SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE1.Characteristics of Women and Their Offspring, Comparing Those Included and Excluded from Analysis
Characteristics
n
Overall
Women Included
Women Excluded
829 (100%)
567 (68.4%)
262 (31.6%)
30.3 (30 to 30.6)
31 (30.6 to 31.4)
29.7 (29.3 to 30.1)
P
Maternal Characteristics
Age, years
Race
<0.001
0.53
Chinese
451 (54.4%)
310 (54.7%)
141 (53.8%)
Malay
238 (28.7%)
157 (27.7%)
81 (30.9%)
Indian
140 (16.9%)
100 (17.6%)
40 (15.3%)
Education
0.01
Primary to Secondary
267 (32.6%)
171 (30.3%)
96 (37.5%)
CE/Vocational/Polytechnic
289 (35.2%)
194 (34.4%)
95 (37.1%)
Tertiary and above
264 (32.2%)
199 (35.3%)
65 (25.4%)
Alcohol intake
0.03
None
526 (65.2%)
372 (67.6%)
154 (59.9%)
Yes
281 (34.8%)
178 (32.4%)
103 (40.1%)
Smoking status
0.03
Non-smoker
710 (86.2%)
497 (88.0%)
213 (82.2%)
Ever-smoker
114 (13.8%)
68 (12.0%)
46 (17.8%)
Parity
0.11
Nulliparous
350 (43.1%)
234 (41.3%)
116 (47.4%)
Multiparous
462 (56.9%)
333 (58.7%)
129 (52.6%)
Physical activity
0.02
None to Light
609 (73.7%)
404 (71.2%)
205 (79.2%)
Moderate to Strenuous
217 (26.3%)
163 (28.8%)
54 (20.8%)
Maternal Hypertension
None
0.11
787 (94.9%)
537 (94.7%)
250 (95.4%)
Chronic Hypertension
5 (0.4%)
4 (0.7%)
1 (0.2%)
Gestational Hypertension
25 (2.2%)
17 (3.0%)
8 (1.3%)
Preeclampsia
21 (1.8%)
9 (1.6%)
12 (2.0%)
22.7 (22.4 to 23.0)
22.8 (22.4 to 23.2)
22.5 (22.1 to 22.9)
0.59
Peripheral SBP, mmHg
109.5 (108.7 to 110.3)
109.5 (108.6 to 110.4)
109.5 (108.2 to 110.9)
0.94
Peripheral DBP, mmHg
66.8 (66.2 to 67.4)
66.8 (66.1 to 67.5)
66.8 (65.7 to 67.9)
0.95
Peripheral PP, mmHg
42.7 (42.1 to 43.3)
42.7 (42.0 to 43.4)
42.7 (41.7 to 43.7)
0.97
Central SBP, mmHg
96.9 (96.2 to 97.6)
97.1 (96.2 to 97.9)
96.5 (95.3 to 97.7)
0.45
Central PP, mmHg
30.1 (29.7 to 30.6)
30.3 (29.8 to 30.8)
29.7 (28.9 to 30.5)
0.22
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2
Offspring Characteristics
Sex
0.21
Male
437 (53.8%)
297 (52.4%)
140 (57.1%)
Female
375 (46.2%)
270 (47.6%)
105 (42.9%)
BMI, kg/m2
15.8 (15.7 to 15.9)
15.8 (15.7 to 15.9)
15.7 (15.5 to 15.9)
0.54
Height, cm
94.8 (94.5 to 95.1)
94.8 (94.5 to 95.1)
94.8 (94.3 to 95.2)
0.78
Peripheral SBP, mmHg
-
98.5 (97.8 to 99.2)
-
Peripheral DBP, mmHg
-
58.3 (57.9 to 58.8)
-
Pulse pressure, mmHg
-
40.2 (39.7 to 40.7)
BMI indicates body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure
Data are presented as n (column percentages) or in mean (95% confidence interval)
A total of 567 women and their offspring were included in analysis, women with missing information for education (n=3), alcohol intake (17),
smoking status (n=2) and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (n=45) were coded as missing.
