Referencing guidelines for
Archaeological,
Environmental and
Integrated Sciences
This hand-out will give you a brief guide to the types of
information sources you may encounter and the way in
which you should reference them
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October 2014
Contents
Referencing for Archaeological, Environmental and Integrated Sciences ....................................... 1
What is a reference? ................................................................................................................. 1
Why reference? ......................................................................................................................... 1
How to reference...................................................................................................................... 1
How to cite references in your coursework ............................................................................... 2
Templates for referencing different source types ......................................................................... 4
Books....................................................................................................................................... 4
Book chapters .......................................................................................................................... 5
Book series .............................................................................................................................. 5
Chapters in book series ........................................................................................................... 6
Electronic books....................................................................................................................... 6
Journal articles ......................................................................................................................... 6
Electronic journals ................................................................................................................... 7
Portions of journal articles ....................................................................................................... 8
Conference proceedings........................................................................................................... 8
Official Publications ................................................................................................................. 9
Government publications ......................................................................................................... 9
Command papers ................................................................................................................... 10
Hansard ................................................................................................................................. 10
Maps ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Newspaper articles ................................................................................................................. 12
Websites ................................................................................................................................ 13
Publications accessed online .................................................................................................. 14
Images ................................................................................................................................... 14
Images from websites ............................................................................................................ 14
Images that are not part of a larger work ............................................................................... 14
Primary sources ..................................................................................................................... 15
Translated works ................................................................................................................... 16
Television Programmes, DVDs and online videos .................................................................... 17
Unpublished sources .............................................................................................................. 18
Site reports ............................................................................................................................ 18
Historic Environment Records ................................................................................................ 18
Manuscripts ........................................................................................................................... 19
Miscellaneous sources............................................................................................................ 19
Lecture notes and Personal communications .......................................................................... 20
Secondary referencing ............................................................................................................... 20
Example ................................................................................................................................. 20
Abstracts ............................................................................................................................... 21
Help with Referencing................................................................................................................ 21
Recognising reference types................................................................................................... 21
How to find the information for your reference ...................................................................... 23
Referencing for Archaeological, Environmental and Integrated Science
Referencing for Archaeological, Environmental
and Integrated Sciences
This hand-out will give you a brief guide to the types of information source you may
encounter and the way in which you should reference them.
What is a reference?
A reference is your acknowledgement that you have drawn on someone else's work to
inform your own work.
You should reference any of the following:
 Facts.
 Ideas.
 Quotations.
 Images, tables, statistics.
that someone else has created.
You do not have to reference something that is common knowledge: undisputed and
well-known facts (such as the date of the Roman invasion of Britain or the fact that
Bradford is in West Yorkshire).
Why reference?
Referencing is important as it helps your readers to check and build on your work, and
provides support for your arguments. We expect you to use other people’s work in
creating your own, and referencing allows you to acknowledge the work of others.
Correct referencing of your work will prevent you being accused of plagiarism, and will
gain you extra marks.
How to reference
There are two parts to a reference:
 Within the text of your essay, where you use fact or idea from someone else,
you put a citation.
 This points the reader towards the reference at the end of your work.
The citation is the family name of the author followed by the date of publication. If you
have two authors you cite both names (e.g. Collins and Workman 2008). If there are more
than two authors you name the first then add et al (e.g. Hutchings et al 2009).
The reference contains the full details of the work you have used. The references come at
the end of the essay in a single list ordered alphabetically by the author’s family name.
You should name all of the authors in the reference, no matter how many there are.
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There are two main types of referencing systems:
 The author-date or Harvard system. In this system, the citation is the family
name of the author followed by the date of publication. The references come
at the end of the essay in a single list ordered alphabetically by the author’s
family name. Archaeological and Environmental Sciences use an author-date
system.
 Numerical systems. The citation is a number. The references come at the end of
the essay or the bottom of each page, in the order that they appear in the
essay.
There are many variations on these two basic themes, and you will encounter many of
them whilst reading different books and journals.
How to cite references in your coursework
Below is a portion of an essay showing in-text citations. At the end is the list of
references or bibliography.
