MALAK MUKHTAR MALAK HASSAN (1900-2012).
A life dedicated to Somali Independence and Stability
Inna lillahi wa inna Ileyhi raji’una (We Belong to Allah and to Him We Return), Quran 2: 156
Malak Mukhtar Malak Hassan, 112, passed away on Tuesday, September 4, 2012, at his
residence in Baidoa, Somalia. Known as Malak of Malaks and Sultans (chief of chiefs and
sultans of the Riverine clans), also the chairman of the Traditional Supreme Governing Council
(TSGC) a bicameral council that was created in March 1995 as an interim legislative body of an
autonomous Inter-Riverine State. An authority on Somali customs, languages and literature. He
is known as seddi-seddi (the three threes), because of his strong recollection of Somali proverbs
in numeral rhythms. He is quoted as the best in his own collection of proverbs and sayings of the
numeral types. He is religiously well versed hafidh al-Qur’an and Khalif of the Qadiriyya order.
Mukhtar was born in Jilibow village, 35 kilometers Southeast of Huddur, in the Bakool region
(former Alta Juba), in Ehed Golool Gubay (the “Sunday” year of burning Golool trees), for it
was a drought year, when Golool trees were burned for their myrrh, which was sold in markets
as far as Awdheegle, Marka and Barawa in the Lower Shabelle valley. It was also the year Italian
colonial troops started to penetrate the interior of Somalia.
After completing his Qur’anic studies, Mukhtar went to Madi na Jama’a, near Bur Hakaba,
where he studied fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), tafsir (interpretation of the Qur’an) and Arabic. In
1927, he returned home with title maalling/sheikh (teacher/sheikh). In 1928, his father Malak
Hassan “Borow” (the dark), the Malak of Leysan died. Mukhtar automatically inherited the title
and was formerly invested in the ceremonial Golool village, the traditional birthplace of the
Leysan clan, and was carried shoulder high for about five kilometers, in the middle of dancing
barbaar, to Sarmaan Wiing, the holy town, for the blessing of the Asharaaf (spiritual authority) of
the Reewin people. There he was bathed with the sacred water from the huud (well), dressed up
with a white specially locally weaved kar-Guri, ornated with specific designs tarash, specially
made for the new Malak ;then sat on a gember (stool), the royal stool, and officially proclaimed
the Malak of Leysan clan.
During the Italian occupation, the young Mukhtar led resistance movement coordinated by his
father Malak Hassan “Borow” to fight against the Italians. This movement cooperated with the
Banadir and Shabelle valley resistances of 1900-1923, known as the Benadir resistances. Jilibow
the headquarters of this movement is located in between the two holiest places in the Reverine
land, Sarmaan Aw Umur (the headquarters of Asharasf) and Bioley the headquarters of
Uwaysiyya and where the shrine of Sheikh Uways is located). After Italy was defeated in the
World War I. the above movement was a catalyst for the foundation of al-Jam’iyyah alKhayriyyah al-Wataniyyah (the Patriotic Benevolent Society), in 1920, a philanthropic
movement which provided food and shelter for the victims of the occupation, educated them,
1
and mobilized them against colonial occupation. Indeed this society led also the foundation of
Hizbiya Dastur Mustaqil al-Somal in 1947.
During the British Military Administration of the occupied territory of Somalia, 1940-50,
political parties sprung in Somalia, particularly Hizbiya Digil-Mirifle HDM, later Hizbiya Dastur
Mustaqil al-Sumal HDMS (Somali Independent Constitutional party), and Somali Youth League
(SYL). Malak Mukhtar was among the founders of HDM in Huddur in 1947. In 1948, he invited
Sheikh Abdullahi Bogodi the founder of Hizbiya leading a delegation of the founders to Jilibow.
Malak Mukhtar used this event as the first national convention of the party and raised funds up to
100 camel (bogol dhow).
