WP2A09.01&Report on the state of algae related research and
industrial activities in Germany
© EnAlgae, 2014
Energetic Algae (‘EnAlgae’)
Project no. 215G
Public Output
WP2A09.01 – Report on the state of algae related
research and industrial activities in Germany
Authors
Kristin Sternberg, Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR e.V.)
Please cite this document as follows:
Sternberg, K. 2014.Report on the state of algae related research and industrial activities in Germany,
Public Output report of the EnAlgae project, Swansea, [month and year of release], [number of pages]pp,
Available online at [website link].
This document is an output from the Energetic Algae (‘EnAlgae’) project, which has received European
Regional Development Funding through the INTERREG IVB NWE programme.
© EnAlgae project partnership, [date of release], all rights reserved.
Report on the state of algae related research and
industrial activities in Germany
Contents
1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2
German stakeholders ......................................................................................................................... 4
3
Types of algae ................................................................................................................................... 11
4
Cultivation facilities .......................................................................................................................... 13
5
Growth conditions ............................................................................................................................ 15
6
Markets .............................................................................................................................................. 16
7
Underpinning activities .................................................................................................................... 20
2
1 Introduction
In 2012 an inventory of North-West European algae initiatives was carried out to provide an impression of
research and commercial activities connected to algae production and utilization. The collected data has
been reviewed in country specific reports and collated and summarised in an overview report covering
the whole North-West-Europe region (including Great Britain, Ireland, Germany Belgium, France,
Switzerland, Luxemburg and the Netherlands).
Data was obtained via a comprehensive questionnaire which was distributed among stakeholders
identified in a preliminary scoping exercise. Although not unexpected, unfortunately not all questionnaires
were returned. In these cases, publically available information was used for the landscaping study and
some additional information was collected through personal interviews with the respective stakeholders.
The questionnaire aimed to gather more information on focus, expertise and applied technology of the
addressed institutions. It was also designed in a way that as allows its use as an information sheet in
EnAlgae’s web-based information portal.
This report summarises the results of the analysis of data collected in Germany, where 62 % of the sentout questionnaires were returned by the stakeholders. For the purpose of clarity, the following analysis
has been differentiated between research institution and industry.
In this context it must be emphasized that this report cannot claim to reflect an exhaustive list of all
stakeholders active in algae research and business. The reasons behind this are:
It is a rather broad area and in some cases only very limited information is available about respective
activities. In addition, there is lots of movement in this sector with regard to new start-ups and the closing
down of business operations, making it difficult to give an up-to-date overview. If too little information
could be found about certain institutions they were not included in this survey.
However, this study nevertheless represents the most important institutions active in this area, allowing
conclusions to be drawn about the main fields of interests, technology and market opportunities for algal
research in Germany.
3
2 German stakeholders
In total 45 institutions working with algae could be identified in Germany. The majority of these
stakeholders (60 %) are from research institutions. The other stakeholders are commercially oriented.
The following table (table 1) gives an overview about the identified stakeholders, sub-divided into
commercially active representatives and academic research oriented stakeholders.
Table 1: Overview of German stakeholders active in the broader algae area
Commercial stakeholders
Algomed
RoquetteKlötze GmbH
& Co KG;
Astaxa
GmbH:
cultivation of algae
Salata GmbH: sales
and marketing of these
algae
BlueBioTech
GmbH
(since
2000);
BlueBioTech
International
GmbH
(since 2002)
bbi-biotech GmbH
Clausthaler
Umwelttechnik-Institut
GmbH (CUTEC)
Algenol
Biofuels
Germany GmbH
Cyano Biotech GmbH
GICON - Grossmann
Ingenieur
Consult
GmbH
Production of Chlorella vulgaris for the food, cosmetics and
pharmaceutical industry on large scale (600 m³, 500 km of tubes).
Research also takes place on other algae species.
Roquette initiated its own research programme in 2008: “Algohub”. This
project brings together 14 partners from research institutions and industry.
