 g iv) in bronchoalveolar lavage and epithelial lining fluid. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2000;46:319–
22.
53. Soman A, Honeybourne D, Andrews J, Jevons G, Wise R. Concentrations of moxifloxacin in serum and
pulmonary compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J.
Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999;44:835–8.
54. Valcke YJ, Vogelaers DP, Colardyn FA, Pauwels RA. Penetration of netilmicin in the lower respiratory tract
after once-daily dosing. Chest. 1992;101:1028–32.
55. Cook PJ, Andrews JM, Wise R, Honeybourne D, Moudgil H. Concentrations of OPC-17116, a new
fluoroquinolone antibacterial, in serum and lung compartments. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1995;35:317–26.
56. Panteix G, Harf R, Desnottes JF, Gosselet H, Leclercq M, Diallo N, et al. Accumulation of pefloxacin in the
lower respiratory tract demonstrated by bronchoalveolar lavage. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1994;33:979–85.
57. Boselli E, Breilh D, Cannesson M, Xuereb F, Rimmelé T, Chassard D, et al. Steady-state plasma and
intrapulmonary concentrations of piperacillin/tazobactam 4 g/0.5 g administered to critically ill patients with severe
nosocomial pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:976–9.
58. Conte JE, Golden JA, Duncan S, McKenna E, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary concentrations of pyrazinamide.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999;43:1329–33.
59. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kipps JE, Lin ET, Zurlinden E. Effect of sex and AIDS status on the plasma and
intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:395–404.
60. Ziglam HM, Baldwin DR, Daniels I, Andrew JM, Finch RG. Rifampicin concentrations in bronchial mucosa,
epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and serum following a single 600 mg oral dose in patients undergoing
fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002;50:1011–5.
61. Conte JE, Golden JA, McQuitty M, Kipps J, Lin ET, Zurlinden E. Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics
of rifapentine in normal subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000;44:985–90.
62. Chastre J, Brun P, Fourtillan JB, Soler P, Basset G, Manuel C, et al. Pulmonary disposition of roxithromycin
(RU 28965), a new macrolide antibiotic. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1987;31:1312–6.
63. Wise R, Andrews J, Imbimbo BP, Greaves I, Honeybourne D. The penetration of rufloxacin into sites of
potential infection in the respiratory tract. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1993;32:861–6.
64. Furuie H, Saisho Y, Yoshikawa T, Shimada J. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of S-013420, a novel
bicyclolide antibacterial, in healthy Japanese subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010;54:866–70.
65. Rodvold KA, Gotfried MH, Still JG, Clark K, Fernandes P. Comparison of plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and
alveolar macrophage concentrations of solithromycin (CEM-101) in healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob. Agents
Chemother. 2012;56:5076–81.
66. Wise R, Honeybourne D. A review of the penetration of sparfloxacin into the lower respiratory tract and sinuses.
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1996;37 Suppl A:57–63.
67. Honeybourne D, Greaves I, Baldwin DR, Andrews JM, Harris M, Wise R. The concentration of sparfloxacin in
lung tissues after single and multiple oral doses. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 1994;4:151–5.
68. Mimoz O, Rolland D, Adoun M, Marchand S, Breilh D, Brumpt I, et al. Steady-state trough serum and epithelial
lining fluid concentrations of teicoplanin 12 mg/kg per day in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:775–9.
69. Gotfried MH, Shaw J-P, Benton BM, Krause KM, Goldberg MR, Kitt MM, et al. Intrapulmonary distribution of
intravenous telavancin in healthy subjects and effect of pulmonary surfactant on in vitro activities of telavancin and
other antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008;52:92–7.
70. Kikuchi J, Yamazaki K, Kikuchi E, Ishizaka A, Nishimura M. Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin using
bronchoscopic microsampling after single and multiple oral doses. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007;20:549–55.
71. Ong CT, Dandekar PK, Sutherland C, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Intrapulmonary concentrations of
telithromycin: clinical implications for respiratory tract infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chemotherapy.
2005;51:339–46.
72. Khair OA, Andrews JM, Honeybourne D, Jevons G, Vacheron F, Wise R. Lung concentrations of telithromycin
after oral dosing. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001;47:837–40.
73. Kadota J-I, Ishimatsu Y, Iwashita T, Matsubara Y, Tomono K, Tateno M, et al. Intrapulmonary
pharmacokinetics of telithromycin, a new ketolide, in healthy Japanese volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
2002;46:917–21.
74. Muller-Serieys C, Soler P, Cantalloube C, Lemaitre F, Gia HP, Brunner F, et al. Bronchopulmonary disposition
of the ketolide telithromycin (HMR 3647). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3104–8.
75. Baldwin DR, Wise R, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Honeybourne D. The distribution of temafloxacin in bronchial
epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and bronchial mucosa. Eur. Respir. J. 1992;5:471–6.
76. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kelly MG, Zurlinden E. Steady-state serum and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of tigecycline. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2005;25:523–9.
77. Rosenfeld M, Gibson R, McNamara S, Emerson J, McCoyd KS, Shell R, et al. Serum and lower respiratory tract
drug concentrations after tobramycin inhalation in young children with cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr. 2001;139:572–7.
78. Mazzei T, Novelli A, De Lalla F, Mini E, Periti P. Tissue penetration and pulmonary disposition of tobramycin.
J. Chemother. 1995;7:363–70.
79. Andrews JM, Honeybourne D, Brenwald NP, Bannerjee D, Iredale M, Cunningham B, et al. Concentrations of
trovafloxacin in bronchial mucosa, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and serum after administration of
single or multiple oral doses to patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
1997;39:797–802.
80. Lamer C, de Beco V, Soler P, Calvat S, Fagon JY, Dombret MC, et al. Analysis of vancomycin entry into
pulmonary lining fluid by bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
1993;37:281–6.
81. Georges H, Leroy O, Alfandari S, Guery B, Roussel-Delvallez M, Dhennain C, et al. Pulmonary disposition of
vancomycin in critically ill patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1997;16:385–8.
82. Heng S-C, Snell GI, Levvey B, Keating D, Westall GP, Williams TJ, et al. Relationship between trough plasma
and epithelial lining fluid concentrations of voriconazole in lung transplant recipients. Antimicrob. Agents
Chemother. 2013;57:4581–3.
83. Shelton MJ, Lovern M, Ng-Cashin J, Jones L, Gould E, Gauvin J, et al. Zanamivir pharmacokinetics and
pulmonary penetration into epithelial lining fluid following intravenous or oral inhaled administration to healthy
adult subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5178–84.