During the Italian Trusteeship period, (1950-1960), known as the Amministrazione Fiduciaria
Italiano della Somalia (AFIS), Malak Mukhtar was elected to Consiglio Territoriale (the
territorial Council) from the district of Huddur. He introduced secular, coeducation and
nonconventional technology to his constituency, and in 1953 inaugurated the first elementary
school in Korkoor village with Italian and Arabic as the medium of instruction. During the
trusteeship period, Malak Mukhtar also introduced new crops and new farming techniques, such
as dubiile (ox-powered plowing) which revolutionized the farming industry in the rain-fed
regions of Somalia. It is noteworthy that Malak Mukhtar was very keen in community
development issues where from late 1950s to mid-1960s, he spearheaded the exploration of
subterranean water in his constituency for both livestock and farming. Two well pumps were
completed in 1959 and 1962; one in between Korkoor and Jilibow and the other in War Harqan
about 40 kilometers Northeast Baidoa.
In 1956, he was elected to the Assemblea Legislativa (Legislative Assembly), the first national
executive organ in the history of Somalia. His party Hizbiya won 13 of 60 seats allotted for the
whole Somalia under Italian trusteeship administration. In 1959, he was elected to the Assemblea
Nazionale (National Assembly) and from 1960-1968 he served president of Hizbiya Dastur
Mustaqil al-Somal HDMS, while remained a member of the National Assembly until the general
elections of 1968 where the election was rigged and one party, the Somali Youth League SYL
won 99.9 percent of the seats of the parliament and HDMS did not win even one single seat.
Malak Mukhtar then retired from politics and went back to farming, teaching and preaching in
his home village, Jilibow. In 1970, Malak Mukhtar established a congregation masjid (mosque)
with an attached Qur’anic school. Jilibow became a center of learning attracting many hir
(traveling students seeking knowledge far away from home), indeed he endowed resources
(scholarships) for these types of students coming from all over the country. In 1980, a delegation
composed of many Inter-Riverine Sheikhs, chiefs, sultans and elders came to Jilibow and asked
Malak Mukhtar to lead fighting against Mohamed Siad Barre’s oppressive regime. He formed a
group of dignitaries, which led to the establishment of an opposition party, the Somali
Democratic Movement SDM with the main goal to topple the Siad Barre regime and establish
democratic governance in the Somali Republic. The SDM movement in cooperation with other
2
Somali opposition movements were successful in accomplishing the first goal, toppling Barre’s
regime in January1991, but not even close to the accomplishment of the second goal.
During the United Nations Operation in Somalia UNOSOM, from 1992 to 1995, he helped to
reestablish local authorities in most of Somalia. In 1994, he toured the whole country discussing
regional leaders on a compromise mechanism to bringing about peace and reestablishing the
Somali state once and for good. He visited Kismayu Mogadishu, Beletweyne, Bossaso and
Hargeisa negotiating with their leaders, and in February 1995 he spearheaded the formation of a
Pan-Riverine government, consisting of Southwestern regions of Somalia, with headquarters in
Baidoa, this form of government had two houses, the House of Representatives which had a
rotating chair elected every six months, and a house of elders, called Guddiga Sare ee
Malaqyada, iyo Salaadiinta (the Supreme Traditional Council of Chiefs and Sultans), chaired by
Malak Mukhtar Malak Hassan, who also functioned as head of state. This remarkable initiative
was unhappily aborted by the invasion of Mohamed Farah Aideed on 17 September 1995. Malak
Mukhtar then left Baidoa and organized the Reewin Resistance Army RRA in the hinterland; a
movement that eventually liberated most of the northern part of the Inter-Riverine land in 1999.