It is the largest European programme for research on algae
Company cultivates and sells (frozen or chilled) fresh and salt water
microalgae for application in cosmetics and aquaculture.
Production of microalgae, commercialisation of own brand "BluBio"; offer
collaboration with other companies in the value chain and contractual
consulting.
Development and sale of innovative fermentors and bioreactors. The bbibiotech GmbH offers equipment and services for all process applications
within biotechnology, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry.bbibiotech has developed an own portfolio for standard bioreactor vessels as
well as for disposable systems of 3rd party suppliers. The company is also
offering equipment for heterotrophic production of algae as well as for
high-quality phototrophic research approaches.
Focus on environmental and energy technology carrying out both
research and development.
Screening and (genetically) modifications of cyanobacteria for bioethanol
production; after pre-selection in Germany the selected bacteria strains
are entering pilot-scale testing at Algenol in Florida (outdoor in plastic
tubes).
Applied R&D on cyanobacteria; transferring know-how from academic
research into an innovative biotech company; products and services
comprise cultivation of different cyanobacterial strains from own collection
(1500 strains) and from customer strains, harvest and freeze-drying of
biomass, extraction and compound supply, cyanotoxins, analytical
services.
Biosolarzentrum: Project funded by Ministry of Economics of the State
Saxony-Anhalt (430000 €) and GICON (planned investment: 12 Mill. € into
algae-biofuel); Start: March 2011.
Development and operation of a new PBR (flexible tubular system).
4
GMB
(associate
Vattenfall)
GmbH
of
IGV GmbH
MaRenate
NOVAgreen GmbH
Phytolutions GmbH
Phyton Energy GmbH
Project “green Mission”, funded by the European Union and the state
Brandenburg focused on CO2 reduction in flue gases by means of algae
and was finished in 2012. In 2013, the new project “greenVISION” started
in Senftenberg: a pilot plant consisting of “Flat panel airlift” and “Hanging
gardens” PBRs (the latter with 55000 l volume) are attached to a
combined heat and power plant (GMB GmbH, Vattenfall); aim is to identify
carbon capture and storage strategies using microalgae and to investigate
the feasibility of a substantial use of CO2 to produce new biomass from
microalgae for material use
Development and construction of PBRs (1-4 plants/ year); testing of
different algae species; looking for active ingredients and accumulation of
certain substances in microalgae.
Use of algae for bioremediation (absorbtion of nitrate, ammonium)
Research on algae fouling processes; biocide-free anti-fouling systems
Coordination of project "NaMaRo": Use of renewable marine resources
(makro algae that were washed ashore at the North Sea + residues from
fishing) for bioenergy production (biogas production and CH4 separation).
Additionally plastic residues were separated and further processed.
Production and commercialisation of algae.
Development and use of tubular plastic bags and raceway ponds in green
houses.
Combination with specially developed photovoltaic panels on roof of green
houses
Production and sale of foil/film bioreactors (tubular plastic bags)for
outdoor use; development of an algae harvesting machine;
R&D in harvesting and processing technology.
Development of a new PBR (patent pending ); Goal: biodiesel from algae
In planning stage: production of algae in closed plastic mattresses in
North Germany and in open ponds in South Africa; Aim: sale of biomass,
extracted oil or biodiesel.
Strategic
Science
Consult GmbH (SSC)
Development of thermally isolated (plate-) PBR for use as building
element for facades. Integration of microalgae process technology into
building services. Mutagenesis of different species; focus: production of
fatty acids with use of flue gas.