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2.Estimated Increases in Offspring Peripheral Blood Pressures, Per-mmHg Increase in Maternal Blood Pressures
in Chinese, Malay and Indian Women
Offspring Blood Pressure Outcomes (mmHg)
Maternal Blood
Pressures
(mmHg)
Peripheral SBP
Peripheral DBP
Peripheral PP
?(95% CI)
P
?(95% CI)
P
?(95% CI)
P
All women
0.05 (-0.03 to 0.13)
0.21
-0.02 (-0.07 to 0.04)
0.52
0.07 (0.01 to 0.13)
0.02
Chinese
0.12 (0.02 to 0.22)
0.02
0.01 (-0.05 to 0.08)
0.72
0.11 (0.03 to 0.18)
0.005
Malay
0.01 (-0.18 to 0.20)
0.91
-0.01 (-0.12 to 0.10)
0.85
0.02 (-0.10 to 0.15)
0.73
Indian
-0.05 (-0.25 to 0.14)
0.58
-0.13 (-0.30 to 0.04)
0.14
0.07 (-0.08 to 0.23)
0.35
Peripheral SBP
P for interaction
0.45
0.76
0.38
Peripheral DBP
All women
0.09 (-0.01 to 0.20)
0.09
0.03 (-0.04 to 0.10)
0.35
0.06 (-0.02 to 0.13)
0.14
Chinese
0.15 (0.02 to 0.28)
0.02
0.06 (-0.02 to 0.15)
0.15
0.09 (-0.01 to 0.19)
0.08
Malay
0.15 (-0.12 to 0.41)
0.27
-0.02 (-0.18 to 0.14)
0.82
0.17 (-0.01 to 0.35)
0.07
Indian
-0.07 (-0.29 to 0.16)
0.57
0.09 (-0.11 to 0.29)
0.39
-0.15 (-0.33 to 0.03)
0.09
P for interaction
0.57
0.51
0.12
Peripheral PP
All women
0.00 (-0.10 to 0.09)
0.96
-0.06 (-0.12 to 0.01)
0.09
0.05 (-0.02 to 0.13)
0.14
Chinese
0.05 (-0.08 to 0.17)
0.44
-0.04 (-0.12 to 0.04)
0.36
0.09 (-0.01 to 0.18)
0.07
Malay
-0.11 (-0.35 to 0.14)
0.39
0.00 (-0.15 to 0.14)
0.97
-0.10 (-0.27 to 0.06)
0.22
Indian
-0.01 (-0.23 to 0.21)
0.94
-0.25 (-0.43 to -0.06)
0.01
0.24 (0.07 to 0.41)
0.006
P for interaction
0.59
0.23
0.05
Central SBP
All women
0.08 (0.00 to 0.17)
0.06
0.00 (-0.06 to 0.05)
0.88
0.09 (0.02 to 0.15)
0.006
Chinese
0.14 (0.04 to 0.25)
0.006
0.02 (-0.05 to 0.09)
0.53
0.12 (0.04 to 0.20)
0.004
Malay
0.09 (-0.13 to 0.31)
0.41
0.01 (-0.12 to 0.13)
0.93
0.08 (-0.06 to 0.23)
0.25
Indian
-0.01 (-0.21 to 0.19)
0.90
-0.06 (-0.24 to 0.11)
0.48
0.05 (-0.11 to 0.21)
0.53
P for interaction
0.54
0.85
0.59
Central PP
All women
0.04 (-0.08 to 0.16)
0.50
-0.05 (-0.14 to 0.03)
0.19
0.10 (0.01 to 0.18)
0.03
Chinese
0.09 (-0.07 to 0.24)
0.26
-0.04 (-0.14 to 0.06)
0.44
0.13 (0.01 to 0.25)
0.03
Malay
-0.02 (-0.34 to 0.30)
0.92
0.04 (-0.15 to 0.23)
0.69
-0.05 (-0.27 to 0.16)
0.62
Indian
0.06 (-0.19 to 0.30)
0.65
-0.2 (-0.41 to 0.02)
0.07
0.25 (0.07 to 0.44)
0.009
P for interaction
0.76
0.33
0.18
CI, confidence interval; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure.
All analysis were performed using multiple linear regressions with adjustments for maternal age, education level, smoking status, alcohol
consumption and physical activity during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI; and offspring sex, BMI and height at 3 years of age.
A total of 310 Chinese, 157 Malay and 100 Indian women and their offspring were analysed.