Malak Mukhtar, is a well known Somali political and cultural figure internationally. Since the
collapse of Barre regime, he travelled extensively throughout Africa, the Middle East, Europe
and the United States, meeting with government officials, academicians, media outlets and
public, explaining Somali cause. In 1997, he took a trip to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and asked
Ethiopian government to support his peace initiatives. In 1999, he travelled to Rome, Italy and
explained both Somalis in Italy and the Italian authority the need to rescue Somalia from the
political meltdown. Malak Mukhtar believed that Italy destroyed his country during the colonial
time and during his visit did not hesitate to ask reparation for the Inter-Riverine people because
of atrocities committed by Italian colonial authorities during the cologne, 1889-1941. From
August-October, 1999, Malak Mukhtar wound up his trip with a visit to the United States
department of State and met officials in the Bureau of African Affairs. His mission was to
explain Somalia’s tragic situation in general but to plea on behalf of the beleaguered InterRiverine people who have been under occupation most of the time since the over through of
Siad Barre in 1991. Malak Mukhtar thanked US government and people for sending special
forces to rescue his people, the Operation Restore Hope (ORH), and praised President George
Bush’s visit to his home town Baidoa in 1992. “We thought there might have been some hope
for Somalia in general and our region in particular in organizing local governments and civil
entities that would help bring about peace; however, after withdrawal of US troops, Baidoa and
surrounding areas were reoccupied by forces of United Somali Congress USC led by
Muhammad Farah Aideed, forces of the Somali Patriotic Movement SPM, led by Adan
Gabiyow, and forces of the Somali National Front SNF, led Omar Haji Mohamed Masalle,
causing another manmade disaster.” Malak Mukhtar expressed to the State Department. He
continued to draw the attention of the US Department of State on the grim reality of Somalia and
the nature of his people: “We have undergone much occupation, and the people in our area want
3
to be free to produce food and livestock and to raise the standard of life style and have a local
voice in how to govern our own regions.”
Baidoa which was known during the Operation n Restore Hope as the ‘City of Death’ has served
as the traditional center for the ‘breadbasket ‘of Somalia. Malak Mukhtar in a public forum in
Washington, DC, reminded the audience, “while people in other areas of Somalia protested UN
and international efforts and killed each other, we began the reconstruction of a functioning
regional institutions based on bottom-up approach of reconciliation.” It is a slow process, he
said. “You cannot just institute a national state after so much disparity and conflict within our
own society. It is hard for traditional enemies to sit down and work out a plan for everybody.”
Like other parts of Africa that have suffered from colonial and post-colonial conflicts, Somalia is
no different. Partisan politics, greed, and blind clan loyalty has overcome the need for
consideration of the greater good for the country.
During his visit to the US, he made presentations in public forums and universities in Baltimore,
Maryland, Atlanta, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia, Salt Lake City, Utah, Logan, Utah, Alexandria,
Virginia and New York City, New York. The Washington Post, New York Times, The Christian
Science Monitor, Corriere della Sera, the Reporter, Savannah morning News, Demenedung , and
Savannah State University Journal covered extensively his international sojourns.
Malak Mukhtar, participated in all Somali regional, national and international peace and
reconciliation conferences. He played a significant role in the outcomes of the Arta, Djibouti and
Mbeghati, Kenya conferences of 2000 and 2004 respectively, and even on his death bed, he was
consulted on the current initiatives on the formation of a Legislative Assembly led by traditional
elders in August 2012.
Malak Mukhtar is the second of 11 brothers and 8 sisters who all passed away. He is survived by
4 wives, Kera Alyow Haidar, 97, Isha Liban, 68, Shamsa Sheikh Ali, 80 and Malliya Mat Eden,
57. He has 16 living children, 9 sons and 7 daughters; 68 grand-children; 39 great-grand-children
and 13 great-great-grandchildren. He was married 20 times, most of his wives passed away as
well as many of his children, grand-children and great-great-grand children. Some of his wives
were divorced, for Malak Mukhtar, children are the bond between spouses. If there are no
children, he says the spouses are “good friends.” One African proverb goes like this: “without
children you are naked.” This data does not include grand-children, great-grand-children and
great-great-grand children born or died after 2005.
Mohamed Haji Mukhtar
Savannah, Georgia, USA
September 5, 2012
4