Subitec GmbH
Production and commercialisation of flat-panel airlift reactors
Pilot
plants:
Cooperation with E.ON Hanse AG in Hamburg-Reitbrook; attached to a
natural gas-driven heat and power plant (start: May 2008)
Cultivation System for microalgae for FairEnergie GmbH in Reutlingen;
attached to natural gas-driven heat and power plant (start: July 2010)
Cooperation with GMB GmbH/ Vattenfall Europe Mining AG in
Senftenberg; attached to a brown coal-driven heat and power plant (start:
July 2010)
Südzucker
CropEnergies
AG/
Partner in project "Biorefinery based on algae with increased starch
content - use of starch and protein". Aim is the material and energetic use
of algae biomass. The main ingredient, starch, will be used for ethanol
production whereas for protein new utilisation pathways are being
explored. Thus, the added value of the use of algae rich in carbohydrates
5
SylterAlgenfarm
Marine
Integrated
Algal
Aquaculture
GmbH & Co KG
Verfahrenstechnik
Schwedt GmbH (VTS)
should be increased. The biomass residues will then be used for biogas
production. The selected algae will be produced in flat-panel-airlift
reactors from the company Subitec. A respective pilot plant, comprising 24
photobioreactors at 180 l each, has been built on Crop Energies prodution
site in Zeitz.
Production includes an online monitoring system, which will be tested in
the process. The needed CO2 for algae biomass production is supposed
to come from the ethanol fermentation process. Any remaining nutrients
as well as water will be re-used for the algae production process.
Breeds/ produces and sells macro-algae to food and cosmetic industry.
Concept: continuous algae production using flue gas and recycled
nutrients.
Extraction
of
algae
lipids
from
wet
biomass.
Refining of oil to biofuels.
Catalytic hydrogenation for added value in process chain.
Fermentation of remaining biomass.
Biogas plant as source for CO2 and recycled nutrients.
Industrial partner (e.g. heat plant) for site and infrastructure; provision of
flue gases, waste heat and H2.
Use of H2 from regional and renewable sources (wind power).
Scientific Stakeholders
DeutschesPost processing of algae biomass with focus on energetic use.
BiomasseforschungsZentrum
gemeinnützige GmbH
6
FraunhoferInsitute for
Interfacial Engineering
and
Biotechnology
(Fraunhofer
IGB)
(Institute for contract
research)
Fraunhofer Institute for
Environmental, Safety
and
Energy
Technology
(Fraunhofer
UMSICHT)
Research
Centre
Jülich (FZ Jülich)
Coordinates Project “Biorefinery based on carbohydrate-rich
algae biomass; use of starch and proteins” (Dec. 2012 – Nov.
2015)
Aim is the material and energetic use of algae biomass. The main
ingredient, starch, will be used for ethanol production whereas for
protein new utilisation pathways are being explored. Thus, the
added value of the use of algae rich in carbohydrates should be
increased. The biomass residues will then be used for biogas
production. The selected algae will be produced in flat-panel-airlift
reactors from the company Subitec. Production includes an online
monitoring system, which will be tested in the process. The
needed CO2 for algae biomass production is supposed to come
from the ethanol fermentation process. Any remaining nutrients as
well as water will be re-used for the algae production process.
Project partners: Subitec GmbH, Südzucker/ CropEnergies
II.
Project: "Integrated processes for the production of omega-3 EPA
(eicosapentaenoic acid) in the FPA photobioreactor using
microalgae, development of disintegration and extraction
processes" (as cost effective alternative to EPA production from
fish oil);
III.
Project: "EtaMax: More Biogas from waste and microalgae
residual
material
through
combined
Bio-/Hydrothermal
Gasification"; research on algal lipids in Chlorella vulgaris in 30 l
FPA reactors with different nitrogen availability in a 2-stage
repeated fed-batch and batch process. Closing circuits between
anaerobic digestion of organic wastes to biogas and algae
cultivation by using effluents from AD for microalgae cultivation.
Research on using flue gas from power plants for algae
production; digestion of residual biomass to biogas.
IV.
Project: EcoBug: Development of an innovative industrial bio
reacting and fermentation process producing an organic insect
repellent-fertilizer for ecological farming. Process development for
the production of filamentous cyanobacteria with insect repellent
activity.
V.
