Chapter 1: Overview of Mechanisms of Defense
Clinical Correlation: Simian Acquired Immune Deficiencies
Learning Objectives
Essential Involvement of Animal Immune Systems in All Aspects of Animal Health
Immune System
Cells of Defense
Communication between Cells of the Immune System
Communication through cytokines
Other cytokines
Communication through other signaling molecules
Communication through cell–cell
contact
Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
Innate immune system
Adaptive immune system
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 2: Overview of the Innate Immune System
Clinical Correlation: Cyclic Neutropenia in Gray Collies
Learning Objectives
Anatomical and Physiological Barriers to Microbial Invasion
Epithelial Barrier
Secretions
Mucus and Mucociliary Clearance
Commensal Organisms
Cells of the Innate Immune System
Hematopoiesis
Coordinating Hematopoiesis
Monitoring Hematopoesis
Overview of the Cells of the Innate Immune System
Myeloid Innate Immune Cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Myeloid dendritic cells
Mast cells
Lymphoid Innate Immune Cells
Natural killer cells
Other Innate Immune Cells
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 3: Innate Immune Recognition
Clinical Correlation: Sepsis in
Neonatal Foals
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Evolutionarily Conserved Molecular Patterns
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
Pattern-Recognition Receptors
Signaling Pattern-Recognition Receptors
Toll-like receptors
NOD-like receptors and RIG-like
receptors
Phagocytic Pattern-Recognition Receptors
Other Pattern-Recognition Receptors
Innate Recognition of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
Inflammasome
Consequences of Danger Signal Recognition by Sentinel Cells
Activation of Macrophages
Proinflammatory Mediators
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 4: The Complement System
Clinical Correlation: C3 Deficiency in Brittany Dogs
Learning Objectives
Complement Activation
Classical Pathway
Lectin Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Terminal Membrane Attack Pathway
Regulation of Complement Activation
Outcomes of Complement Activation
Inflammation and Chemotaxis
Enhancement of Phagocytosis (Opsonization)
Promoting Humoral Immunity
Clearance of Immune Complexes
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 5: Acute Inflammation
Clinical Correlation: Acute Bovine Mastitis
Learning Objectives
Purposes of Acute Inflammation
Signs of Acute Inflammation
Initiators and Mediators of Acute Inflammation
Vascular Changes in Acute Inflammation
Leukocyte Recruitment
Leukocyte Extravasation
Diversity and Timeline of Leukocyte Recruitment
Systemic Effects of Acute
Inflammation
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 6: Innate Cellular Effector Mechanisms
Clinical Correlation: Rattles in Foals
Learning Objectives
Phagocytes and Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis Part I: Recognition and Adhesion of Particles on the Plasma Membrane of the Phagocyte
Phagocytosis Part II: Membrane and Cytoskeletal Reorganization to Mediate Particle Engulfment and the Creation
of a Phagosome
Phagocytosis Part III: Maturation of the Phagosome into a Microbicidal and Degradative Phagolysosome
Extracellular Innate Effector Mechanisms
Degranulation by Neutrophils and Eosinophils
Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Natural Killer Cell–Mediated Cytotoxicity
Recognition of Target Cells
Activating stimulus
Inhibitory stimulus
Targeted Degranulation by Natural Killer Cells
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanation
Chapter 7: Cells and Organs
of the Adaptive Immune System
Clinical Correlation: Feline Lymphadenopathy
Learning Objectives
Organs and Cells of the Adaptive Immune System
Primary Lymphoid Organs and Hematopoiesis
Bone marrow
Thymus
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 8: Antigens and
Antigen Processing
Clinical Correlation: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
Learning Objectives
Stimulators of Adaptive Immunity: Pathogens, Antigens, and Epitopes
Major Histocompatibility Complex
History of the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex Genetics
Structure and Distribution of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and Class II Molecules
Antigen–Major Histocompatibility Complex Interactions
Antigen Acquisition, Processing, and Presentation
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Processing and Presentation
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation
Cross-Presentation
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 9: T-Lymphocyte Development
Clinical Correlation: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease in Arabian Foals
Learning Objectives
T-Cell Receptor Genes
Structure of the T-Cell Receptor
T-Cell Receptor Gene Families
Gene Rearrangement in the Thymus
T-Cell Selection in the Thymus
Products of T-Cell Gene Rearrangement
Positive Selection of Functional
T Cells