Peatlands have been described (Rydin and Jeglum 2006: 1) as a “diverse, beautiful and fascinating
world”, and have come to be recognised as a valuable record of environmental change (Blaauw et al
2004a, Swindles et al 2009). They have had diverse uses throughout human history. Peat is a
valuable fuel: Bergner et al (1990, cited in Rydin and Jeglum 2006: 215) found that the sphagnum
moss in Swedish peat bogs was 31% carbohydrate (dry mass) and delivered 20.9 MJ/kg in energy.
The Environment and Heritage Service of Northern Ireland (2004) report that peatlands are still used
for grazing. Radiocarbon dating (Blauuw et al 2004b) indicates that some peat columns represent an
uninterrupted history since the last ice age. Preliminary fieldwork on the North Yorkshire moors
suggests that charcoal fragments in peat have great potential for tracking microclimatic change
(Thompson, pers comm).
Bibliography
Bergner K, Bohlin E and Albano Å (1990) Vad innehåller torv? Umea: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.
[Cited in Rydin and Jeglum 2006: 215]
Blaauw M, van der Plicht J and van Geel B (2004a) Radiocarbon dating of bulk peat samples from
raised bogs: non-existence of a previously reported reservoir effect? Quaternary science reviews
23(14-15): 1537–1542.
Blaauw M, van Geel B and van der Plicht J (2004b) Solar forcing of climatic change during the midHolocene: indications from raised bogs in The Netherlands. The Holocene 14(1): 35–44.
Environment and Heritage Service of Northern Ireland (2004) Peatlands. Belfast: Environment and
Heritage Service of Northern Ireland. Available from http://www.peatlandsni.gov.uk/. Accessed 14
October 2009.
Rydin H and Jeglum J (2006) The biology of peatlands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swindles GT, Blundell HM, Roe VA and Hall A (2009) A 4500-year proxy climate record from
peatlands in the North of Ireland: the identification of widespread summer `drought phases'?
Quaternary science reviews In Press DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.003
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Personal communication from Dr Jill Thompson, Lecturer in Environmental Archaeology at the
University of Bradford. The communication was received during a lecture on palaeoenvironment
delivered at the University of Bradford on October 10 2010 as part of the Reconstructing Past
Environments module.
Notes on citing
 When you have two authors, you should cite them both in the text (in this case, Rydin
and Jeglum). When you have three or more authors, you cite them in the text as the
first author et al (in this case, Swindles et al). You should list all of the authors in the
reference at the end of the text.
 When citing two sources for one piece of information, place the works in alphabetical
order by first author and separate them with commas.
 For a direct quote, you should indicate the quoted text by enclosing it in “speech
marks”. The citation should contain the page number from which the quote is taken
after the date, in the format 2009: 12 for a single page or 2009:12-15 for multiple
pages.
 All citations of books should include the page number(s) from which the information
is taken.
 The citation should be included within the sentence, so punctuation should follow it
after the brackets.
 Pers comm indicates a personal communication from the author, rather than a
published source. These should be used sparingly: it is generally considered to be
poor practice to use a pers comm when there is a published source giving the same
information.
Notes on the reference list
 Your references should be in a single list sorted alphabetical order by author then
date, regardless of which type of source you are citing.
 An organisation can also be the author. The author and publisher will often be the
same in this case.
 If you have two publications by the same author(s) in the same year, label them as a
and b (e.g. 2004a, 2004b). The order is determined by the sequence in which you
refer to them in the text (a for the paper you cite first, b for the second, and so on).
 You sometimes have to use information from a source you have not read, whether
because you cannot obtain the original (for instance a rare or unpublished work) or if,
as in this case, it is in a language you do not read. In this case you should cite both
the original source of the information and the source in which you read it. See the
section on secondary referencing for guidance on this issue.
 The reference list should not have bullet points.
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Templates for referencing different source types
There is a different template for each source type, such as books, journal articles,
websites and newspaper articles.
Each type of information source has a different template for its reference. A few of the
more common templates are listed below. All reference types contain some common
elements, though each will also have additional elements. The common elements are:
 The author, written as family name (surname) followed by the initials of their
forenames. If you cannot find a named person as the author, it is acceptable for
the author to be an organisation. The authors for each work should be listed in the
order in which they appear on the work.
 The year of publication, enclosed in brackets.
 The title of the work.