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 3.Estimated Increases in Offspring Peripheral Blood Pressures, Per-mmHg Increase in Maternal Blood Pressures in
Male and Female Offspring
Offspring Blood Pressure Outcomes (mmHg)
Maternal Blood
Pressures
(mmHg)
Peripheral SBP
Peripheral DBP
Peripheral PP
?(95% CI)
P
?(95% CI)
P
?(95% CI)
P
All offspring
0.05 (-0.03 to 0.13)
0.21
-0.02 (-0.07 to 0.04)
0.52
0.07 (0.01 to 0.13)
0.02
Males
0.03 (-0.08 to 0.14)
0.58
-0.01 (-0.08 to 0.05)
0.69
0.04 (-0.04 to 0.12)
0.28
Females
0.07 (-0.05 to 0.19)
0.26
-0.03 (-0.11 to 0.06)
0.55
0.09 (0.01 to 0.18)
0.03
Peripheral SBP
P for interaction
0.74
0.76
0.47
Peripheral DBP
All offspring
0.09 (-0.01 to 0.20)
0.09
0.03 (-0.04 to 0.10)
0.35
0.06 (-0.02 to 0.13)
Males
0.04 (-0.11 to 0.19)
0.59
0.05 (-0.04 to 0.15)
0.27
-0.01 (-0.12 to 0.10) 0.83
Females
0.15 (0.00 to 0.30)
0.06
0.01 (-0.10 to 0.12)
0.82
0.13 (0.03 to 0.24)
P for interaction
0.56
0.46
0.14
0.01
0.15
Peripheral PP
All offspring
0.00 (-0.10 to 0.09)
0.96
-0.06 (-0.12 to 0.01)
0.09
0.05 (-0.02 to 0.13)
0.14
Males
0.01 (-0.12 to 0.15)
0.84
-0.07 (-0.15 to 0.02)
0.13
0.08 (-0.02 to 0.18)
0.12
Females
-0.03 (-0.17 to 0.11)
0.67
-0.05 (-0.15 to 0.05)
0.35
0.02 (-0.08 to 0.12)
0.73
P for interaction
0.78
0.73
0.48
Central SBP
All offspring
0.08 (0.00 to 0.17)
0.06
0.00 (-0.06 to 0.05)
0.88
0.09 (0.02 to 0.15)
0.006
Males
0.07 (-0.05 to 0.19)
0.26
0.02 (-0.05 to 0.10)
0.58
0.05 (-0.04 to 0.14)
0.30
Females
0.09 (-0.03 to 0.22)
0.16
-0.04 (-0.13 to 0.06)
0.44
0.13 (0.04 to 0.22)
0.01
P for interaction
0.94
0.29
0.28
Central PP
All offspring
0.04 (-0.08 to 0.16)
0.50
-0.05 (-0.14 to 0.03)
0.19
0.10 (0.01 to 0.18)
0.03
Males
0.09 (-0.08 to 0.26)
0.31
-0.03 (-0.14 to 0.08)
0.63
0.12 (-0.01 to 0.25)
0.08
Females
-0.02 (-0.19 to 0.15)
0.81
-0.08 (-0.21 to 0.04)
0.20
0.06 (-0.06 to 0.18)
0.33
P for interaction
0.43
0.54
0.61
CI, confidence interval; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure.
All analysis were performed using multiple linear regressions with adjustments for maternal age, education level, smoking status, alcohol
consumption and physical activity during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI; and offspring ethnicity, BMI and height at 3 years of age.
A total of 297 male offspring and 270 female offspring were analysed.
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE 1.Conceptual framework of pathways for the relations between maternal blood pressures during
pregnancy and offspring blood pressures
Error! Reference source not found.
The full arrows represent relations between maternal factors and blood pressures (maternal or offspring); the dashed arrows
represent mediating relations by offspring’s gestation and weight at birth on maternal-offspring blood pressures.
Offspring sex
Maternal parity
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI
Offspring BMI and height at 3 years old
Maternal physical activity, smoking status
and alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Gestation and
weight at birth
Maternal blood pressure during pregnancy
Offspring blood pressure at 3 years of age
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE 2.Correlation plots between measures of anthropometry and blood pressures in women in the GUSTO study at 26 – 28 weeks
gestation and their offspring at 3 years of
Correlation Plots between Maternal and Offspring's Anthropometry and Blood Pressure Measures
Maternal
Peripheral
SBP
100
r=0.68
Maternal
Peripheral
DBP
80
60
40
80
r=0.66
r=-0.10
Maternal
Peripheral
PP
60
40
20
140
120
r=0.76
r=0.92
r=0.47
Maternal
Central
SBP
100
80
60
r=-0.10
r=0.55
r=0.57
r=0.85
Maternal
Central
PP
40
20
40
r=0.18
r=0.38
r=0.42
r-0.13
r=0.40
Maternal
Prepregnancy
BMI
30
20
10
150
r=0.07
r=0.07
r=0.09
r=0.02
r=0.05
r=0.04
Offspring
Peripheral
SBP
100
50
100
r=0.01
r=0.05
r=-0.04
r=-0.04
r=0.02
r=0.06
r=0.69
Offpring
Periperal
DBP
80
60
40
80
r=0.05
r=0.09
r=0.11
r=0.07
r=0.01
r=0.10
r=0.03
r=0.74
Offspring
Peripheral
PP
60
40
20
25
r=0.09
r=0.07
r=0.09
r=0.06
r=0.03
r=0.21
r=0.23
r=0.25
r=0.14
20
Offspring
BMI
15
10
110
r=0.02
r=-0.02
r=-0.00
r=-0.02
r=-0.01
r=0.04
r=0.11
r=0.18
r=0.14
r=0.20
100
Offspring
Height
90
80
age
80
100
120
140 40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
80
100
120
140 20
40
60
10
20
30
4050
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure.
100
150 40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
10
15
20
25