Appendix 2: Detailed information of studies of vaccination programs and screening programs aimed at
early detection of disease
First
Study
author and
year
Target disease
Variables used
Non-
Significant
Study
size
to compare
participatio
factors related to
quality
(n)
participants and
n level
non-
#
non-participants
participation
Vaccination
Allsup [21],
2583
Influenza
2002
Sex,
88% ^
Women
**
Age, sex, receipt
health check
Received
*
influenza
+
personalized letter
vaccination in
vaccination:
instead of
previous year,
26%
combined health
recruitment
vaccination
check and
strategy:
in clinic:
vaccination
invitation to
32%
Actively declined
Reasons of nonparticipation
Arthur [22],
2052
Influenza
2002
attend
the offer of health
vaccination at
check: no
clinic vs. health
vaccination in
check +
previous year
vaccination at
home
Evans [24],
2003
2600
Influenza
Age, sex,
na
Younger age, not
perception of
sharing the belief
influenza illness,
that everyone over
vaccine efficacy
65 years of age
and safety,
should be
number of
immunized,
*
chronic illnesses,
believing that the
being hospital
vaccine side-
outpatient, self-
effects are more
reported health
risky than the
status, advice
disease, no
from
previous
doctor/nurse,
immunization
sources of health
advice
Breeze [18],
28492
2004
Age, sex, SES,
1997: 52%
Older age,
deprivation score,
1998: 50%
women, the most
population
1999: 49%
deprived, SES
density
2000: 37%
other than owneroccupied
accommodation
with central
heating and those
in
sheltered/residenti
al homes
Mangtani
5572
Influenza
Age, sex, SES,
Deprivation (no
[17], 2005
deprivation score,
trend), urban
(sub study)
urban indicator,
indicator ≤ 2500
marital status,
living status,
smoking status,
depression score,
cognitive deficit,
history of CVD,
*
history of
respiratory
problems,
indicator frailty,
being carer for
someone, social
contact, having a
confidant,
participation in
nurse assessment
Byrnes
580
Influenza
[23], 2006
Opstelten
[25], 2009
1778
Herpes zoster
Reasons of non-
2004: 23%
participation
2005: 17%
Age, sex,
HZ (with
Refusing
education, cues to
and without
influenza and/or
action, perceived
influenza):
HZ vaccination:
severity,
61%,
high education
perceived
Influenza
(only refusing
barriers,
(with and
both), not having
Co-morbidity,
without
diabetes (only
uptake influenza
HZ): 24%
refusing both),
vaccination
*
cues to action:
believing that
PCP does not
recommend HZ
vaccination, nonimportance of
complying to
advice PCP,
perceived severity
(perceiving no
*
high risk of
contracting
shingles, not
believing pain
shingles will last
long), perceived
barriers (believing
that vaccinations
weaken one’s
natural defences,
finding it too
much trouble to
go to the PCP for
vaccination (only
refusing both),
being against
vaccination in
general (only
refusing both))
Vila-
10410
Pneumococcal
Age, sex,
2001: 56%
Córcoles
bacteraemia/invasi
presence of
2002: 49%
[26], 2006
ve disease
diseases or risk
2003: 48%
Younger age
*
Non-White British
*
factors for
pneumonia
Screening
aimed at
early
detection of
disease
Moser [27],
3185
Cervical cancer
SES, education,
na
2009
ethnicity, region,
cars available in
household,
housing tenure
Tacken
2224
Cervical cancer
[28], 2007
Age, education,
na
Youngest (30) and
type of health
oldest (55 and 60)
insurance,
women, stronger
urbanicity of
belief that PCP
practice location,
wants woman to
smoking
attend screening
behaviour, beliefs
(normative
toward screening
beliefs), less
and attendance,
strongly feeling a
lifelong number
personal moral
of sexual partners
obligation, non or
*
two or more
lifelong numbers
of sexual partners
compared to one,
health-authoritybased approach of
invitations and
reminders
compared to PCPbased approach or
combination
Low [12],
2005
19773
Chlamydia
Age, sex,
65%
Younger age,
ethnicity, social
men, patients of
deprivation score
practices with
practice,
higher deprivation
**
reasons of non-
scores
participation
Verhoeven
339
Chlamydia
Age, risk profile
15%
Younger age
*
355
Diabetes
Park, 2008: Age,
18%
Park, 2008: Illness
*
[29], 2004
Pilot
ADDITION
sex, BMI, illness
perception: higher
trial UK:
perception,
treatment control,
Park
anxiety, self-
lower negative
[13,14],
perceived health,
emotional
2008, 2010
prescribed
perceptions.
