Research Supporting Trap-Neuter-Return
1.) Zaunbrecher, K., & R. Smith, "Neutering of Feral Cats as an Alternative
to Eradication Programs," Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
203, No 3, 8/1/93, 449-452.
2.) Hughes, Kathy L., & Slater Margaret R., "Implementation of a Feral Cat
Management Program on a University Campus ," Journal of Applied Animal
Welfare Science, Volume 5, Issue 1, 1/2002, 15-28.
3.) Levy, Julie K., Gale, David W., & Gale, Leslie A., “Evaluation of the effect
of a long-term trap-neuter-return and adoption program on a free-roaming
cat population,” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol.
222, No. 1, 1/1/2003, 42-46.
4.) Foley, P., Foley, J.E., Levy, J.K., & Paik, T., "Analysis of the impact of
trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats ," Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, V227, No.11, 2005, 1775 -1781.
5.) Levy, J.K., &Crawford, P.C., "Humane Strategies for controlling feral cat
populations," Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, V225,
No. 9, 2004, 1354-60.
6.) Natoli, E., Maragliano, L., Cariola, G., Bonanni, R., Cafazzo, S., & Fantini,
C., "Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome
(Italy)" Prev Vet Med, V77(3-4), 2006, 180-5.
7.) Neville P.F., & Remfry, J., "Effect of neutering on two groups of feral
cats," Vet Rec, V114(18), 1984, 447-50.
8.) Robertson, S.A., "A review of feral cat control ," J Feline Med Surg,
V10(4), 2008, 366-75.
9.) Nutter, F.B., Stoskopf, M.K., Levine, J.F., "Time and financial costs of
programs for live trapping feral cats," J Am Vet Med Assoc, V225(9), 2004,
1403-5.
10.) Wallace, J.L., & Levy, J.K., "Population characteristics of feral cats
admitted to seven trap-neuter-return programs in the United States," J
Feline Med Surg, V8(4), 2006, 279-84.
11.) Scott, K.C., Levy, J.K., & Crawford, P.C., "Characteristics of free roaming cats evaluated in a trap-neuter-return program," J Am Vet Med
Assoc, V221(8), 2002, 1136-8.
12.) Hughes, K.L., Slater, M.R., & Haller, L., "The effects of implementing a
feral cat spay/neuter program in a Florida county animal control service ," J
Appl Anim Welf Sci, V5(4), 2002, 285-98.
13.) Levy, J.K., Woods, J.E., Turick, S.L., & Etheridge, D.L., "Number of
unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United
States and characteristics of community residents who feed them ," J Am Vet
Med Assoc, V223(2), 2003, 202-5.
14.) Centonza, L.A., & Levy, J.K., "Characteristics of free -roaming cats and
their caretakers," J Am Vet Med Assoc, V220(11), 2002, 1627-33.
15.) Levy, J.K., Gale, D.W., & Gale, L.A., "Evaluation of the effect of a long term trap-neuter-return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat
population," J Am Vet Med Assoc, V222(11), 2003, 42-6.
16.) Fischer, S.M., Quest, C.M., Dubovi, E.J., Davis R.D., Tucker, S.J., Friary,
J.A., Crawford, P.C., Ricke, T.A., & Levy, J.K., "Response of feral cats to
vaccination at the time of neutering," J Am Vet Med Assoc, V230(1), 2007, 528.
Academic Studies
The latest published research on feral cats & TNR
TNR as a method to stabilize or reduce feral cat populations
* Levy, J.K., Gale, D.W. and Gale, L.A. (2003), Evaluation of the effect of a long-term
trap-neuter-return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population, Journal of
American Veterinary Medical Association 222: 42-46.
When the study began in 1991, there were 155 cats roaming the University of Central
Florida's campus. By 2002, when the study ended, the population had been reduced to
23, equalling an 85% decline. Article for sale - click here.
* Mendes-de-Almeida, F., et al. (2006), The impact of hysterectomy in an urban colony
of domestic cats, International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine
4:134-141.
Female feral cats in a colony at the zoological garden of the city of Rio de Janeiro were
sterilized, resulting in a stable cat population and a trend towards decreasing overall
numbers. Click here for this article (pdf file).
* Reece, J.F., S.K. Chawla (2006), Control of rabies in Jaipur, India, by the sterilization
and vaccination of neighboorhood dogs, The Veterinary Record 159: 379-383.
Over a period of ten years, the sterilization and vaccination of 65% of female street dogs
and 6% of male street dogs in the target area resulted in a population decline of 28% as
well as zero human rabies cases during the last two years of the study. Click here for
this article (pdf file).
*Stoskopf, M., Nutter, F. (2004), Analyzing approaches to feral cat management – one
size does not fit all, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 225: 13611364.
After two years, six sterilized feral cat colonies decreased in size an average of 36%
while three unsterilized control colonies increased in size an average of 47%. Article
for sale - click here.
Potential cost savings from TNR
* Hughes, K.L., Slater, M.R. and Haller, L. (2002), The effects of implementing a feral
cat spay/neuter program in a Florida county animal control service, Journal of Applied
Animal Welfare Science 5: 285-298.
The study of a six-year TNR program in Orange County, Florida, showed significant
savings when the cost per cat to the county of TNR was compared to the cost of trap
and euthanize. Article for sale - click here.
Other
* Levy, J.K., Crawford, P.C. (2004), Humane strategies for controlling feral cat
populations, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 225: 1354-1360.
Includes a comprehensive discussion of TNR vs. other methods. Concludes 82% of
kittens born in the United States originate from feral cats. Also examines the removal
of feral cats from a park in Chico, CA, which provided habitat for a rare ground-nesting
bird. The removal effort started in 1996 with approximately a dozen cats. The high
visibility of the project led to increased abandonment and 633 more cats were removed
over next seven years. 77% of the removed cats were adopted while the rest were
maintained for life in sanctuary. Article for sale - click here.
* Lord, L. (2008) Attitudes toward and perceptions of free-roaming cats among
individuals living in Ohio, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
232: 1159-1167.
Found a range of attitudes towards free-roaming cats across various types of
communities. Article for sale - click here.