CD4, CD8, and Major Histocompatibility Complex Recognition
Negative Selection of Self-Reactive
T Cells
T-Helper, Cytotoxic T, and T-Regulatory Cells
/ T Cells
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 10: T-Cell Activation
Clinical Correlation: Canine
X-Linked Severe Combined Immuno-deficiency
Learning Objectives
Antigen Recognition by T Cells
First Signal: T-Cell Receptors and Major Histocompatibility Complex–Antigen Interactions
Second Signal and Major Histocompatibility Complex–
CD4/8 Interactions
Signal Transduction and T-Cell Activation
Third Signal and T-Helper Cell Differentiation
Effector T Cells
Effector T-Helper Cells: Th1, Th2,
Tfh, and Th17 Cells
Effector Regulatory T Cells: Treg, Th3, and Tr1 Cells
Effector Cytotoxic T Cells
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 11: B-Cell
Develop-ment
Clinical Correlation: Equine Agammaglobulinemia
Learning Objectives
B Cells and the Structure of the B-Cell Receptor
B-Cell Genetics, Development, and Circulation
B-Cell Receptor Gene Families,
Genetic Rearrangement, and Junctional Diversity
Order and Regulation of B-Cell Development
Immunoglobulin Isotypes
Other Populations of B Cells
B-1 B Cells
Marginal-Zone B Cells
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 12: B-Cell Activation and Differentiation
Clinical Correlation: Selective Immuno-globulin A Deficiencies in Dogs
Learning Objectives
T-Dependent B (B-2) Cells
Interaction of B Cells with Antigens
B Cells as Antigen-Presenting Cells
Activation of B Cells by T-Helper
Cells
Isotype Switching, Somatic Hypermutation, and Terminal Differentiation of B Cells into Plasma Cells
Antibody Effector Functions
Pathogen and Toxin Neutralization
Opsonization and Activation of Complement
Distribution and Function of Fc Receptors
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 13: Adaptive Immune Responses to Infections and Immunological Memory
Clinical Correlation: Canine
Parvovirus and the Wolves of Isle Royale
Learning Objectives
Adaptive Immunity: The Big Picture—From Insult to Recovery
Routes of Infection
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Innate Response Cells and Cytokines of Innate Responses Direct T-Cell Differentiation
Effector T Cells Home to Sites of Infection and Inflammation
Antibody Responses Develop in Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
Importance of Different Adaptive Responses to Clearance of Different Pathogens
Immune Responses in the Gut
Immunological Memory
Primary and Subsequent Immune Reponses
Memory B Cells
Memory T Cells
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 14: Fetal and
Neonatal Immunity
Clinical Correlation: Failure of Passive Transfer
Learning Objectives
Fetal Development of the Immune System
Maternal Transfer of Immunity
Prenatal Transfer of Immunity
Postnatal Transfer of Immunity
Neonatal Acquisition of Memory and Immune Capacity
Vaccination of Neonates
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 15: Vaccination
Clinical Correlation: Animal Vaccines
Learning Objectives
Vaccines
Vaccine Characteristics
Live-Attenuated Vaccines
Killed Vaccines
Component, Toxoid, Conjugate, Recombinant, and Naked DNA Vaccines
Adjuvants
Administration
Frequency
Passive Immunotherapy
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 16: Immune Deficiencies and Immune-Mediated Diseases
Clinical Correlation: Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Learning Objectives
Immune Deficiencies
Congenital Immune Deficiencies
Acquired Immune Deficiencies
Immune-Mediated Diseases
Hypersensitivities Type I, III, and IV
Type I hypersensitivities
Type III hypersensitivities
Type IV hypersensitivities
Type II Hypersensitivities and
Auto-immune Diseases
Clinical Correlation Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 17: The Immune
System and Cancer
Clinical Correlation: Canine Cancer
Learning Objectives
Background
Evidence That Mammalian Immune Systems Affect Tumors
Tumor–Host Interactions
Outcomes
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Chapter 18: Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Immunology
Clinical Correlation: Transfusion Reactions
Learning Objectives
Principles of Antibody-Based Techniques
Generating Antibodies: Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies
Production of polyclonal antibodies
Production of monoclonal antibodies
Detecting Antibody–Antigen
Reactions
Specific Techniques
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays
Immunoblotting
Immunofluorescent microscopy
Precipitation assays
Flow cytometry
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis of Blood Type Incompatibilities
Blood Typing
Blood typing cards
Typing gel
Membrane dipstick
Cross-matching
Diagnosis of Immunodeficiencies
Serum Immunoglobulin
Quantification
Phenotypic Analysis of Lymphocytes
Other Immunodeficiency Tests
Diagnosis of Autoimmunity
Antinuclear Antibody Test
Coombs Test
Antiplatelet Antibody Test
Antithyroglobulin Autoantibody Test
Clinical Correlation: Follow-Up
Student Considerations
Possible Explanations
Glossary
Index