In each type of reference one piece of information is emphasized by placing it in italics.
This indicates to your reader which piece of information is most useful in locating the
work (e.g. for searching in a library catalogue).
To form a reference, you must find each of the pieces of information required and place it
in the specified order (words greyed out in the template stay the same in the examples).
This section gives you templates for a selection of source types. The final section gives
you hints on how to find information required for each template and how to follow a
reference.
Books
Template
Author/s (Year) Book title. Edition (only if not 1st). Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
Garner R (2000) Environmental politics: Britain, Europe and the global environment. 2nd ed.
Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Pollard AM, Batt CM, Stern B and Young SMM (2007) Analytical chemistry in archaeology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
United Nations (1998) World population prospects: the 1998 revision. New York: United
Nations Publications.
Ortner DJ and Aufderheide AC (1991) (eds) Human paleopathology: current syntheses and
future options. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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HINTS
 You do not need to include the edition if the book is a first edition, only if it is the
second or subsequent edition.
 Organisations can also be authors.
 Remember that when referencing an entire book you need to provide the page
number/s of the information used in the citation.
 If the book is edited rather than written by a single author you will usually want to
reference individual chapters (see next section) but if you need to reference the whole
book, indicate the editors with (eds).
Book chapters
Use this template when you are citing from an edited volume, where each chapter is
written by a different author.
Template
Author/s of chapter (Year) Chapter title. In Editor/s of book (ed/s) Book title. Edition (only
if not 1st). Place of publication: Publisher, Start page–end page.
Examples
Bass S (2001) Working with forest stakeholders. In Evans J (ed) The forests handbook
Volume 2: Applying forest science for sustainable management. Oxford: Blackwell Science,
221-233.
McDonnell J (2001) Pyrotechnology. In Brothwell D and Pollard A (eds) Handbook of
archaeological sciences. Chichester: Wiley, 493-505.
Book series
You will encounter thematic series of books such as the British archaeological reports,
Council for British Archaeology reports or the Ecological studies series. For help in
distinguishing references for book series from those for journal articles, see the help
section at the end of this document.
Template
Author/s (Year) Book title. Book series number in series. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
Gaffney V, Fitch S and Smith D (2009) Europe’s lost world: the rediscovery of Doggerland.
CBA research report 154. York: Council for British Archaeology.
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Verhoeven J (2006) Wetlands and natural resource management. Ecological studies 190.
Berlin: Springer.
Chapters in book series
You may come across an edited volume (that is, one in which the chapters are written by
different authors) which is also part of a series.
Template
Author/s of chapter (Year) Chapter title. In Editor/s of book (ed/s) Book title. Book Series
number in series. Place of publication: Publisher, start page–end page.
Examples
McCarthy MR (2000) Prehistoric settlement in northern Cumbria. In Harding J and
Johnston R (eds) Northern pasts: interpretations of the later prehistory of Northern
England and Southern Scotland. British archaeological reports British series 302. Oxford:
Archaeopress, 131-140.
Electronic books
Electronic books should be cited as though they were the paper book as long as you have
access to the entire book. If you only have access to a small portion such as through
Google books’ “snippet view” or Amazon’s “look inside”, you should indicate this by using
the following template.
Template
Author/s (Year) Book title. Edition (only if not 1st). Place of publication: Publisher.
Accessed via name of service [Amount available].
Example
Riffenburgh B (2007) Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. New York: Routledge. Accessed via
Google books [Preview].
Fergus HA (2004) Montserrat: History of a Caribbean colony. 2nd ed. Oxford: Macmillan.
Accessed via Amazon.co.uk [“Look inside” view].
Journal articles
Journals are periodical publications that are produced in issues. Issues are combined to
form volumes.
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Template
Author/s (Year) Title of article. Journal title Volume(Issue number if known): start page–
end page.
Examples
Gibson A (2006) Excavations at a Neolithic enclosure at Lower Luggy, near Welshpool,
Powys, Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72: 163-191.
New Scientist (2009) Earth will be OK, but for us it’s not so good. New scientist 204(2728):
3.
Wong S and Sharp L (2009) Making power explicit in sustainable water innovation: relinking subjectivity, institution and structure through environmental citizenship.
Environmental politics 18(1): 37-57.
