Additional File 3: The Search Strategy used for Internet Search Engines
6. Google Scholar
Date: Searches were conducted between 09/10/2013 - 13/12/2013
Resources: Google Scholar
Search Strategy:
The final search strings for Google Scholar are shown in Table 8.
The search strategy for Google Scholar comprised of individually pairing all alternative livelihood synonyms and specific alternative
livelihood activities with (biodiversity OR conservation) using the AND Boolean operator. Google Scholar does not use automatic
stemming when phrases are enclosed in speech marks (“”). As a result, both the singular and plural forms of the word are used.
During scoping, the first 50 results were searched for documents that referred to alternative livelihoods within the context of the
definition used for the review. Terms that did not produce relevant results during the scoping are shown in Table 10, column 3.
Of the terms that produced relevant hits further scoping was carried to remove terms that produced results that only referred to an
alternative livelihood in a brief or indirect way, such as recommending the use of an alternative livelihood intervention (Table 10
column 2).
The final search terms that comprise these search strings are shown in Table 9, column 1.
Table 8.Final Search Strings for Google Scholar (English)
Alternative livelihood synonyms paired with biodiversity OR conservation
1) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “alternative regenerative livelihood OR livelihoods” OR “alternative occupations OR occupations
OR protein OR proteins OR gear” OR “livelihood alternative OR alternatives”)
= 4060 results
2) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “alternative income OR incomes” OR “alternative economic opportunity OR opportunities” OR
“income generating activity” OR “income generating activities” OR “supplementary income OR incomes”)
= 17400 results
3) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “community OR rural development” OR “development project OR projects” OR “Integrated
conservation and development project” OR ICDP OR ICDPs OR “eco development project OR projects”)
= 20500 results
4) (biodiversity OR conservation AND "livelihood OR livelihoods project OR projects OR program OR programme OR programs OR
programmes OR replacement OR replacements OR opportunity OR opportunities OR scheme OR schemes”)
= 10500
5) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “livelihood OR livelihoods activity OR activities OR enhancement OR enhancements OR
intervention OR interventions OR loan OR loans OR option OR options OR support”)
= 15900 results
6) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “ alternative livelihood OR livelihoods OR source OR sources” OR “supplementary OR additional
livelihood OR livelihoods” OR “livelihood based approach OR based approaches”)
= 20100 results
Total results captured = 900 (150 top relevant results for each string)
Alternative livelihood activities paired with biodiversity OR conservation
7) (biodiversity OR conservation AND "artisanal crafts OR crafts" OR "craft making OR makers" OR handicraft OR handycraft OR
handicrafts OR handycrafts OR “thatch making OR makers OR collecting OR collection OR collectors”)
= 27000 results
8) (biodiversity OR conservation AND beekeeping OR “bee keeping” OR “caterpillar utilisation OR utilization” OR “tour guide OR guiding
OR guidance”)
= 17800 results
9) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “market development” OR “micro enterprise OR enterprises" OR microenterprise OR
“microfinance” OR “concrete block making OR makers” OR "engine repair OR repairs")
= 25300 results
10) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “sea cucumber farm OR farms OR farming” OR “seaweed OR shrimp OR silk OR snail OR
mushroom OR wildlife farm OR farms OR farming OR production OR culture OR cultivation” OR “sericulture”)
= 25400 results
11) (biodiversity OR conservation AND “wildlife breeding” OR "wildlife based enterprise OR enterprises" OR "safari hunt OR hunting" OR
“small business development”)
= 5300 results
12) (biodiversity OR conservation AND "grass cutter cultivation OR production OR farming OR farm OR farms" OR “crab OR lobster
fattening” OR “fuel efficient stove OR stoves” OR “bushmeat alternative OR alternatives”)
= 1030 results
13) (biodiversity OR conservation AND ecotourism OR “eco tourism” OR tourism)
= 535000 results
14) (biodiversity OR conservation AND mariculture)
= 17400 results
Total results captured = 800 (100 top relevant results for each string)
Table 9. Scoping search terms for Google Scholar
1) Final search terms
2) Deleted terms (from those with
relevant results)
3) Terms that did not produce relevant results
Topic 1) alternative livelihood synonyms
AIG or AIGs -removed as an acronym,
many irrelevant hits
“alternative foodOR alternative foods”
Some related to species biology/ecology. None
directly related
1) “additional livelihood”
2) “alternative economic opportunity
opportunities”
3) “alternative gear”
4) “alternative income OR incomes”
“alternative activity OR activities” general term
“alternative employment” Only recommendations
“alternative enterprise OR enterprises” Only recommendations
5) “alternative livelihood livelihoods”
6) “alternative occupation occupations”
“alternative job OR jobs” -Often referring
to employment context or just
recommendation
7) “alternative protein proteins”
8) “alternative regenerative livelihood OR
livelihoods”
9) “alternative source OR sources”
10) “community development”
11) “conservation and development”
12) “development project OR projects”
13) “eco development projectOR
“alternative method OR methods” - Wide range
of subjects, many methodological related
“alternative opportunity OR opportunities”Broad subject area and none directly related
“alternative option OR options” Broad subject area and none directly related
“alternative product OR products”
- Mainly literature related to coffee, cocoa and
agroforestry, including ecology. Non related to
alternative livelihood interventions
“alternative skill OR skills” -Some
recommendations or just in the context of
current livelihoods.
