Livestock Health, Management and Production › High Impact Diseases › Vector-borne Diseases › Bluetongue › Bluetongue Author: Prof. N. J. Maclachlan Adapted from: 1. 2. 3. Verwoerd, D.W., Erasmus, B.J. 2004. Bluetongue, in Infectious diseases of livestock, edited by J.A.W. Coetzer & R.C. Tustin. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 2: 1201-1220. Maclachlan, N.J.: Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Prev Vet Med., 102:107-111, 2011. Maclachlan, N.J., Drew, C.P., Darpel, K., Wourwa, G.: The pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue. J. Comp. Pathol., 141: 1-16, 2009. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license. REFERENCES 1. Verwoerd, D.W., & Erasmus, B.J., 2004. Bluetongue. In: Coetzer, J.A.W. & Tustin, R.C. Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Vol. 3, 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Pp 1201-1220. 2. Boone, J.D., Balasuriya, U.B., Karaca, K., Audonnet, J.C., Yao, J., He, L., Nordgren, R., Monaco, F., Savini, G., Gardner, I.A., Maclachlan, N.J. Recombinant canarypox virus vaccine coexpressing genes encoding the VP2 and VP5 outer capsid proteins of bluetongue virus induces high level protection in sheep. Vaccine 25: 672-678, 2007. 3. Celma, C.C., Roy, P.. Interaction of calpactin light chain (S100A10/p11) and a viral NS protein is essential for intracellular trafficking of nonenveloped bluetongue virus. J Virol 85: 4783-4791, 2011. 4. DeMaula, C.D., Bonneau, K.R., Maclachlan, N.J. Changes in the outer capsid proteins of bluetongue virus serotype ten that abrogate neutralization by monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res 67: 59-66, 2000. 5. DeMaula, C.D., Leutenegger, C.M., Bonneau, K.R., Maclachlan, N.J. The role of endothelial cellderived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in the pathogenesis of bluetongue. Virology 296: 330-337, 2002. 6. Gibbs, E.P.J., Greiner, E.C. The epidemiology of bluetongue. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 17: 207-220, 1994. 7. Hofmann, M.A., Renzullo, S., Mader, M., Chaignat, V., Worwa, G., Thuer, B. Genetic characterization of Toggenburg orbivirus, a new bluetongue virus, from goats, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1855-1861, 2008. 8. Maan, S., Maan, N., Nomikou, K., /Batten, C., Anthony, F., Belaganahalli, M.N. et al. Novel bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 886-889, 2011. 9. Maclachlan, N.J. Bluetongue: History, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Prev Vet Med, 102: 107-111, 2011. 1|Page Livestock Health, Management and Production › High Impact Diseases › Vector-borne Diseases › Bluetongue › 10. Guis, H., Caminade, C., Calvete, C., Morse, A.P., Tran, A., Baylis, M. Modeling the effects of past and future climate on the risk of bluetongue emergence in Europe. J Roy Soc Interface 67: 339350, 2012. 11. Mayo CE, Crossley BM, Hietala SK, Gardner IA, Breitmeyer RE, Maclachlan NJ. Colostral transmission of bluetongue virus nucleic acid among newborn dairy calves in California. Transbound Emerg Dis 57: 277-281, 2010. 12. Mayo CE, Barker CM, Mullens BA, Gerry AC, Mertens PP, Maan S, Maclachlan NJ. The combination of abundance and infection rates of Culicoides sonorensis estimates rick of subsequent bluetongue virus infection of sentinel cattle on California dairy farms. Vet Parasitol, in press. 13. Purse, B.V., Brown, H.E., Harrup, L., Mertens, P.P., Rogers, D.J. Invasion of bluetongue and other orbivirus infections into Europe: the role of biological and climatic processes. Res Sci tech 27: 427-442, 2008. 14. Ratinier, M., Caporale, M., Golder, M., Franzoni, G., Allan, K., Nunes, S.F., Armezzani, A., Bayoumy, A., Rixon, F., Shaw, A., Palmarini, M. Identification and characterization of a novel non-structural protein of bluetongue virus. PLos Pathogens e10002477, 2011. 15. Saegerman, C., Berkvens, D., Mellor, P.S. Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 539-544, 2008. 16. Tabachnick, W.J. Culicoides and the global epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection. Vet Ital 40: 145-150, 2004. 17. Vandaele, L., De Clercq, K., Van Campe, W., De Leeuw, I., Van Soom, A. 112 bluetongue virus infection in cattle after transfer of bovine in vivo-derived embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 24: 168, 2011. 2|Page