HINTS
 If you cannot find an author, give the journal title first.
 Not all journals have issue numbers. That portion of the reference can be omitted.
Electronic journals
Where possible, you should cite journals as though you had read the paper version, not
as a web page. Use this template when the electronic version lacks volume, issue or page
numbers. This may occur for a number of reasons:
 The journal is online only, and not published in paper form.
 The article is “forthcoming” or “in press”, appearing electronically before it has been
published in paper form.
 The electronic version does not give volume, issue or page numbers. In this case, give
any information which may help your reader to identify the article at the end of the
reference.
 If you can find a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) use that instead of the web address as
they are guaranteed not to change. For more information on finding and using DOIs
go to http://dx.doi.org/.
Template
For electronic only:
Author/s (Year) Title of article. Journal title Volume (Issue number if present). Available
from DOI or web address.
For forthcoming articles:
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Author/s (Year) Title of article. Journal title Volume(Issue number if present).
Forthcoming. Available from DOI or web address.
Examples
Schmidt A (2004) Remote sensing and geophysical prospection. Internet archaeology 15.
Available from http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue15/schmidt_index.html.
Swindles GT, Blundell HM, Roe VA and Hall A (2009) A 4500-year proxy climate record
from peatlands in the North of Ireland: the identification of widespread summer `drought
phases'?. Quaternary science reviews. Forthcoming. Available from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.003.
Mackenzie D (2010) Floating nurseries hit by Deepwater Horizon spill. New scientist.
Available from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19077-floating-nurseries-hit-bydeepwater-horizon-spill.html. 23rd June 2010.
Portions of journal articles
For appendices or forewords written by different authors to the main body of the article.
Template
Author/s (Year) Title of contribution, page numbers of contribution in Author of article.
Title of article. Journal Title Volume (Issue number) Start page of article-end page of
article.
Example
Bond J and Worley F (2004) Cremated animal bone, 79-81 in Richards JD Excavations at
the Viking barrow cemetery at Heath Wood, Ingleby, Derbyshire. Antiquarians journal 84:
23-116.
Conference proceedings
Proceedings published as part of a collected volume
Template
Author/s (Year) Title of conference paper. In Editor/s of conference proceedings (ed/s)
Title of conference. Location, date of conference. Publisher: Place of publication, Start
page–end page.
Example
Sefton CJ and Sharp E (2006) Public perception and acceptance of sustainable urban
drainage in a district park. In Deletic A and Fletcher T (eds) The 7th International
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conference on urban drainage modelling and the 4th international conference on water
sensitive urban design. Melbourne, Australia, April 2006. London: IWA Publishing, 127134.
Proceedings published on a website
Template
Author/s (Year) Title of conference paper. In Title of conference. Location and date of
conference. Available from Web address. Accessed Date of access.
Example
Croxford B (2007) Humour in Roman archaeology. In Theoretical Roman archaeology
conference (TRAC). London, June 2007. Available from
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ofp59xzabq9mo25/TRAC2007_151-162.pdf. Accessed 27th
August 2013
Official Publications
Legislation – Acts of Parliament
Template
Title including date (Chapter number) Place of publication: Publisher.
Example
Water Act 2003 (c.37) London: Stationery Office.
Government publications
Template
Author/s (Year) Publication title. Department. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
Department for Communities and Local Government (2009) Circular on the protection of
world heritage sites. Department for Communities and Local Government. London:
Stationery Office.
Fielder S and Smith R (1996) Vacant dwellings in the private sector. Department of the
Environment. London: HMSO.
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HINTS
 The author will usually be the government department.
 If there is no personal author, the author and department may be the same.
Command papers
Command papers include statements of government policy, also known as White Papers;
consultation documents, also known as Green Papers; and the reports of Royal and
Departmental Commissions; annual accounts; the reports of Commissions of Enquiry and
international treaties.
Template
Department or Committee (Year) Title of Command paper (Command paper number).
Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2007) Heritage protection for the 21st century
(Cm 7057). London: Stationery Office.
Department for Transport (2004) The future of transport (Cm 6324). London: Stationery
Office.
Hansard
The official record of Parliamentary proceedings. If you are accessing the online version,
you can also include the web address.