FP7 project ProEcoWine: Development of a process to generate a
novel plant protection product enriched with micronutrients to
replace copper in organic viticulture. Task of Fraunhofer IGB is
process development for the production of algae biomass with
bioactivity against downey mildew (Plasmoparaviticola) and
Botrytis cinerea infection on leaves and grapes.
VI.
Study Factor 10: biorefinery concepts for micro algal biomass
Part of the EU-project AllGas:
plant in South-Spain; algae production in waste water; oil extraction from
harvested algae biomass => for feed additives and biodiesel; residues of
algae biomass gets fermented into biogas/methane.
I.
FZ Jülich coordinates, together with EADS, an algae research and pilot
project (“AUFWIND”; 2013-2015 project phase 1) with 12 partners. In that
context, the Algae-Science-Center has been established. Aim of the
project is to compare 3 different photobioreactor systems under same
7
Hochschule
für
Technik und Wirtschaft
des
Saarlandes
(HTWdS) / University
of Applied Science
Saarland
Institute for Interfacial
Engineering IGVT at
the
University
of
Stuttgart
Jacobs
University
Bremen (private)
SAG - Sammlung von
Algenkulturen
Göttingen
(Spin-off
ofuniversityof
Göttingen)
Technical University of
Berlin
Technical
University
Hamburg-Harburg
Technical University of
Applied
Science
Wildau
Anhalt University
Applied Science
of
conditions in terms of their productivity, economic feasibility and ecological
aspects within the production chain of algae-based bio-kerosene. The
suppliers of the different systems are Phytolutions, NOVAgreen and IGV.
Development of sensors for algae (ALSENS project, 2009, supported by
HTWdS);
Recycling of nutrients in marine recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS)
by integration and optimisation of algae biomass production;
(LANDMARK
project,
2010
-2013;
supported
by Deutsche
BundesstiftungUmwelt (DBU) and the government of the Saarland,
Germany)
Participation in the Northwest European network of algal pilot facilities in
the INTERREG strategic initiative "EnAlgae" (2011- 2015).
Project: "Integrated processes for the production of omega-3 EPA
(Eicosapentaenoic acid) in the photobioreactor using microalgae,
development of disintegration and extraction processes", 2007-2009;
funded by DBU with 440970 € (50%); coord.: Subitec GmbH; harvest,
extraction and purification of algae oil by IGVT; EPA extraction with
supercritical CO2 by K.D. PharmaBexbach GmbH.
Was part of project connected to pilot plant of RWE in Niederaußem;
testing of different algae species; optimising used species; development of
new PBRs => spin off: Phytolution GmbH: further development of
"Phytobags"; pilot plant connected to waste incineration plant.
SAG has one of the three largest algae culture collections in the world
(2400 strains); provides culture material for research, teaching and
biotechnology communities worldwide; primarily microalgae and
cyanobacteria.
Development of a laboratory for microalgae; Goal: optimisation of
microorganisms through genetically modifications and improvement of
respective technology ; exchange of scientists; production of valuable
products from algae.
Research project funded by German Research Association - DFG:
research on ability of algae to fix heavy metal legacies in water =>
bioremediation; testing of 48 different algae species and cyanobacteria.
Development of a concept for the efficient use of alternative energy
biomass with a focus on microalgae.
Pilot plant: PBR connected to a heat and power plant since May 2011 with
funds of the State of Brandenburg.
Produced algae biomass is transformed/ fermented into biogas in a 2stage process, which is used for power production in the connected heat
and power plant; CO2 produced in this process will again be used for the
algae biomass production in the PBR.
Cultivation of microalgae (up to 1200 l) and macro-algae (up to 10 l),
testing of different species, algae reference stocks, testing of different
processing techniques and uses for algae biomass
Bio Solar Centre - development of efficient technology using algae and
solar energy (microalgae: cultivation of microalgae with high content of
valuable products such as carotenoids, lipids and bioactive substances,
macro-algae: single cell culture for production of bioactive substances).