“alternative rural wage OR wages” - Not
relevant
“alternative work” -Often referring to
employment context or just
“alternative strategy OR strategies” - A fair bit
recommendation
of literature to do with management.
“complementary livelihood OR
livelihoods” - General term and only
referred to for recommendations or in a
wider livelihood context
“alternative wage OR wages” Non relevant
“benefit sharing” – not relevant
projects”
14) “income generating activityOR
activities”
15) “Integrated conservation and
Development project” OR ICDP OR ICDPs
16) “livelihood alternative OR
alternatives”
17) “livelihood activity OR activities”
18) “livelihood OR livelihoods based
approach OR approaches”
19) “livelihood OR livelihoods
enhancement OR enhancements”
20) “livelihood OR livelihoods
intervention OR interventions”
21) “livelihood OR livelihoods loan OR
loans”
“conservation and development”
many too general/theoretical
“biodiversity based livelihood OR livelihoods” Not relevant
“income substitute OR substitutes” - many diversification OR diversify OR diversified – too
not directly alt. liv.
general
“livelihood OR livelihoods assessment” General term often sustainable
development articles.
“household income” – too general
“livelihood OR “livelihoods choices OR
choices” -General term and more related
to development, or only
recommendations.
“livelihood OR livelihoods development” Similar to livelihood choice
“livelihood OR livelihoods benefit OR benefits” Topics include PES, REDD and carbon
conservation, none directly related
“livelihood OR livelihoods diversification”
Similar to above mainly development
based
“livelihood OR livelihoods need OR needs” Many articles related to sustainable
development /CBNRM combining conservation
and development non specific to alt liv.
“livelihood strategy OR strategies”
Similar to above
“indigenous alternative” – not relevant
“livelihood OR livelihoods improvement” – too
general many development related
“livelihood OR livelihoods review” - Non
relevant
22) "livelihood OR livelihoods opportunity
OR opportunities"
“livelihood shift OR shifts”
Non relevant
23) "livelihood OR livelihoods option OR
options"
“livelihood OR livelihoods substitute OR
substitutes” – Non relevant
24) "livelihood OR livelihoods project OR
project" OR "livelihood projects"
“livelihood OR livelihoods switch” – not relevant
“poverty alleviation” – too general
25) "livelihood OR livelihoods program OR
programs OR programme OR
programmes”
“poverty reduction” – too general
“resource substitute OR substitutes” Many economic/global resource use related
26) "livelihood OR livelihoods
replacement OR replacements"
“resource supplement OR supplements” – not
relevant
27) "livelihood OR livelihoods scheme OR
schemes"
“sustainable alternative OR alternatives” Many sustainable development literature, also
ecosystem management.
28) “livelihood OR livelihoods support”
29) “rural development”
“sustainable livelihood OR livelihoods” Sustainable livelihoods literature and
“sustainable resource use” – too general
30) “supplementary income OR incomes”
31) supplementary livelihood
ORlivelihoods”
Topic 2) alternative livelihood activities
1) "artisanal craft OR crafts" OR "craft
making OR makers" OR craft OR crafts OR
handicraft OR handycraft OR handicrafts
OR handycrafts
2) beekeeping OR “bee keeping”
3) “bushmeat alternative OR alternatives”
4) “caterpillar utilisation OR utilization”
5) “concrete block making”
6) crab fattening
7) ecotourism OR “eco tourism”
“threat alleviation” – too general
“cane rat OR rats” - recommendations or
brief list description of an intervention
agroforestry - too general
“alternative farming” – not relevant
“energy substitute OR substitutes OR
substitution” -not really interventions
“fish OR fishing OR gear” - mainly related
to impact only one or two make only
recommendations for alternative
methods.
aquaculture - many to do with ecology/biology
of aquaculture including ecological impact
aquaponics – not relevant
“bike vending OR vendors” -not relevant
“mat weaving”
Many related to biodiversity of mat
species or just a recommendation.
“brick making OR maker” – not relevant
"non timber forest product OR products"
OR NTFP OR NTFPs - not really used as an
intervention
carpentry - not relevant
“capital investment” – not relevant
carver - not relevant
Relevant subject area,
8) "engine repair OR repairs"
9) “fuel efficient stove OR stoves”
10) "grass cutter cultivation OR
production OR farming"
11) “lobster fattening”
poultry farm OR farming” only recommendations.