Template
Hansard: House (Year) Title. Date, column numbers. Available from Web address.
Accessed Date accessed.
Examples
Hansard: Commons (2009) Climate change. 5 November, column 1007. Available from
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm091105/debtext/91
105-0006.htm# column_1007. Accessed 9th November 2009.
Hansard: Lords (2009) English Heritage. 12 Mar, column WA272. Available from
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldhansrd/text/90312w0002.htm.
Accessed 9th November 2009.
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Maps
Paper maps
Template
Originator/s (Year) Title Scale. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
Ordnance Survey (2005) Leeds and Bradford 1:50 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
British Geological Survey (2000) Bradford: solid and drift geology 1:50 000. Keyworth:
British Geological Survey.
Digital maps
Use these templates for maps generated using digital services. The parts of the templates
which are in grey are those which you directly copy, without needing any more
information.
Maps generated in Digimap
Template
Ordnance Survey (Year) [Title] Scale. Generated by Edina Digimap. Generated on Date of
generation.
The only parts of the template that you need to fill in are the map title, the scale and the
date of generation. The other parts of the reference are fixed. All of the maps within
Digimap are supposed to date from the current year. The date of production of the map
and the scale will be shown at the bottom of the page when you generate a PDF file. You
will have to give the map a title, which is shown in square brackets to indicate that the
title is one you have assigned.
Example
Ordnance Survey (2014) [Malham] 1:25 000. Generated by Edina Digimap. Generated on
20/06/14.
Maps generated using free services
Use this template for maps generated using services such as Google maps, Streetmap or
Multimap.
Templates
Originator/s (Year) [Map title] Scale. Generated by Computer database title. Available from
web address of map. Generated on Date of generation.
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Example
Tele Atlas (2009) [Malham] Unknown scale. Generated by Google maps. Available from
http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=malham&sll=53.90
4338,-4.042969&sspn=13.511303,39.375&ie=UTF8&ll=54.061176,2.152913&spn=0.013123,0.038452&z=15. Generated on 11/06/14.
Ordnance Survey (nd) [Malham] 1:25 000. Generated by Bing. Available from
http://binged.it/1z4d4bI Generated 06/06/14.
HINTS:
 For most free services, the author can be taken to be the copyright holder of the map
data, and the date of creation as being the copyright date.
 Digital maps have no titles, so you assign a title based on the search term you used
to generate the map. Place the title in square brackets to indicate that the title is one
that you have assigned rather than one which is present on the map.
 Most free maps do not give a scale, just a scale bar. You could either measure the
scale bar on screen and calculate the scale or put ‘Unknown scale’.
 Most freely available Ordnance Survey maps will be either the 1:50 000 or 1:25 000
series (the latter shows field boundaries), so you may be able to determine which
you’re looking at even when the scale is not stated on the screen.
 If you cannot find a date for the map data, write nd for ‘no date’.
Newspaper articles
Templates
Author/s (Year) Title of article. Newspaper title Day and month, Start page–end page.
OR
Author/s (Year) Title of article. Newspaper title Day and month. Available from web
address. Accessed date of access.
Examples
Hammond N (2008) Putrid fish date Pompeii. The Times October 29, 59-60.
The Guardian (2005) Hurricane lashes New Orleans. The Guardian August 29, 12.
Rayner G (2009) HMS Victory: Why the sinking feeling? The Telegraph February 3.
Available from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4449933/HMS-Victory-why-thesinking-feeling.html . Accessed 9th February 2009.
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HINTS
 Newspaper articles should be cited as the paper version when possible.
 Newspaper articles accessed electronically often lack page numbers. In that case, give
the web address and access date instead.
 If there is no author given, name the newspaper as the author.
Websites
Template
Author/s (Year) Title of page. Available from Web address. Accessed Date of access.
Examples
Department of Food, Environment and Rural Affairs (2014) Adapting to climate change.
Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/adapting-to-climate-change.
Accessed 12/07/2014.
Schmidt A (2009) International Society for Archaeological Prospection. Available from
http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/archsci/archprospection/. Accessed 11/06/09.
HINTS
 You may have difficulty finding an author for some Web pages. Some means of finding
an author include:
 checking the top and bottom of the page.
 shortening the web address to find the home page of the organisation responsible
for the web page (e.g. to find the organisation responsible for
http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/archsci/archprospection/ look at
http://www.bradford.ac.uk).