8
University Bielefeld
University of Applied
Science Bremen
University of DuisburgEssen (UDE)
University
ErlangenNürnberg
University of Freiburg Institute for Biology III
Leibniz
Hannover
Universität
University Kiel
HochschuleLausitz
University of Applied
Science Lausitz
University Leipzig
Coordinator of project "Bio hydrogen production in microalgae" (20082011); funded by German Ministry for Education and Research: 1.8 Mill €;
research on best conditions for hydrogen production; development of
optimised PBR.
Project "AlgenBioGas" (2008-2011): development of new process for
optimisation of biogas production in biogas plants = > removing CO 2 and
hydrogen sulphide from biogas process chain by algae; use of algae
biomass for value added product; building of pilot plant in cooperation
with companies algatec and MT-Energie.
Project "AlgenKult": (2011-2014) Development of early warning systems
for process stability in microalgae cultivation systems in open ponds;
generation of guidelines for best practise for plant operators.
Development and (lab-scale) testing of PBRs; research also on usage of
thermophilic algae.
Bioactives, genetic engineering, reactor design.
Takes part in the EU-project "DirectFuel" (Direct biological conversion of
solar energy to volatile hydrocarbon fuels by engineered cyanobacteria);
FP 7 fund: 3.7 Mill €); 2010-2014; coordinated by University of Turku,
Finland.
Research topics:
Disposable photobioreactors for microalgae plant-Biotechnology.
Biological degradation of antibiotics in municipal wastewater by
microalgae or cyanobacteria.
Photon Efficiency of microalgae bioreactors.
Development of a 2-step bioreactor for the in-vitro production of
PHB in Nostocmuscorum.
Disposable culture systems for online monitoring of microalgae
cultures.
Production of high value compounds in microalgae.
Agglutination signalling in microalgae.
Tests with digestate from biogas plant as culture medium for algae.
Cooperation with Linde Group: research on hydrogen production using
green algae.
Part of the project SEMIRAMIS => cooperation partner of IGV GmbH; pilot
plant.
Main task: screening of algae species, best growth conditions and R&D of
PBR concepts.
New “HORIZON” - PBR concept; testing of components and culturing of
microalgae in tubular reactor, harvesting of biomass and extraction and
analysis of the important components in microalgae.
Project 2011 - 2014: Development of a new process for production of
biogas with algae"; funded by German Ministry for Education and
Research: 1.5 M €.; partnership with University of Bremen and Karlsruhe
9
University Münster
Took part in project "Bio hydrogen production in microalgae" (2008-2011);
funded by German Ministry for Education and Research: 1.8 Mill €;
research on best conditions for hydrogen production; development of
optimised PBR.
SUNBIOPATH: “Towards a better sunlight to biomass conversion
efficiency in microalgae” (EU FP7/ 2010-2012, GA245070).
ALGALGLYCO: “A new scenario for the production of recombinant
proteins in algae. Exploiting a native pathway for targeting glycoproteins to
the algal chloroplast.” (Plant KBBE-0315453, 2009-2012).
SPLASH: “Sustainable PoLymers from Algae Sugars and Hydrocarbons”
(EU FP7/ 2012-2016).
University of Applied
Sciences
Ostwestfalen-Lippe
Bauhaus
Universität
Weimar
Development of innovative lighting- and reactor systems for the production
of algae based cosmetic ingredients.
Ruhr-Universität
Bochum
KIT (Karlsruhe Institute
of
Technology)
Institute of Process
Engineering in Life
Sciences Department
of
Bioprocess
Engineering
Modelling and design of a photobioreactor for macroalgae;
Culture collection;
Research on processing technologies
Biogas from the marine microalgae Nannochloropsissalina in monodigestion compared to typical energy crops; influence of different physical
pre-treatment methods and the content of salt on biogas production; codigestion of microalgae and energy crops (maize silage, CCM) in batch
and continuously fed plants; energetic and economic analysis of pretreatment; ecologic analysis of biogas production from microalgae
compared to maize silage.
