Hierarchical analysis of zooplankton distribution in three stations at
Tigris river in Baghdad City
Khalid A. Rasheed, *Hussain A. Flayyh
Biotechnology Research Center/Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad Iraq
*
Abstract
Three stations were selected on the Tigris River in Baghdad area to analyze the cluster dendrograme
using zooplankton community structure, applying the equation of Jcard presence-absence species Index
for this purpose. The results showed that the station northern and central Baghdad were closer to each
other in the year of the study, with the exception of four months, in which the two stations (center and
south) linked to each other. This conclusion may only represent the population distribution of plankton
in the community of this year and not necessarily the general rule for such a cluster dendrograme and
depends on several conditions have been addressed in the board search.
Keywords:Zooplankton, cluster dendrograme analysis
Introduction
To identifying groups of individuals or species that are similar to each other, but different
from other groups can be intellectually satisfying, but may differ in the opinion or researcher's
mind. Hierarchical analysis, gives an opinion about the real distribution of organisms in the
ecosystem with a variety of environmental conditions in that region (Matthias S., 2002).
River Tigris was the major river in Iraq. Divided Baghdad province in two parts, Kark
and Rusafah region. Rasheed (2007) noted that the amount of water coming out of the Tigris
River through the Iraqi-Turkish border, estimated about of 22 billion cubic meters/year, only
9.7 billion cubic meters/year reached downstream the river, due to dams and other uses
(agricultural and industrial) and this shortage affects the ecosystem and deterioration of water
quality and increasing pollution.
Zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda ) were the second group in food chains
which are affected by pollution like other organisms. And any sudden change in the algae
community will change the types of zooplankton as their favorite food. Also, the
contaminated water will reduce the diversity of the zooplankton (Thadeus and Lekinson,
2010), and all these planktonis affected by various environmental variables (Claps etal.,
2004).
Sharma etal., (2010) pointed out the role of zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems, which have
shown a clear affected depending on the seasonal variation per year.
The aim of the present study was to give an idea or the real distribution ofthezooplankton
in the Tigris River, with pollution effect for three selected stations usingHierarchical analysis.
Thermal Discharge Calculation of Al-Durah Electrical Power Plant
Khalid A. Rasheed
Biotechnology Research Center/Al-Nahrian University, Baghdad, Iraq
Received April 24, 2015;
Abstract: Due to thermal pollution from power plants. The effects of AlDurah power plant put in the study to show its impact on the Tigris River
water. Required information is collected from the Department of Planning
in the Ministry of Electricity and from Meteorological Directorate. No
significant effect is noticed from the station on the river for 3 years of
works.
Keywords: Thermal pollution, Al Durah power plant
Introduction
As temperature is one of the main limiting factors in biological systems, the problem of
the disposal of water heated above ambient in the process of cooling equipment or condensing
steam can be serious (Bouman et al., 2003). It has long been known that plant and animals
thrive best in certain temperature ranges and that changes in the temperature of a body of
water will affect the types and numbers of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem (SEIA, 2004).
The use of river and lake water for industrial cooling purposes can raise the temperature of
the water enough to produce major changes in the ecosystems (International Atomic
Energy,1974). In some cases the water has become so hot that fish is unable to live in it.
Although some electricity has been produced part of the heat eventually was lost to the
cooling water. The problem of environmental control of harmful effluents should be solved
by all specialists working in industrial plants as regards thermal power stations, the state of
the environment around them depends on the kind of fuel and many reasons. Thermal
discharge calculations are the most facts dealing with biota and organisms (Sabri and
Rasheed,1999).
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Corresponding: E-Mail: k_rasheed29@yahoo.com; Tel: 00964790164324