 If a copyright holder is named, they can be cited as the author.
 Remember that the organisation can be the author. In this case your author and
publisher will be the same.
 If a date of last update is shown, this can be used as the creation date.
 Remember that the web address alone is not enough - these can change on a daily
basis.
 You can add a publisher and place of publication after the title if you wish.
 Only reference an item as a website when there is no paper version. Journals,
newspaper articles and books accessed online should all be referenced like their paper
counterparts.
 If you can find neither an author nor an organisation responsible for the web site, how
do you know if it’s authoritative? Don’t cite it!
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Publications accessed online
If you access an online publication that is also available as a print version, cite it as the
print version but add the web address and access date at the end. Do not use this for
electronic books and journals, see the separate sections under books and journals.
Examples
Department of the Environment (1990) Archaeology and planning. Planning policy
guidance 16. London: Stationery Office. Available from
http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/planning/planningpolicyandlegislation/previousengl
ishpolicy/ppgpps/ppg16 . Accessed 12/06/14.
Forestry Commission (2004) Social and environmental benefits of forestry. Edinburgh:
Forestry Commission. Available from
http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/pdf/fcib002.pdf/$FILE/fcib002.pdf . Accessed
12/06/09.
Images
Images from books, journal articles etc.
If you use an image that is part of a larger work, such as a book or journal article, you
would reference the work in the bibliography as you would any other book or journal
article. In the text of the essay, you would label the image as follows:
Natural Bridge, Rockbridge County Virginia. Taken from Chorley et al 1964: 13.
Chorley et al 1964 is a book, so you would reference it in the bibliography as you would
any other book.
HINT
 To correctly reference an image taken from a larger work, you need to give the page
number that it occupied or the figure number that it was given in the original work.
Images from websites
Reference an image taken from a website using the template for websites. If you have
found the image using Google Image Search, be aware that you need to click the ‘Remove
frame’ option at the top left of the screen to get the permanent web address for the page
rather than the temporary address constructed by the search.
Images that are not part of a larger work
Use this template for any image that is not part of a larger work such as a book, journal
article or website. If there is no title to the image, you will need to give it one, in which
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case place the title in square brackets. If you cannot find a date, use nd (no date), if you
cannot find an originator use Anon.
Template
Originator (Year) Title. Material type.
Example
Anon (nd) Goredale Scar. Colour photograph.
McIlwaine J (2010) [Students on fieldwork in Mallorca]. Digital image.
Primary sources
For referencing primary sources you will often lack details such as author and date of
composition. If you do not have an author, the title of the source goes first.
Sources with an author and date
Template
Author (date written) Title. Translator of edition consulted [date of translation or
reproduction]. Place of publication: publisher.
Examples
Sturlason S (1220) Heimskringla: the Norse King sagas. Translated Laing S [1844]
Toronto: Everyman Dent.
Hobbes T (1651) Leviathan. [1991 reprint] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cited as
Sturlason (1220)
Hobbes (1651)
For the reprint you could cite the page numbers of the original or the reprint, as long as
you make clear which you are using.
Sources with an author but no date
Template
Author (nd) Title. Translator of edition consulted [date of translation]. Place of publication:
Publisher.
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Example
Bede (nd) History of the English church and people. Translated Sherley-Price L [1956]
Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics.
Cited as
Bede (nd)
Sources with no author or date
Template
Title (nd) Translator of edition consulted [date of translation]. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example
Hrankfel’s saga (nd) Translated Palsson H [1979] Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics.
Cited as
Hrankfel’s saga (nd)
Translated works
The title given can be either in the original language (in which case you may wish to add
the English title in square brackets) or in English. The work should be cited with the
author’s name, not the translator’s.
Template
Author (Year of publication) Title [English title]. Translator of edition consulted. [date of
translation] Place of publication: Publisher.
Example
Levi-Strauss C (1973) Anthropologie structural [Structural anthropology]. Translated
Layto M [1977] London: Allen Lane.
Cited as
Levi-Strauss (1973)
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Television Programmes, DVDs and online videos
DVD or video
Omit the episode details if not relevant.