Integrated bioprocess and photobioreactor development
"KIT Algae Platform" was founded in 2009; objectives: development,
integration and analysis of all process steps required to use algae
biomass for energy production; including reactor development for algae
cultivation , conditioning of algae, energy production from algae, system
analysis and sustainability assessment
Following institutes are involved:
Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences
Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology
Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis
Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology
10
3 Types of algae
The majority of the stakeholders are working with microalgae. A relatively small proportion is cultivating
and processing macro-algae or working on both macro and micro types (12 % of the industrial
stakeholders and 4 % of the research institutions).
56 % of the concerned stakeholders provided information about the precise algae specie(s) they are
using. The majority of these stakeholders are using green algae (64 %, figure 1). Overall, the most
favoured species are Chlorella vulgaris (29 % of the stakeholders), followed by Scenedesmusobliquus
(24 %) and Chlamydomonasreinhardtii (11 %, figure 2).
Based on the provided data, a considerable amount of stakeholders work with cyanobacteria. Although
cyanobacteria are not algae from a scientific perspective, they are often mentioned in the context of
micro-algal activities. Some of the stakeholders have focused on both microalgae and cyanobacteria. For
this reason the work with cyanobacteria was also included in this overview.
Various species of macro-algae such as Laminaria, Ulva and Gracililaria, account for 5 % of algae
species under investigation in Germany.
Figure 1: Used algae types in Germany.
11
Figure 2: Number of institutions working with these algae species (multiple answers permitted).
12
4 Cultivation facilities
Over the last decade, constant and innovative research and development has been taking place in the
area of algae cultivation technology. The presently used cultivation systems can be subdivided into
following systems:
Table 2: Cultivation systems
Open/ Half-open production systems

Open-Ponds

Race-Way-Ponds

Longlines
Closed photobioreactor systems (PBR)

Flat bed/ Plate/ Flat panel reactor

Tubular reactor

Bag/ Flexible tube reactor

Rain creating stack system („Horizon“)

Fermentation
(heterotrophiccultivation)
vessel
Closed cultivation systems have the advantage of better controlling the cultivation conditions and,
consequently, to guarantee the best temperature and light regime under almost sterile conditions.
Closed photobioreactors (PBR) are the most favoured facilities for cultivating microalgae in both, industry
and academia in Germany. The most common systems are tubular photobioreactors followed by flat
panel PBRs and plastic bags. Open ponds play only a minor role (4 research institutions and 1
commercial stakeholder; figure 3 and 4) in Germany. Flexible structures, such as long lines, and wild
harvest are only considered by stakeholders working with macro-algae and therefore account for only a
small proportion of the cultivation facilities in Germany. Many stakeholders run more than just one type of
PBR.
Figure 3: Cultivation facilities at research institutions
13
Either industry and research institutions have a strong interest in constantly improving their PBRs or,
respectively, to test newly developed ones. This is mainly reflected by the number of stakeholders
working with “other” PBRs than the most common ones named in the questionnaire (33 % of the research
institutions and 22 % of the academic stakeholders; figure 3 and 4). Altogether, more different types of
cultivation facilities are used at research institutions. In regard to size of the facilities there is naturally a
big difference between academia and industry. Almost a quarter of the industrially used algae growth
facilities comprise a volume of over 50 m³ (figure 5), whereas most of the research institutions use
facilities with less than 2 m³ capacity. For most of the research institutions no data about the exact size of
their algae growth facilities was provided.
Figure 4: Cultivation facilities in industry
Figure 5: Average size of algae growth facilities in industry
14
5 Growth conditions
Almost three-quarter of the questioned stakeholders provided information about the conditions in their
respective algae growth facilities. In respect to growth conditions, the survey did not go into too much
detail, but rather concentrated on the origin of the three main substances: water, light and carbon dioxide.
