Review Topics
The Cell
1. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
2. Plant vs. Animal cells
3. Function of organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuole, chloroplast, and
ribosome)
4. How does folded membrane increase surface area (mitochondria)
5. If all cells have the same DNA, why don’t they all have the same function?
6. What is a stem cell?
7. How are the following cells different: nerve cell, muscle, blood and sperm cell?
Vocab – Plasma membrane, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, DNA, Homeostasis, mitochondria,
nucleus, organelle, Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic , vacuole
Cell Growth and Homeostasis
1. What are the 3 parts of the cell cycle?
2. What are the stages of mitosis?
3. Label the steps (G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis)
4. How do the following help unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis (vacuole, cilia, flagella,
pseudopod, eyespot)
5. What is phototaxis and chemotaxis?
6. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
7. What is the difference between active and passive transport?
8. What is osmosis?
9. How do cells behave in different osmotic pressure?
Vocabulary Homeostsis, active and passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, plasma membrane, hydrophilic,
hydrophobic, concentration gradient, pH, semi-permeable membrane, asexual reproduction, cell cycle,
cytokinesis, G1, G2, interphase, mitosis, adaptation, chemotaxis, cilia , contractile vacuole, flagella
phototaxis, pseudopod
DNA
1. Give a detailed description of DNA
2. What is complimentary base paring?
3. What are the parts of a nucleotide?
4. What are genes?
5. What does DNA have to do with proteins?
6. How does DNA copy itself?
7. Why does DNA need to copy itself?
Vocabulary: DNA, RNA, nucleic acid, nucleotide, hydrogen bonds, complementary base paring, double
helix, DNA replication, mitosis, gene expression, protein
Protein Synthesis and DNA Technology
1. Where is DNA found?
2. Why can’t it get out of the nucleus?
3. What is transcription?
4. What is a codon?
5. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
6. What is transcription?
7. What is a mutation?
8. How do you read a codon chart?
9. Describe the steps of gel electrophoresis.
10. Show how to read a gel.
11. How are DNA fingerprints used?
12. How can transgenic bacteria be used to make insulin or human growth hormone?
13. How are transgenic bacteria created?
14. What is the Human Genome Project?
15. How can gene therapy be used to cure diseases like Cystic Fibrosis?
Vocabulary: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, protein synthesis, transcription, translation, codon, anticodon, peptide
bond, polypeptide chain, amino acid, bacterial transformation, biotechnology, GMO, Genetic
Engineering, Genetic Recombination, plasmid restriction enzyme, transgenic organism, cloning, cystic
fibrosis, gene therapy, vector.
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
1. Compare mitosis with meiosis.
2. How does meiosis lead to independent assortment?
3. How does meiosis lead to genetic diversity?
4. What else leads to genetic diversity in organisms that reproduce sexually?
5. How many times does the cell divide during meiosis?
6. How many cells are produced in meiosis?
7. How does meiosis cut the number of chromosomes in half?
8. What is a nondisjunction?
9. Explain how to read a karyotype.
Vocabulary: meiosis, homologous chromosome, haploid, diploid, gamete, fertilization, genetic variation,
crossing over, nondisjunction, independent assortment, gene, chromosome
Biomolecules
1. Explain the structure and function of the 4 biomolecules.
2. How does DNA relate to proteins and traits?
3. How are enzymes affected by temperature and pH?
4. Label the parts of an enzyme diagram.
Vocabulary: amino acids, biological molecule, carbohydrate, cellulose, DNA, enzyme, fatty acids,
glucose, glycerol, glycogen, hemoglobin, insulation, insulin, lipid, monomer, monosaccharide,
nitrogenous base, nucleic acid, nucleotide, organic molecule, peptide, bonds, phosphate, phospholipid,
polymer, polypeptide, protein, RNA, starch, steroid, sugar, activation energy, active site, catalyst, pH,
specificity, substrate, temperature, product
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. What is photosynthesis?
2. What increases the rate of photosynthesis?
3. What is cellular respiration?
4. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
5. Explain alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Which organisms are involved in each?
Vocabulary:
Aerobic, alcoholic fermentation, anaerobic, ATP, cellular respiration, chloroplasts, lactic acid
fermentation, mitochondria, photosynthesis, products, reactants
Genetics
1. What is a Punnett square?
2. What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive allele?
3. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
4. What is the difference between co-dominance and incomplete dominance? Give examples of both.
5. Give the definition and example of polygenic traits.
6. What type of inheritance controls the following genetic diseases: cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s
disease, sickle cell anemia?