cardiovascular
Not on
drugs
cardiovascular
Park, 2010: Age,
drugs
sex, BMI,
Park, 2010: Men:
prescribed
non-participation
cardiovascular
higher in gain-
drugs,
frame group;
recruitment
women: non-
strategy: loss vs.
participation
gain frame
higher in loss-
messages
frame group
ADDITION
33539
Diabetes
Age, sex, BMI,
26%
Younger age,
trial UK:
results previous
men, higher
Trial:
screening steps,
deprivation score,
Sargeant
prescribed drugs,
other than rural
[20], 2010
location and
location, higher
social deprivation
BMI, not on
score of practice
cardiovascular
drugs, smaller
practice size,
*
lower prevalence
of known diabetes
in practice, higher
PCP whole-time
equivalents
Eborall
7380
(State) anxiety,
Higher scores on
[16], 2007
depression, worry
diabetes specific
(sub study)
about diabetes,
worry at 3-6 and
self-reported
12-15 months
health
ADDITION
60926
Diabetes
trial
Age, sex, risk
50%
Younger age, men
*
score screening
Denmark:
Trial:
Christensen
[19], 2004
Dalsgaard
4603
Age, sex,
Younger age, low
[15], 2009
education,
education,
(sub study)
employment,
unemployed, low
income, marital
income, single
status, size
residence, risk
score screening
Marteau
[9], 2010
1272
Diabetes
Age, sex, social
43%
Younger age,
deprivation, BMI,
living in more
prescribed drugs,
deprived areas,
recruitment
higher BMI, not
strategy:
on cardiovascular
*
informed choice
drugs
vs. standard letter
Van der
8475
Veen [30],
Depression and
Age, sex,
anxiety
morbidity in the
2009
64%
Younger age, men
*
last 2 years
(depression,
anxiety, having
recorded
psychological
problem and/or
somatic
condition)
Yeung [31],
5203
Depression
Age, sex
27%
554
Dementia
Age, sex,
10%
*
2006
Fowler
[32], 2012
education,
perceived benefit
income, ethnicity,
of screening
housing and
marital status,
experiences with
dementia,
perception of
dementia
screening and
other types of
screening
Screening
aimed at
identificatio
n of high
Older age, lower
*
risk of
disease
Vermunt
16032
Diabetes
[36], 2010
Age, sex, risk
45%
Younger age, men
**
25%
Younger age,
*
score,
reasons of nonparticipation
Van de
1704
Kerkhof
Cardio-metabolic
Age, sex, SES,
risk
ethnicity, health
men, lower SES,
care utilization
non-White
[33], 2010
ethnicity, lower
health care
consumption
Nielen [35],
9896^
Cardio-metabolic
Age, sex,
Letter: 67%
Higher alcohol
2011
^
risk
education,
Poster/leafle
use
ethnicity,
t: 99%
**
smoking status,
physical activity,
BMI, alcohol use,
familial history of
diabetes and
cardiovascular
disease,
reasons of nonparticipation
Lambert
[34], 2011
24166
Cardio-metabolic
Age, deprivation,
76%
Lowest and
risk
ethnicity,
highest age
smoking status,
categories,
telephone number
white/British,
available to GP,
smokers,
GP payment for
telephone number
*
Barr [37],
5306
Fractures
2005
screening, GP
not available to
type
GP
Age, weight,
32%
Older age, poorer
smoking status,
health, higher
self-reported
self-reported
health, pervious
history of falls
*
falls and fractures
Zanjani
8367
[38], 2006
Risk drinking
Age, sex,
ethnicity, marital
52%
Younger age,
*
women
status, alcohol
and drug use,
stages of change,
cognitive
impairment,
distress/depressio
n, support, health
status
^: low participation level mainly due to the research design; randomized controlled trial of vaccination versus
placebo
^^: in one half of the practices, GPs invited their selected patients by mail (n = 1583) and in the other half of the
practices patients were invited by posters and leaflets in the waiting room (n = 8313 patients belonging to the
target group)
#: study quality. * = characteristics or reasons of non-participants given, ** = characteristics and reasons of nonparticipants given