Multiple answers were possible.
Figure 6: Growth condition - water
In regard to the growth medium, most of the stakeholders do not concentrate solely on either salt or fresh
water species, but use both, fresh and salt water for the cultivation. However, the use of salt water slightly
predominates when stakeholders are only focusing on one of the two mediums (figure 6).
More than a quarter of the stakeholders use waste water for algae cultivation. The waste water sources
are quite different and comprise effluents from biogas plants, industrial and municipal wastewaters and
residual or recirculation water from aquacultures.
Figure 7: Growth condition - light
15
In terms of the light regime, the majority of the stakeholders, who provided respective information, use
natural light for growing algae: 58 % solely rely on the natural radiation whereas 38 % of the stakeholders
use artificial light when necessary (figure 7). Only 20 % of the stakeholders exclusively use artificial light
for their algae cultivation. Only 2 % of the stakeholders have (also) focused on heterotrophic microalgae
production and do not use any light.
Figure 8: Growth conditions – CO2 supply
As for the carbon dioxide supply, most of the stakeholders are using industrially bottled CO 2 (42 %, figure
8). Renewable carbon dioxide is mostly used when algae production is combined with a biogas plant in
which CO2 is produced as side product. In one case the flue gas from a heat plant based on wood is
used. Altogether 29 % of the questioned stakeholders use CO 2 from renewable resources. Stakeholders
focusing on carbon sequestration install their algae cultivation facilities close to heat or combined heat
and power plants (CHP) and use the fossil based flue gas for algae production (22 %).
6 Markets
As in the section on algal cultivation conditions, it needs to be emphasized that multiple answers were
permitted since most algae stakeholders aim for more than one single product respectively market sector.
The results have been summarized in the bar charts figure 9 and 10.
In order to determine the most promising market sectors for algae, the targeted products have also been
grouped accordingly (see different colours in figure 9-10). Only one entry per market and per stakeholder
has been counted for this analysis. The results are displayed in figure 11 and 12 and table 3.
16
Figure 9: Targeted products of the industrial stakeholders (multiple answers were permitted; total number
of stakeholders: 19)
The focus of scientific and industrial stakeholders is slightly different. Research institutions address a
wider variety of aspects connected with algae cultivation and downstream processing and do more
fundamental research compared to the stakeholders from industry. Quite frequently, a close collaboration
between industrial and scientific stakeholders can be found in this area.
The majority of the cultivated algae in Germany are used for material purposes, like speciality chemical
(cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals), food and feed and other commodity products (e.g.
bio-plastics and fermentation products). Algae-based bioenergy is an important field of interest as well,
but is currently not practiced commercially. Algae production is still too expensive to successfully enter
low cost and high tonnage markets like the one for bioenergy. However, strong research and
development activities can be found in this area in Germany, particularly among the concerned research
institution (32 % vs. 19 % of industrial stakeholders, figure 11-12).
17
Figure 10: Targeted products of research institutions (multiple answers were permitted; total number of
stakeholders: 27)
Beside typical biofuel products like biogas, oil, bioethanol, biodiesel and – to a very small extend kerosene, some research institutions further examine alternative energy products like hydrogen, propane
or products derived through hydrothermal processing (Figure 10). This offers promising approaches, but
seems currently to be still too far from the market. Consequently, these pathways are mainly further
developed in the context of research projects and are not yet pursued by commercial stakeholders.
Hydrothermal gasification of algae is still in its early stages and, according this survey, respective
research was only found at one research institutions.
As the survey has shown, the work with cyanobacteria is a field of interest for industry as well as for some
academic research institutions (18 % of the used algae types in Germany; figure 1). Cyanobacteria are
mostly used for ethanol or hydrogen production.
In comparison with the research sector, bioenergy is a less important product for industrial stakeholders.
This might however change, if more efficient production, harvesting and/ or processing methods will be
established.