7. What is the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria?
8. What allele combinations are responsible for the following blood types – A, B, AB and O?
9. What is the definition of a sex linked trait? Give two examples. Why are males more likely to inherit
sex linked traits?
10. What is a pedigree? Provide an example.
11. What is the relationship between the following:
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Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
Skin cancer and Vitamin D, folic acid, and sun exposure
Diabetes and diet, exercise and genetic predisposition
PKU and diet
Heart disease and diet, exercise and genetic predisposition
Vocabulary: Blood typing, codominance, color blindness, cystic fibrosis, dominant allele, genotype,
genotypic ratio, hemophilia, Huntington’s disease, incomplete dominance, inheritance pattern ,
karyotype, monohybrid, oral cancer, skin cancer, diabetes, PKU, heart disease, gene expression,
environmental factor, Down’s Syndrome
Flow of Matter and Energy
1. Describe the water cycle, the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle
2. How does the carbon cycle relate to photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
3. How does the carbon cycle relate to climate change? (green house effect, volcanic eruption)
4. What are food chains, food webs and energy pyramids? Give examples of each.
5. Explain the two symbiotic relationships – mutualism and parasitism. Give examples of each.
6. How do animals communicate with pheromones, courtship dances and territoriality?
7. Explain the predator prey relationship. How do these relationships maintain stability in ecosystems?
8. What causes populations to grow exponentially?
9. What causes populations to maintain a logistic growth curve?
10. What factors influence if human population is growing, declining or staying the same? What types
of graphs show this?
11. How can disease disrupt the balance of organism in an ecosystem (AIDS, influenza, tuberculosis,
Dutch Elm Disease, Pfiesteria)
Vocabulary – autotroph, heterotroph, radiant energy, decomposer, trophic level, energy pyramid,
carbon cycle, climate, change, decomposition, ecosystem, energy flow, green house effect, nitrogen
cycle, nitrogen fixing bacteria, oxygen cycle, sustainability, transport, water cycle, predator, prey ,
competition, niche, symbiosis, mutualism, parasitism, pheromone, social behaviors, territorialism,
courtship, limiting factors, carrying capacity logistic growth, exponential factor, dynamic equilibrium,
human population growth, acid rain, habitat destruction, fossil fuels, global warming nonnative species,
population growth , deforestation, bioaccumulation, conservation stewardship.
Adaptations
a. Transport and Excretion
1. How do protist transport water and nutrients?
2. How do plants transport water and nutrients?
3. How do animals transport water and nutrients?
4. How do protists get rid of waste?
5. How do plants get rid of waste?
6. How do animals get rid of waste?
b. Respration
1. How do plants take in and release carbon dioxide and oxygen?
2, Draw a stomata.
3. How do amphibians take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide?
4. How do arthropods take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide?
5. How do mammals take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide?
c. Nutrition
1. What are adaptations that help different organisms take in and break down food?
2. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
d. Reproduction Growth and Development
- sexual vs asexual
-seed, spore, egg, placental egg, fertilization
e. How do behavioral adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce?
Vocabulary – taxis, migration, estivation, hibernation, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial
and error learning, non vascular plant, xylem , phloem, transpiration, stomata, guard cell, tropism, seed,
spore, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, open circulatory system, closed circulatory system,
nephridia, external fertilization, internal fertilization, metamorphosis, endoskeleton, exoskeleton,
placental, homeostasis, suckling,
Evolution and Classification
1. How might have the first cells evolved?
2. How can we use fossil evidence infer that evolution has taken place?
3. How are biochemical similarities used as evidence of evolution?
4. How are shared homologous structures used as evidence of evolution?
5. Describe natural selection.
6. How does geographic isolation lead to speciation?
7. How do bacteria and pests develop resistance to antibiotics and pesticides?
8. What is the history of the classification system? What has caused it to change?
9. How are organisms classified using a dichotomous key?
10. How do you make a phylogenic tree?
11. What are the 6 kingdoms of living things?
12. What are the characteristics of the 6 kingdoms?
Vocabulary –
Class, classification, domain, Family, Genus, Kingdom, Order, Phylum, species, speciation, anaerobic,
anatomical, biochemical, endosymbiosis, evolution, fossil, homologous, hydrothermal vent, Miller and
Urey, protocell, adaptations, alleles, genetic recombination, genetic variation , geographic isolation,
natural selection, speciation