Template
Originator (Date of production) Series title: Episode title. [format]. Episode number.
Country: production company
Examples
Thorne A (1989) Man on the rim: Changing the menu. [DVD]. Episode 5. Australia: Ronin
films.
BBC Television (1990) Greening the classroom [Video]. UK: BBC.
Television and radio programmes
Find as many of the details as possible (try IMDB or the broadcaster’s website) but omit
any which are irrelevant or not readily apparent.
Template
Broadcaster (date) Series title: episode title. Series number, episode number, episode title
[format], Day and month of first broadcast, time of first broadcast. Country of broadcast:
name of broadcaster and channel.
Examples
Channel 4 (2011) Time Team: Romans on the range. [Television broadcast]. Series 18,
episode 3. 20 February 2011 5:30pm. UK: Channel 4.
BBC Radio 4 (2011) Costing the Earth: Waters of Arabia [Radio broadcast]. 28 September
2011 9pm. UK: BBC Radio 4.
Online video
Find as many of the details as possible but omit any which are irrelevant or not readily
apparent.
Template
Originator (date of production) Title. Place of production: Producer. Available from URL.
Access date.
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Examples
FRXable (2010) Bronze Age copper smelting. Alphen a/d Rijn, Netherlands: Available from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwo3rNLhlmI. Accessed 12 October 2011.
Unpublished sources
Many unpublished sources will not have the usual bits of information that you need to
form a reference. Simply provide as much information as you can to enable someone
reading your work to track down the item. You may need to use the following
conventions:
 Anon if you cannot find an author.
 (nd) if you cannot find a date.
 If you cannot find a title, give it a title based on the contents, and place it in square
brackets to show that it is one you have assigned rather than one written on the
document.
The following are not formal templates, just suggestions as to how you might want to
organise the information you find.
Site reports
Template
Author (Year) Title. Location of archaeological unit: Originating unit project or report
number where applicable.
Examples
Deegan A (2005) Thornborough Henges air photo mapping project. Summary of
resources and results. Leeds: Archaeological Services WYAS. ALSF 3897.
Historic Environment Records
Use this for Sites and Monuments Records, National Monuments Records etc. You can add
the web address and access date if you wish.
Template
Author (Year) Title. Originating authority and type of record Record number.
Examples
North Yorkshire County Council (2010) Wykeham Hill. North Yorkshire County Sites and
Monuments Record no MNY4555.
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Manuscripts
Template
Author (Year) Title. Location of manuscript (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).
Examples
Wells C (nd) [Notes on the cremation burials at North Elmham]. University of Bradford, JB
Priestley Library. GB 0532 CAL/4.
Miscellaneous sources
Theses or Dissertations
Template
Author (Year) Title. Type of degree (MA, PhD etc). Department, Institution.
Examples
Ujita C (2006) The precautionary principle on trial: implications of GM court cases. PhD
thesis. Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of
Bradford.
Technical papers
Template
Author/s (Date) Title of report. Issuing organisation Report or paper number.
Example
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2008) Analysis of possible
means to reach emission reduction targets and of relevant methodological issues. United
Nations FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/L.18.
Davis SJ (1999) Animal bones from the Iron Age site at Wardy Hill, Coveney,
Cambridgeshire, 1991 excavations. English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory
Report 47/1999.
Standards
Template
Originator (Year) Title Standard number: Year. Place of publication: Publisher.
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Example
British Standards Institution (2004) Environmental management systems BS EN ISO
14001: 2004. London : BSI.
Lecture notes and Personal communications
Personal communications (indicated in the citation by the name of the informant followed
by pers comm) indicate information received in the form of a personal communication – a
lecture, a telephone conversation, and so on. Pers comms should generally only be used
when you cannot find a published source - if you contact the person concerned they may
often be able to point you towards one.
It is good etiquette to clear pers comm information with the person concerned.
To use a personal communication in a citation:
Research currently underway will clarify the dates of previous Icelandic eruptions by use of
tephrachronology (Clarke, pers comm)
The reference would come at the end of the reference list and give more information
about the person consulted and the means by which the communication was received.
Personal communication from Dr Leon Clarke, Lecturer in Environmental Science at the University of
Bradford. The information was communicated in a lecture on volcanoes delivered on 13th April 2010 as part
of the Geohazards module.