In regard to the different energy product targets, algae-based biogas appears to be the main product (9
industrial stakeholders and 12 academic stakeholders; Figure 9 & 10). This can certainly be seen in
connection with the use of algae for bioremediation, which has a share of 18 % and 14 % of the targeted
markets for industry and research institutions respectively (Figure 11-12). Stakeholders concentrating on
bioremediation1 frequently cooperate with either big power plants or biogas plants, in order to use the
CO2 of the plants’ exhaust gas and the produced waste heat for algae cultivation. Algae produced under
these circumstances can usually not be used as component for material products, like for instance food/
1
Bioremediation refers to applications were algae are used for removing pollutants e.g. from power plant
flue gas or from waste waters.
18
feed additives or cosmeceuticals, but are only be further used for producing bioenergy. Thereby
production of biogas is still the cheapest option.
Figure 11: Targeted markets among industrial stakeholders
Figure 12: Targeted markets among academic stakeholders
19
Table 3: Targeted markets – number of stakeholders
Industry
Market
(19 stakeholders in total)
Bioenergy
12
Bioremediation
11
Design/ Production of PBRs
9
Food & Feed
14
Specialty chemicals
10
Commodity products
6
Research Institutions
(26 stakeholders in total)
20
9
10
9
9
5
For the industrial stakeholders, the market for food and feed is, with a share of 23 %, an important one.
Complete algae as well as specifically extracted components and ingredients are used for this market. In
comparison, this market sector accounts for only 15 % of activity within research institutions (Figure 1112).
Another important market for algae is the one for “specialty chemicals”, i.e. specific components and
ingredients that can be used in the production of cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals (15
% and 16 % of market share respectively; figure 11-12).
The focus within the specialty sector differs between industrial and research institutions. Industrial
stakeholders have a stronger focus on cosmeceutical products (44 %, figure 9), whereas academic
stakeholders have a greater interest in nutraceutical products (26 %, figure 10). There are attempts to
further develop this market potential by looking for even more useful, algae-derived substances.
The use of algae for other commodity products like bio-plastics and fermentation products account for
only a minor share (industry: 10 %; research institutions: 8 %) in the total targeted markets for algae.
One market branch inevitably connected with the cultivation and use of algae is the development and
production of photo-bioreactors (PBRs). Half of the commercially active stakeholders (figure 9) as well
as over one third of the academic stakeholders (figure 10) are significantly involved in designing and
testing of photo bioreactors and frequently work together. Its overall share in the total targeted market
sectors accounts for 14 % respectively 16 % (figure 11-12).
7 Underpinning activities
Besides their main focus of activity, most of the stakeholders are also involved in actions supporting their
efforts in further developing and improving their targeted products. About 60 % of the stakeholders
provided information about these underpinning activities.
The majority of industrial stakeholders (61 %; figure 13) are investigating new or further developing
approaches for harvesting and processing algae biomass. Harvest and processing technology is also
the main interest of the research institutions representing 22 % and 33 % of stakeholder activity
respectively (figure 14). A further 26% of research institutions are occupied with activity associated with
culture collection development.
Bioprospecting and research on valuable substances in algae was cited as an activity by a relatively
small number of stakeholders, 11 % and 17 % of academic and industrial stakeholders respectively. Most
of the questioned stakeholders seem to rather concentrate on the already well-known algae species,
trying to optimize the cultivation, harvest and downstream processes and technology.
Genetical engineering for optimising algae (incl. cyanobacteria) plays currently only a minor role, which
is probably due to the restricting legal framework in Germany. Nevertheless it is a topic for some of the
concerned research institutions (7 %) as well as the industry (6 %) and might become more important in
the future in the search for strategies for reducing production costs - particularly for the energy market.
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Figure 13: Number of industrial stakeholders (in %) involved in following algae related activities (multiple
answers were permitted; total number of stakeholders: 19)
Figure 14: Number of academic stakeholders (in %) involved in following algae related activities (multiple
answers were permitted; total number of stakeholders: 27)
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