“cassava OR gari process OR processing” - not
relevant
"shell collecting OR collection" only recommendations or brief list
descriptions.
“cloth making OR makers” - not relevant
“shrimp nursery OR nurseries”
only recommendations or brief list
descriptions
“cocoa farm OR farms ORfarming” - mainly
related to biodiversity / ecology in cocoa
farms.
“coffee farm OR farming” – too general
12) mariculture
13) “market development”
“snail rearing” -recommendations or not
directly related
cook OR cooking - not relevant
“conservation job OR jobs” - not relevant
14) “micro enterprises" OR "micro
enterprise" OR “micro-finance
15) "mushroom farming OR farms OR
cultivation OR production"
16) "safari hunt OR hunting"
17) “sea cucumber farm OR farms” OR
farming”
18) “seaweed farm OR farms” OR
farming”
19) shrimp farm OR shrimp farming OR
“shrimp farms”
20) "silk farm OR farms OR farming OR
production OR culture" OR sericulture”
“crop diversification” - not relevant
“crop growing OR growers” – not relevant
"crop farmers OR farming OR farm" - not
relevant
Domestication - Very broad many to do with
biology / ecology of agriculture and
domestication of crops
“duck farm OR farming” - some to do with
ecology of farming
“dye production OR producers” - not relevant
“eco guide OR guides” - not relevant
enterprise or enterprises- non directly related
21) “small business development”
entrepreneur - not relevant
22) "snail farm OR farms OR farming"
23) “thatch making OR makers”
24) "thatch collecting OR collection OR
collectors”
“fish aggregating device” (removed FAD as to
many irrelevant hits) - many to do with ecology/
technical use of FADs
“fish farm OR farmers OR farming” – not
relevant many to do with ecological impact
25) “tour guide OR guiding OR guidance”
“fish ponds” – not relevant
26) tourism
“flower farm OR farming” - not relevant
27) “wildlife breeding”
28) "wildlife based enterprise OR
enterprises"
“food vend OR vending” - not relevant, some
related to livelihoods in general
“forest guard OR guards” – not relevant
29) "wildlife farm OR farms OR farming"
OR farmers"
"fuel OR fuelwood substituteOR substitution"
Many to do with substitution of biomass
burning for carbon conservation.
“game meat” – not relevant
“game rearing” – not relevant
“guinea pig OR pigs” – not relevant
“gum collection OR collecting” - not relevant
“habitat restoration” – not relevant
“home OR kitchen OR peri-urban garden OR
gardens” – not relevant
horticulture – many related to biodiversity
“macroalgal culture” – not relevant
“mangrove OR mangroves harvest OR
harvesting” – many to do with management of
mangroves
“non farm employment” - many development
related
"non wood forest products OR product"OR
NWFP OR NWFPs – Many economic analyses
“off farm employment” - not relevant
"off forest activity OR activities" - not relevant
“ oyster farm OR farms” - some to do with
ecological impact of oyster farms
“palm oil” – many to do with eco impact
“palm wine”- some to do with eco
impact/livelihood research
“pelagic fish OR fishing” - not relevant
“physical investment” – not relevant
piggery – not relevant
pottery – not relevant
ranger OR rangers – too general
“rattan collection OR collectors OR collecting” –
not relevant
recycle OR recycling – not relevant
replanting OR replant – not relevant
“rice fish culture” – not relevant
“safari hunt OR hunting” – not relevant
“sea cucumber harvest OR harvesting” - many
to do with ecological impact
“seaweed harvest OR harvesting” - many to do
with ecological impacts of harvesting
“tree nursery OR nurseries” – not relevant
“soap making OR makers” – not relevant
“sport fishing OR fisheries OR fishing OR fishers”
– not relevant
tailor OR tailors OR tailoring – not relevant
“trophy hunting OR hunters OR hunts” – not
relevant
"vegetable growers OR growing" - not relevant
"vegetable farm OR farmers OR farming OR
farms" - not relevant
weaving OR weavers – not relevant
“wild meat” – many to do with ecological
impact
"wood substitute OR substitutesOR
substitution" - many related to timber trade
7. Google
Dates:
Searches will be conducted in February – March 2014.
Resources:
Google
Search Strategy:
As part of the grey literature search strategy, the simple search strings detailed in Table 10 will be used in Google. Where appropriate,
the searches will make use of Google’s advanced search features to modify and narrow the results.
The first 100 search results, when ordered by relevance, will be reviewed and captured where they pass theprimary inclusion criteria.
Table 10. Search Strings for Google
1) livelihoods biodiversity
2) livelihoods conservation
3) “alternative livelihood” biodiversity
4) “alternative livelihood” conservation
5) “alternative resource” biodiversity
6) “alternative resource” conservation
7) “alternative gear” biodiversity
8) “alternative gear” conservation
9) “integrated conservation and development” “alternative livelihood”