Secondary referencing
It is generally considered to be poor academic practice to cite works you have not actually
read, but sometimes it may be unavoidable if the original source is rare, unpublished or
in a language you do not speak. This is known as secondary referencing. You must make
it clear which works you have read when you are citing.
Example
You have read a book by Chorley which cites a work by Silliman, which you cannot obtain.
The in-text citation would read:
Silliman (1821: 48, cited in Chorley et al 1964: 245) says "The attrition of the common waters of the
earth, and even that exerted during the comparatively short period of the deluge of Noah, would do
very little towards producing so mighty a result"
In the reference list you would cite both works, but make it clear which you have read by
putting [Cited by: ] after the one which you have not read.
Chorley R, Dunn A and Beckinsale R (1964) The history of the study of landforms or the
development of geomorphology. Volume 1. Frome: Methuen.
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Silliman B (1821) Notice of geographical essays. American journal of science 3: 47-57.
[Cited by: Chorley, Dunn and Beckinsale 1964].
As a general rule, you need to produce a secondary reference only when you are using
information directly drawn from the work you have not read. This could include:
 Direct quotes.
 Table or figures.
 Images.
 Statistics.
If the work you have read summarises the primary work you should try to avoid the need
for a secondary reference using syntax such as:
According to Chorley et al (1964) previous authors such as Silliman and Hayden made the argument
that all deposition was due to debris from Noah's flood.
Abstracts
If you have read only the abstract of a paper rather than the whole work, put the words
[Abstract only] after the citation.
Help with Referencing
Recognising reference types
If you are trying to follow a reference to find the information source, you will first need to
determine what is being referenced. Pointers to look at include:
 Publisher and Place of publication. If it has these, it is a book.
 Number of titles:
o
Two titles without a publisher or place of publication: Journal article.
o
Two titles with a publisher and place of publication: Book chapter or
Book series.
o

The book chapter will have two sets of authors / editors and the
second title emphasized.

The book series will have only one set of authors and the first
title emphasized.
Three titles: a chapter in an edited book that is part of a series.
 Location of author names. There will always be an author at the beginning of a
reference, if there are further sets of authors after the title then you are looking
at a reference for a book chapter.
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 If a reference has volume, issue and page numbers it is a journal article; if it
has just page numbers it is a book chapter.
To determine whether you’re looking for a book or a journal, try typing the emphasized
portion of the title into the library catalogue http://www.brad.ac.uk/library.
The record for a book will have the following features:
 An author or authors.
 A single year of publication.
 There may be an edition.
 Full text link will not have a range of years.
 If you scroll to the bottom of the screen you will find an ISBN.
The record for a journal will have the following features:
 No author.
 Full text link will show a range of years.
 Under “Print holdings” (if any) it will say “periodical”.
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 If you scroll to the bottom of the page you will find an ISSN rather than an ISBN.
How to find the information for your reference
It can often be difficult to locate the information you need for your reference, especially
for electronic resources. Try the following sources:
For books:
 If you have the book to hand, use the title page and copyright statement to find
the author and publication details, plus the contents page for book chapters.
 Alternatively, the library catalogue http://www.brad.ac.uk/library gives you all
the information you need to reference a book.
 If our catalogue fails, try COPAC http://copac.ac.uk, the combined catalogue of
the 25 biggest research libraries in the country.
For journal articles
All of the information you need should be at the top of first page of the article, or
sometimes at the foot of the first page. Sometimes information such as issue numbers is
omitted from PDF versions of articles. In that case you should look at the HTML version or
the search page of the database in which you found the article.
For electronic resources:
 If you can’t find a publication date, you can use the ‘last updated’ date at the
foot of the page.
 If you can’t find a title, use the heading of the browser window. This is coded
as the title in the source code.
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 Look at the web address – this will often give you the publishing organisation.
Visit their home page to find out who they are.
 Look at the source code (View-Source on internet explorer or View-page source
on Firefox). You can sometimes see an author or publication date in the
metadata that is not visible on the main page.
For all sources:
 Type the details you have into Google. Someone will usually have referenced
the source before you! Bear in mind you will have to change the referencing
style but this should help you find the relevant information.
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